ISO 6460-1:2007
(Main)Motorcycles — Measurement method for gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel consumption — Part 1: General test requirements
Motorcycles — Measurement method for gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel consumption — Part 1: General test requirements
ISO 6460-1:2007 specifies the general test requirements for measurement for the gaseous exhaust emissions from motorcycles, and for determining the fuel consumption of motorcycles as defined in ISO 3833. It is applicable to motorcycles equipped with a spark ignition engine (4-stroke engine, 2-stroke engine or rotary piston engine) or a compression ignition engine.
Motocycles — Méthode de mesure des émissions de gaz d'échappement et de la consommation de carburant — Partie 1: Exigences générales d'essai
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6460-1
First edition
2007-08-15
Motorcycles — Measurement method for
gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel
consumption —
Part 1:
General test requirements
Motocycles — Méthode de mesure des émissions de gaz
d'échappement et de la consommation de carburant —
Partie 1: Exigences générales d'essai
Reference number
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2007
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Symbols . 2
5 Standard reference conditions. 4
6 Tests. 5
6.1 Measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions . 5
6.2 Measurement of fuel consumption . 5
7 Measurement equipment . 5
7.1 Chassis dynamometer. 5
7.2 Gas-collection equipment. 5
7.3 Analytical equipment. 6
7.4 Cooling equipment . 7
7.5 Fuel consumption measurement . 7
7.6 Accuracy of instruments and measurements. 8
8 Preparing the test . 8
8.1 Engine fuel and lubricants. 8
8.2 Description of the test motorcycle. 8
8.3 Conditioning/preparation of the test motorcycle . 8
8.4 Adjustment of the analytical apparatus. 9
9 System check procedure . 9
9.1 Accuracy of the CVS system . 9
9.2 Metering a constant flow of pure gas (CO or C H ) using a critical flow orifice. 9
3 8
9.3 Metering a limited quantity of pure gas (CO or C H ) by means of a gravimetric technique. 9
3 8
10 Procedure for sampling, analysing and measuring the volume of gaseous exhaust
emissions . 10
10.1 Operations to be carried out before the motorcycle start up. 10
10.2 Beginning of sampling and volume measurement . 12
10.3 End of sampling and volume measurement . 12
10.4 Analysis . 12
10.5 Measuring the driving distance. 12
10.6 Open type CVS system. 13
11 Determination of the quantity of gaseous exhaust emissions . 13
11.1 Total diluted exhaust mixture volume corrected to the standard reference conditions. 13
11.2 Exhaust gas sampling and the dilution factor. 14
11.3 Mass of the gaseous exhaust emissions . 15
12 Determination of the fuel consumption. 17
12.1 Carbon balance method. 17
12.2 Fuel flow measurement method. 17
12.3 Calculation of results in litres per 100 km. 18
12.4 Criteria of the statistical accuracy for the fuel consumption measurements . 18
Annex A (normative) Method and equipment for measuring fuel consumption by the fuel flow
measurement method. 19
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
Annex B (informative) Example for record form of test fuel specifications . 29
Annex C (informative) Exhaust gas leakage check procedure for the open type CVS system. 30
Annex D (informative) Determination of the dilution factor . 35
Annex E (informative) Principle of the carbon balance method . 42
Annex F (informative) Simplified determination method of the atom number ratio of hydrogen and
carbon, and that of oxygen and carbon in gasoline and diesel fuel. 45
Annex G (normative) Fuel consumption for two-stroke engines . 47
Annex H (informative) Criteria of the statistical accuracy for the fuel consumption measurements. 49
Bibliography . 51
iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 6460-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 22,
Motorcycles.
ISO 6460-1, together with ISO 6460-2 and ISO 6460-3, cancels and replaces ISO 6460:1981 and
ISO 7860:1995, which have been technically revised.
