ISO 5660-2:2002

Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate — Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)

ISO 5660-2:2002 specifies a small-scale method for assessing the dynamic smoke production rate of essentially flat specimens exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating under well-ventilated conditions with or without an external igniter. The rate of smoke production is calculated from measurement of the attenuation of a laser light beam by the combustion product stream. Smoke obscuration is recorded for the entire test, regardless of whether the specimen is flaming or not. The measurement system prescribed by ISO 5660-2 is an extension of the apparatus described in ISO 5660-1. Therefore, ISO 5660-2 is used in conjunction with ISO 5660-1.

Essais de réaction au feu — Débit calorifique, taux de dégagement de fumée et taux de perte de masse — Partie 2: Taux de dégagement de fumée (mesure dynamique)

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 08-Dec-2002
• Withdrawal Date: 08-Dec-2002
• ICS: 13.220.50 - Fire-resistance of building materials and elements
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 92/SC 1 - Fire initiation and growth
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 92/SC 1 - Fire initiation and growth
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 20-Mar-2015

Relations

• Revised: ISO 5660-1:2015 - Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate — Part 1: Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) and smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)
• Effective Date: 04-Nov-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5660-2
First edition
2002-12-15
Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release,
smoke production and mass loss rate —
Part 2:
Smoke production rate (dynamic
measurement)
Essais de réaction au feu — Débit calorifique, taux de dégagement de
fumée et taux de perte de masse —
Partie 2: Taux de dégagement de fumée (mesure dynamique)

Reference number
ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
© ISO 2002