ISO 6460 consists of the following parts, under the general title Motorcycles — Measurement method for
gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel consumption:
⎯ Part 1: General test requirements
⎯ Part 2: Test cycles and specific test conditions
⎯ Part 3: Fuel consumption measurement at a constant speed
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
Introduction
For measurement of motorcycle fuel consumption, the carbon balance method, where the fuel consumption is
calculated from analysis of the carbon quantity in the exhaust gas, is now widely used in addition to the
conventional fuel flow measurement. Therefore, the measurement of exhaust gas and that of fuel
consumption are inseparably related to each other.
ISO 6460 now covers in one single series of standards the two subjects that were previously covered
separately by ISO 6460:1981 and ISO 7860:1995. This part of ISO 6460 defines fundamental elements such
as the measurement accuracy, test vehicle conditions and the details of the carbon balance method.
Measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of test cycles can be conducted by means
of this part of ISO 6460 and ISO 6460-2:2007. Together with ISO 6460-3, they also give details of those
measurements at a constant speed.
While the most up-to-date technologies are reflected in the ISO 6460 series, further technical development in
the following aspects will be necessary in the future, when measurement of exhaust gas at a lower level is
required:
⎯ cleaning of the background air (i.e. the air in the test room which is used for the dilution air);
⎯ heating of the sampling line;
⎯ control of the test room humidity;
⎯ the exhaust gas analysis system for low level emissions;
⎯ consideration of the evaporated fuel from the test motorcycle.
In addition to the above issues, the chassis dynamometer with electrically simulated inertia is at the stage of
practical application. Standardization of the verification method and the allowance of simulated inertia would
be necessary for this recent development.
vi © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
Motorcycles — Measurement method for gaseous exhaust
emissions and fuel consumption —
Part 1:
General test requirements
1 Scope
This part of ISO 6460 specifies the general test requirements for measurement for the gaseous exhaust
emissions from motorcycles, and for determining the fuel consumption of motorcycles as defined in ISO 3833.
It is applicable to motorcycles equipped with a spark ignition engine (four-stroke engine, two-stroke engine or
rotary piston engine) or a compression ignition engine.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3833, Road vehicles — Types — Terms and definitions
ISO 6460-2:2007, Motorcycles — Measurement method for gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel
consumption — Part 2: Test cycles and specific test conditions
ISO 6460-3:2007, Motorcycles — Measurement method for gaseous exhaust emissions and fuel
consumption — Part 3: Fuel consumption measurement at a constant speed
ISO 11486, Motorcycles — Methods for setting running resistance on a chassis dynamometer
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms defined in ISO 3833 and the following apply.
3.1
motorcycle kerb mass
total unladen mass of the motorcycle, which is filled with fuel in such a way that the normal container for fuel is
filled to at least 90 % of the capacity specified by the manufacturer, and which is fitted with a tool kit and a
spare wheel (if obligatory)
3.2
reference mass of the motorcycle
kerb mass of the motorcycle increased by a uniform figure of 75 kg, which represents the mass of a rider
3.3
equivalent inertia
total inertia of the rotating masses of the test bench, determined with respect to the reference mass of the
motorcycle
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
3.4
gaseous exhaust emissions
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (gaseous pollutants) and carbon dioxide emitted from
motorcycles
4 Symbols
Table 1 — Symbols
a
Symbols Definition Unit
a mixing ratio of lubrication oil and fuel —
c carbon monoxide concentration in the dilution air ppm
CO,d
carbon monoxide concentration in the dilution air with the water vapour and carbon dioxide
c ppm
CO,dm
absorbent
c carbon monoxide concentration in the diluted exhaust mixture ppm
CO,e
volumetric concentration of carbon monoxide in the diluted exhaust mixture, corrected to
c ppm
CO,ec
take account of carbon monoxide in the dilution air
carbon monoxide concentration in the diluted exhaust mixture with the water vapour and
c ppm
CO,em
carbon dioxide absorbent
c carbon dioxide concentration in the dilution air %
CO2,d
c carbon dioxide concentration in the diluted exhaust mixture %
CO2,e
volumetric concentration of carbon dioxide in the diluted exhaust mixture, corrected to take
c %
CO2,ec
account of carbon dioxide in the dilution air
c nitrogen oxides concentration in the dilution air ppm
NOx,d
c nitrogen oxides concentration in the diluted exhaust mixture ppm
NOx,e
volumetric concentration of nitrogen oxides in the diluted exhaust mixture, corrected to take
c ppm
NOx,ec
account of nitrogen oxides in the dilution air
c oxygen concentration in the dilution air %
O2,d
concentration of the pollutant i in the diluted exhaust mixture, corrected to take account of
c ppm
Pi,ec
the amount of the pollutant i contained in the dilution air
hydrocarbon concentration in the dilution air as measured in parts per million carbon
c ppmC
THC,d
equivalent
hydrocarbon concentration in the diluted exhaust mixture as measured in parts per million
c ppmC
THC,e
carbon equivalent
volumetric concentration, expressed in parts per million carbon equivalent, of hydrocarbon in
c ppmC
THC,ec
the diluted exhaust mixture, corrected to take account of hydrocarbon in the dilution air
C value of HFID (hydrogen flame ionization detection) output ppm
THC
d relative air density at the standard reference conditions —
0
D dilution factor —
f
F specific fuel consumption km/L
c
F′ specific fuel consumption for lubrication oil mixed fuel km/L
c
F fuel consumption per 100 km L/100 km
c100
F lubrication oil consumption for the mixed fuel km/L
o
H absolute humidity in grams of water per kilogram of dry air —
a
H relative humidity of dilution air %
d
2 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
Table 1 (continued)
a
Symbols Definition Unit
H relative humidity in the test room %
r
H standard relative humidity %
0
K humidity correction factor used for the calculation of the mass emissions of nitrogen oxides —
H
K venturi correction factor —
1
K ratio of pressure to temperature at the standard reference conditions —
2
L running distance actually travelled km
m mass of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas g/km
CO
m mass of carbon dioxide in the exhaust gas g/km
CO2
m fuel consumed g
f
m mass of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas g/km
NOx
m mass emission of the pollutant i g
Pi
m mass of hydrocarbon in the exhaust gas g/km
THC
number of revolutions of positive displacement pump during the test while samples are being
N —
collected
p mean barometric pressure during the test in the test room kPa
a
p saturated water vapour pressure during the test in the test room kPa
d
p diluted exhaust mixture absolute pressure at the inlet of positive displacement pump kPa
p
p absolute pressure at the venturi inlet kPa
v
p (t) absolute pressure of the diluted exhaust mixture at the venturi inlet kPa
v
p total barometric pressure at the standard reference conditions kPa
0
Q measured flow rate of venturi at ambient conditions L/s
a
Q measured flow rate of venturi using the other gas flowmeter L/s
cal
R atom number ratio of hydrogen and carbon in the exhaust gas —
HC,ex
R′ atom number ratio of hydrogen and carbon in the exhaust gas for lubrication oil mixed fuel —
HC,ex
R atom number ratio of hydrogen and carbon in the fuel —
HC,f
R atom number ratio of hydrogen and carbon in the lubrication oil —
HC,o
R atom number ratio of oxygen and carbon in the exhaust gas —
OC,ex
R′ atom number ratio of oxygen and carbon in the exhaust gas for lubrication oil mixed fuel —
OC,ex
R atom number ratio of oxygen and carbon in the fuel —
OC,f
R atom number ratio of oxygen and carbon in the lubrication oil —
OC,o
t time s
t total test time s
test
T measured ambient temperature during the test in the test room K
a
T fuel temperature measured at the burette K
f
temperature of diluted exhaust mixture at the positive displacement pump inlet during the
T K
p
test while samples are being collected
T temperature at the venturi inlet K
v
T (t) temperature of diluted exhaust mixture at the venturi inlet K
v
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