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ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
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ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 2
5 Principle . 2
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Suitability of a product for testing . 4
8 Specimen construction and preparation . 5
9 Test environment . 5
10 Calibration . 5
11 Test procedure . 5
12 Calculations . 6
13 Test report . 7
Annexes
A Supplementary calculations — Normalization to the mass loss rate of the specific extinction area of the
specimen. 8
B Commentary and guidance notes for operators. 10
C Precision and bias. 13
Bibliography. 14
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ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 5660 may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 5660-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee
SC 1, Fire initiation and growth.
ISO 5660 consists of the following parts, under the general title Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke
production and mass loss rate:
— Part 1: Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method)
— Part 2: Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)
— Part 3: Guidance on heat and smoke release rate
Annexes A, B and C of this part of ISO 5660 are for information only.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke production and mass
loss rate —
Part 2:
Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5660 specifies a small-scale method for assessing the dynamic smoke production rate of essentially
flat specimens exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating under well-ventilated conditions with or without an
external igniter. The rate of smoke production is calculated from measurement of the attenuation of a laser light beam
by the combustion product stream. Smoke obscuration is recorded for the entire test, regardless of whether the
specimen is flaming or not.
The measurement system prescribed by this part of ISO 5660 is an extension of the apparatus described in
ISO 5660-1. Therefore, this part of ISO 5660 is used in conjunction with ISO 5660-1.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 5660. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do
not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 5660 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references,
the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of
currently valid International Standards.
ISO 5660-1:2002, Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate — Part 1: Heat
release rate (cone calorimeter method)
ISO 13943:2000, Fire safety — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 5660, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5660-1 and ISO 13943 and the
following apply.
3.1
smoke obscuration
reduction, usually expressed as a percentage, in the intensity of light due to its passage through smoke
3.2
extinction coefficient
natural logarithm of the ratio of incident light intensity to transmitted light intensity, per unit light path length
3.3
smoke production
integral of the smoke production rate over the time interval being considered
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ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
3.4
smoke production rate
product of the volumetric flow rate of smoke and the extinction coefficient of the smoke at the point of measurement
4 Symbols
See Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols and their designation
Symbol Designation Units
2
A Exposed surface area of specimen m
�
D Optical density 1
•
−1
m
Mass flow rate in exhaust duct kg · s
e
−1
F Calibration factor m
I /I Ratio of incident light to transmitted light 1
0
−1
k Linear Napierian absorption coefficient (commonly called extinction coefficient) m
−1
k Measured calibration extinction coefficient m
1
−1
k Calculated calibration extinction coefficient m
2
−1
k Measured extinction coefficient m
m
L Light path length through smoke M
m Specimen mass at ignition (sustained flaming) kg
ig
m Specimen mass at the end of the test kg
f
•
−1
m
Mass loss rate of specimen kg · s
∆m Specimen mass loss kg
−1
M Molecular mass of the gases flowing through the exhaust duct kg · mol
2
S Total smoke production m
2 −2
S Total smoke production per unit area m · m
A
2 −2
S Total smoke production per unit area before ignition m · m
A,1
2 −2
S Total smoke production per unit area after ignition m · m
A,2
2 −1
P Smoke production rate m · s
s
� � � �
−1 2 −1 2
P Smoke production rate normalized to the specimen area s = m · s /m
s,A
∆t Sampling time interval s
T Temperature of the smoke at the point of measurement K
s
•
3 −1
Volume flow rate of smoke at the point of measurement m · s
V s
−3
ρ Density kg · m
2 −1
σ Specific extinction area m · kg
NOTE Detailed discussion of some of these parameters and their units is given in reference [12].
5Principle
This test method is based on the observation that, generally, the intensity of light that is transmitted through a volume
of combustion products is an exponentially decreasing function of distance. This is commonly referred to as
Bouguer's law. Specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a predetermined
−2 −2
external irradiance within the range 0kW·m to 100 kW·m and measurements are made of smoke obscuration,
exhaust gas flow rate, and mass loss rate of the specimen. Smoke obscuration is measured as the fraction of laser
light intensity that is transmitted through the smoke in the exhaust duct. This fraction is used to calculate the
extinction coefficient according to Bouguer's law. The test results are reported in terms of smoke production and
smoke production rate-both normalized to the exposed specimen surface area. Smoke production rate is calculated
as the product of the extinction coefficient and the volume flow rate of the smoke in the exhaust duct. Smoke
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ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
production is calculated by numerical integration of the smoke production rate over the time interval being
considered. The variables reported are normalized to area because smoke production is proportional to area.
The test method is used to assess the contribution that the product under test can make to the rate of evolution of
smoke and to the amount of smoke produced during its involvement in a well-ventilated fire. These properties are
determined on small representative specimens.
6Apparatus
The apparatus is identical to that specified in clause 6 of ISO 5660-1:2002, except for the additional equipment
described below.
6.1 Smoke obscuration measuring system, for measuring the attenuation of laser light in the exhaust duct. The
system comprises a helium-neon laser (between 0,5 mW and 2 mW, polarized), silicon photodiodes as main beam
and reference detectors, and appropriate electronics to derive the extinction coefficient and to set the zero reading.
The meter is located horizontally 111 mm±1mm downstream of the gas sampling ring, as shown in Figure 1. Two
small diameter tubes welded onto each side of the exhaust duct serve as part of the light baffling for the purging air
and also allow for any smoke that may enter, despite the purge flow, to be deposited on the tube walls before
reaching the optical elements. One acceptable arrangement of a smoke measuring system is shown in Figure 2.
[1]
NOTE Experimental work has been performed with systems using a white light source with collimating optics . Such systems
[2],[3],[4] [5] [6]
have been shown to yield generally similar results but not under all conditions . Theoretical predictions have been
verified experimentally. White light systems may be used if shown to have an equivalent accuracy.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1Orifice plate
2 Hood
3 Gas sampling ring probe (sample holes face downstream)
a
Centre
b
Smoke thermocouple location
c
Smoke meter location
Figure 1 — Schematic representation of the smoke meter and smoke thermocouple locations
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ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
Key
1Cap
2 Beam splitter
3 Purge air orifices
4 Filter slot
5 Opal glass
6 Ceramic fibre packing
a
He-Ne laser beam (0,5 mW)
b
To compensation detector
c
To main detector
d
Optical path
Figure 2 — Cross-section of a typical smoke measuring system arrangement
6.2 Additional thermocouple, to measure the temperature of the gas stream near the smoke meter. This
temperature shall be measured using a 1,0 mm to 1,6 mm outside diameter unearthed sheathed-junction
thermocouple, or a 3mm outside diameter exposed-junction thermocouple positioned in the exhaust stack on the
centreline and 50 mm downstream from the smoke meter, as shown in Figure 1.
6.3 Optical filters, to calibrate the smoke obscuration measuring system. Two glass neutral density dispersion
[7]
filters , accurately calibrated at the laser wavelength of 632,8 nm, are required. The filters used shall not be of the
coated type because these filters can give rise to interference effects with laser light and can deteriorate with time.
The filters shall have nominal optical densities of 0,3 and 0,8. Corresponding values of extinction coefficient, k, are
obtained from the formula:
� −1
k=(2,303D )L (1)
7 Suitability of a product for testing
Identical provisions apply as in clause 7 of ISO 5660-1:2002.
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ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
8 Specimen construction and preparation
Identical provisions apply as in clause 8 of ISO 5660-1:2002.
9 Test environment
Identical provisions apply as in clause 9 of ISO 5660-1:2002.
10 Calibration
10.1 General
The heater, oxygen analyser and weighing device systems shall be calibrated as specified in clause10 of
ISO 5660-1:2002. The calibration for the smoke obscuration measuring system shall be performed as described
below.
Alternative means of calibrating the weighing device system may be employed if it can be shown that an equivalent
accuracy is obtained.
10.2 Smoke meter calibration
10.2.1 Calibration with neutral density filters
−1
The smoke meter shall be calibrated to read correctly (k to within 0,1 m ) for the two neutral density filters specified
in 6.3, and also at 100 % transmission. This neutral density filter calibration shall be performed at least every
100 working hours or upon reassembling of the optics after cleaning and maintenance.
10.2.2 Calibration before test
Immediately before each test, the zero value of the extinction coefficient (100 % transmission) shall be set by
hardware or software as appropriate.
11 Test procedure
WARNING — So that suitable precautions are taken to safeguard health, the attention of all concerned in fire
tests is drawn to the possibility that toxic or harmful gases can be evolved during the exposure of test
specimens.
The test procedures involve high temperatures and combustion processes. Therefore, hazards can exist such as
burns or the ignition of extraneous objects or clothing. The operator shall use protective gloves for insertion and
removal of test specimens. Neither the cone heater nor the associated fixtures shall be touched while hot except with
the use of protective gloves. Care shall be taken never to touch the spark igniter which carries a substantial potential
(10 kV). The exhaust system of the apparatus shall be checked for proper operation before testing and shall
discharge into a building exhaust system with adequate capacity. The possibility of the violent ejection of molten hot
material or sharp fragments from some kinds of specimens when irradiated cannot totally be discounted and it is
therefore essential that eye protection be worn.
The test procedure is identical to that described in clause 11 of ISO 5660-1:2002. However, the test data shall not be
discarded if piloted ignition does not occur, because the smoke production rate data may have relevance under non-
flaming conditions. The zero value of the extinction coefficient shall be verified prior to every test as part of the
procedures specified in 11.2 of ISO 5660-1:2002.
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ISO 5660-2:2002(E)
NOTE The heat release rate measurements described in ISO 5660-1 normally utilize piloted ignition. Separate non-standard
tests may be conducted for research purposes without piloted ignition to evaluate smoke production rates under non-flaming
conditions.
12 Calculations
12.1 General
The mass loss rate calculations are describ
...