Table 1 (continued)
a
Symbols Definition Unit
T air temperature at the standard reference conditions K
0
T mean dry bulb temperature during the test in the test room K
1
T mean wet bulb temperature during the test in the test room K
2
V measured volume of fuel consumed L
V dilution air volume L
d
volume of the diluted exhaust mixture expressed corrected to the standard reference
V L/km
e
conditions
V exhaust gas volume L
ex
V fuel volume of lubrication oil mixed fuel L
f
V volume of the diluted exhaust mixture in one test under the standard reference conditions L
i,e
V lubrication oil volume of lubrication oil mixed fuel L
o
diluted exhaust mixture volume pumped by the positive displacement pump per one
V L
p
revolution
V total diluted exhaust mixture volume during one test L
s
−1
α coefficient of volumetric expansion for the fuel K
ρ carbon monoxide density at the standard reference conditions g/L
CO
ρ carbon dioxide density at the standard reference conditions g/L
CO2
ρ fuel density at 293,15 K g/L
f
nitrogen oxides density under the standard reference conditions, expressed in equivalent
ρ g/L
NOx
NO
2
ρ lubrication oil density at 293,15 K g/L
o
ρ density of the pollutant i under the standard reference conditions g/L
Pi
ρ hydrocarbon density at the standard reference conditions g/L
THC
3
ρ air volumetric mass kg/m
0
a
ppm = parts per million.
5 Standard reference conditions
The standard reference conditions shall be as follows:
total barometric pressure, p: 101,325 kPa;
0
air temperature, T: 293,15 K;
0
relative humidity, H: 65 %;
0
3
air volumetric mass, ρ: 1,205 kg/m ;
0
relative air density, d: 0,931 9.
0
4 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
6 Tests
6.1 Measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions
6.1.1 Average gaseous exhaust emissions during conventional test cycles
The test shall be carried out in accordance with the method described in ISO 6460-2. The appropriate test
cycle shall be selected.
6.1.2 Measurement of gaseous exhaust emissions at an idling speed
The test shall be carried out in accordance with the procedure described in ISO 6460-2.
6.2 Measurement of fuel consumption
6.2.1 Average fuel consumption during conventional test cycles
The test shall be carried out in accordance with the procedure described in ISO 6460-2. The appropriate test
cycle shall be selected.
6.2.2 Fuel consumption at a constant speed
The test shall be carried out in accordance with the procedure described in ISO 6460-3.
7 Measurement equipment
Irrespective of the provisions specified below, any measurement system(s) may be used when the
performance of the equipment is proven by the equipment manufacturer to be equivalent to the CVS (constant
volume sampling) system.
7.1 Chassis dynamometer
The chassis dynamometer shall be set in accordance with ISO 11486.
7.2 Gas-collection equipment
7.2.1 The gas-collection device shall be a closed type device that can collect all exhaust gases at the
motorcycle exhaust outlet(s) providing that it satisfies the backpressure condition of ± 1,226 kPa. An open
system may be used as well if it is confirmed that all the exhaust gases are collected. The gas collection shall
be such that there is no condensation, which could appreciably modify the nature of exhaust gases at the test
temperature.
7.2.2 A connecting tube between the device and the exhaust gas sampling system. This tube, and the
device, shall be made of stainless steel or of some other material which does not affect the composition of the
gases collected and which withstands the temperature of these gases.
7.2.3 A heat exchanger capable of limiting the temperature variation of the diluted exhaust mixture in the
pump intake to ± 5 K throughout the test. This exchanger shall be equipped with a preheating system capable
of bringing the exchanger to its operating temperature (with the tolerance of ± 5 K) before the test begins.
7.2.4 A positive displacement pump (PDP) to draw in the diluted exhaust mixture. This pump is equipped
with a motor having several strictly controlled uniform speeds. The pump capacity shall be large enough to
ensure the intake of all the exhaust gases.
7.2.5 A device using a critical flow venturi (CFV) may also be used.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
7.2.6 A device to allow continuous recording of the temperature of diluted exhaust mixture entering the
pump.
7.2.7 Two gauges:
⎯ one to ensure the pressure depression of the diluted exhaust mixture entering the pump, relative to
atmospheric pressure;
⎯ one to measure the dynamic pressure variation of the positive displacement pump.
7.2.8 A probe located near to, but outside the gas-collecting device, to collect, through a pump, a filter and
a flowmeter, samples of the dilution air stream, at constant flow rates, throughout the test.
7.2.9 A sample probe pointed upstream into the diluted exhaust mixture flow, upstream of the positive
displacement pump or the critical flow venturi to collect, through a pump, a filter and a flowmeter, samples of
the diluted exhaust mixture, at constant flow rates, throughout the test.
The minimum sample flow rate in the two sampling devices described in 7.2.8 and 7.2.9 shall be 150 L/h.
7.2.10 Three-way valves on the sampling system, described in 7.2.8 and 7.2.9, to direct the samples either
to their respective bags or to the outside throughout the test.
7.2.11 Gas-tight collection bags for dilution air and diluted exhaust mixture of sufficient capacity so as not to
impede normal sample flow, and which will not change the nature of the gaseous exhaust emissions
concerned.
The bags shall have an automatic self-locking device and shall be easily and tightly fastened, either to the
sampling system or the analysing system at the end of the test.
7.2.12 A revolution counter to count the revolutions of the positive displacement pump throughout the test.
Good care shall be taken with the connecting method and the material or configuration of the connecting parts
because there is a possibility that each section (e.g. the adapter and the coupler) of the sampling system will
become very hot. If the measurement cannot be performed normally due to heat-damages of the sampling
system, an auxiliary cooling device may be used as long as the exhaust gases are not affected.
NOTE 1 With open type devices, there is a risk of incomplete gas collection and gas leakage into the test room, so it is
important to make sure that there is no leakage throughout the sampling period.
NOTE 2 If a constant CVS flow rate is used throughout the test cycle that includes low and high speeds all in one, it is
advisable that special attention be paid because of higher risk of water condensation in the high speed range.
7.3 Analytical equipment
7.3.1 The sample probe shall consist of a sampling tube leading into the collecting bags, or of a drainage
tube. This sample probe shall be made of stainless steel or of some other material that will not adversely
affect the composition of the gases to be analysed. The sample probe as well as the tube taking the gases to
the analyser shall be at ambient temperature.
7.3.2 Analysers shall be of the following types:
a) for gasoline and LPG:
1) non-dispersive type with absorption in the infra-red for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide;
2) flame ionization type for total hydrocarbons (diluted measurements);
3) non-dispersive type with absorption in the infra-red for hydrocarbons (direct measurements);
4) chemiluminescence type for nitrogen oxides;
6 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 6460-1:2007(E)
b) for diesel fuel:
1) non-dispersive type with absorption in the infra-red for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide;
2) heated flame ionization type for total hydrocarbons (diluted measurements);
3) non-dispersive type with absorption in the infra-red for hydrocarbons (direct measurements);
4) chemiluminescence type for nitrogen oxides.
7.4 Cooling equipment
Throughout the test, a variable speed cooling blower shall be positioned in front of the motorcycle, so as to
direct the cooling air to the motorcycle in a manner which simulates actual operating conditions. The blower
speed shall be such that, within the operating range of 10 km to 50 km/h, the linear velocity of the air at the
blower outlet is within ± 5 km/h of the corresponding roller speed. At the range of over 50 km/h, the linear
velocity of the air shall be within ± 10 %. At roller speeds of less than 10 km/h, air velocity may be zero.
The above mentioned air velocity shall be determined as an averaged value of 9 measuring points which are
located at the centre of each rectangle dividing the whole of the blower outlet into 9 areas (dividing both of
horizontal and vertical sides of the blower outlet into 3 equal parts). Each value at those 9 points shall be
within ± 10 % of the average value of the 9 points.
2
The blower outlet shall have a cross section area of at least 0,4 m and the bottom of the blower outlet shall
be between 5 cm and 20 cm above floor level. The blower outlet shall be perpendicular to th
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.