ISO/IEC 21794-6:2025

Information technology — Plenoptic image coding system (JPEG Pleno) — Part 6: Learning-based point cloud coding

This document defines the JPEG Pleno framework for learning-based point cloud coding. This document is applicable to interactive human visualization, with competitive compression efficiency compared to state of the art point cloud coding solutions in common use, and effective performance for 3D processing and machine-related computer vision tasks, and has the goal of supporting a royalty-free baseline. This document specifies a coded codestream format for storage of point clouds. It provides information on the encoding tools. It also defines extensions to the JPEG Pleno File Format and associated metadata descriptors that are specific to point cloud modalities.

Technologies de l'information — Système de codage d'images plénoptiques (JPEG Pleno) — Partie 6: Codage de nuages de points basé sur l’apprentissage

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 06-Jul-2025
• ICS: 35.040.30 - Coding of graphical and photographical information
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 - Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 07-Jul-2025
• Due Date: 02-Sep-2025
• Completion Date: 07-Jul-2025

Standards Content (Sample)

International
Standard
ISO/IEC 21794-6
First edition
Information technology —
2025-07
Plenoptic image coding system
(JPEG Pleno) —
Part 6:
Learning-based point cloud coding
Technologies de l'information — Système de codage d'images
plénoptiques (JPEG Pleno) —
Partie 6: Codage de nuages de points basé sur l’apprentissage
Reference number
© ISO/IEC 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 4
4.1 Symbols .4
4.2 Abbreviated terms .7
5 Conventions . 7
5.1 Naming conventions for numerical values .7
5.2 Operators .8
5.2.1 Arithmetic operators .8
5.2.2 Logical operators .8
5.2.3 Relational operators .8
5.2.4 Set operators .9
5.2.5 Precedence order of operators .9
5.2.6 Mathematical functions .9
6 General . 10
6.1 Point cloud geometry representations .10
6.2 Multiple learnable neural network models .10
6.3 Functional description of the encoding process .10
6.4 Functional description of the decoding process .11
6.5 Encoder requirements . 12
6.6 Decoder requirements . 12
6.7 Trained models and parameters . 12
7 Organization of the document .13
Annex A (normative) File format . 14
Annex B (normative) Geometry codestream syntax .20
Annex C (normative) Deep learning-based decoding .27
Annex D (normative) Colour decoding .30
Annex E (normative) Synthesis transform .33
Annex F (normative) Hyper decoders .38
Annex G (normative) Entropy decoding .42
Annex H (normative) Binarization .45
Annex I (normative) Block merging .47
Annex J (normative) Up-sampling .49
Annex K (normative) Deep learning-based super-resolution .50
Bibliography .54

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had not
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 21794 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
Introduction
This document is part of a series of standards for a system known as JPEG Pleno. This set of standards
facilitates the capture, representation, exchange and visualization of plenoptic imaging modalities. A
plenoptic image modality can be a light field, point cloud or hologram, which are sampled representations
of the plenoptic function in the form of, respectively, a vector function that represents the radiance of a
discretized set of light rays, a collection of points with position and attribute information, or a complex
wavefront. The plenoptic function describes the radiance in time and in space obtained by positioning a
pinhole camera at every viewpoint in 3D spatial coordinates, every viewing angle and every wavelength,
resulting in a 7D function.
JPEG Pleno specifies tools for coding these modalities while providing advanced functionality at system level,
such as support for data and metadata manipulation, editing, random access and interaction, protection of
privacy and ownership rights.
The scope of this document is the specification of a learning-based coding standard for point clouds and
associated attributes, offering a single-stream, compact compressed domain representation, supporting
advanced flexible data access functionalities. In this context, learning-based refers to the use of machine
learning technologies to learn an optimal compressed domain representation from supplied training data.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
International Standard ISO/IEC 21794-6:2025(en)
Information technology — Plenoptic image coding system
(JPEG Pleno) —
Part 6:
Learning-based point cloud coding
1 Scope
This document defines the JPEG Pleno framework for learning-based point cloud coding.
This document is applicable to interactive human visualization, with competitive compression efficiency
compared to state of the art point cloud coding solutions in common use, and effective performance for
3D processing and machine-related computer vision tasks, and has the goal of supporting a royalty-free
baseline.
This document specifies a coded codestream format for storage of point clouds. It provides information
on the encoding tools. It also defines extensions to the JPEG Pleno File Format and associated metadata
descriptors that are specific to point cloud modalities.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISO/IEC 6048-1:— , Information technology — JPEG AI learning-based image coding system — Part 1: Core
coding system
2)
ISO/IEC 15444-1 , Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system — Part 1: Core coding system
3)
ISO/IEC 15444-2
...

FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/IEC
FDIS
21794-6
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
Information technology —
Secretariat: JISC
Plenoptic image coding system
Voting begins on:
(JPEG Pleno) —
2025-04-17
Part 6:
Voting terminates on:
2025-06-12
Learning-based point cloud coding
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
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TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
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MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794­6:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025

FINAL DRAFT
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/IEC
FDIS
21794-6
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
Information technology —
Secretariat: JISC
Plenoptic image coding system
Voting begins on:
(JPEG Pleno) —
Part 6:
Voting terminates on:
Learning-based point cloud coding
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO/IEC 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794­6:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 4
4.1 Symbols .4
4.2 Abbreviated terms .7
5 Conventions . 7
5.1 Naming conventions for numerical values .7
5.2 Operators .8
5.2.1 Arithmetic operators .8
5.2.2 Logical operators .8
5.2.3 Relational operators .8
5.2.4 Set operators .9
5.2.5 Precedence order of operators .9
5.2.6 Mathematical functions .9
6 General . 10
6.1 Point cloud geometry representations .10
6.2 Multiple learnable neural network models .10
6.3 Functional description of the encoding process .10
6.4 Functional description of the decoding process .11
6.5 Encoder requirements . 12
6.6 Decoder requirements . 12
6.7 Trained models and parameters . 12
7 Organization of the document .13
Annex A (normative) File format . 14
Annex B (normative) Geometry codestream syntax .20
Annex C (normative) Deep learning-based decoding .27
Annex D (normative) Colour decoding .30
Annex E (normative) Synthesis transform .33
Annex F (normative) Hyper decoders .38
Annex G (normative) Entropy decoding .42
Annex H (normative) Binarization .45
Annex I (normative) Block merging .47
Annex J (normative) Up-sampling .49
Annex K (normative) Deep learning-based super-resolution .50
Bibliography .54

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had not
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 21794 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:2025(en)
Introduction
This document is part of a series of standards for a system known as JPEG Pleno. This set of standards
facilitates the capture, representation, exchange and visualization of plenoptic imaging modalities. A
plenoptic image modality can be a light field, point cloud or hologram, which are sampled representations
of the plenoptic function in the form of, respectively, a vector function that represents the radiance of a
discretized set of light rays, a collection of points with position and attribute information, or a complex
wavefront. The plenoptic function describes the radiance in time and in space obtained by positioning a
pinhole camera at every viewpoint in 3D spatial coordinates, every viewing angle and every wavelength,
resulting in a 7D function.
JPEG Pleno specifies tools for coding these modalities while providing advanced functionality at system level,
such as support for data and metadata manipulation, editing, random access and interaction, protection of
privacy and ownership rights.
The scope of this document is the specification of a learning-based coding standard for point clouds and
associated attributes, offering a single-stream, compact compressed domain representation, supporting
advanced flexible data access functionalities. In this context, learning-based refers to the use of machine
learning technologies to learn an optimal compressed domain representation from supplied training data.

© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:2025(en)
Information technology — Plenoptic image coding system
(JPEG Pleno) —
Part 6:
Learning-based poin
...

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ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:2024(en) .
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ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
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Section start: New page, Header distance from edge:
Secretariat: JISC
1.27 cm, Footer distance from edge: 1.27 cm
Date: 2025-01-1704-02 Formatted: Font color: Auto
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Information technology — Plenoptic image coding system (JPEG
Pleno) — —
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Part 6:
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Learning-based point cloud coding
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FDIS stage
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ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:2025(en)
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Formatted: Font: Bold
© ISO/IEC 20242025
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
Formatted: Default Paragraph Font
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Formatted: French (Switzerland)
EmailE-mail: [e-mail]
Formatted: French (Switzerland)
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Formatted: French (Switzerland)
Published in Switzerland
Formatted: FooterPageRomanNumber
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:20242025(en)
Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: HeaderCentered, Left
Formatted: Font: Bold, English (United Kingdom)
Contents
Formatted: Font: Bold
Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
Foreword . viii
Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
Introduction . ix
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
5 Conventions . 10
6 General . 12
7 Organization of the document . 19
Annex A (normative) File format . 20
Annex B (normative) Geometry codestream syntax . 27
Annex C (normative) Deep learning-based decoding . 35
Annex D (normative) Colour decoding . 39
Annex E (normative) Synthesis transform . 43
Annex F (normative) Hyper decoders. 51
Annex G (normative) Entropy decoding. 57
Annex H (normative) Binarization . 60
Annex I (normative) Block merging . 62
Annex J (normative) Up-sampling . 65
Annex K (normative) Deep learning-based super-resolution . 66
Bibliography . 73

Foreword . vii
Introduction . viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 2
3.1 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 4
4.1 Symbols . 4
4.2 Abbreviated terms . 7
5 Conventions . 7
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5.1 Naming conventions for numerical values . 7
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5.2 Operators . 8
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5.2.1 Arithmetic operators . 8
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5.2.2 Logical operators . 8
5.2.3 Relational operators . 8 Formatted: Font: 11 pt
5.2.4 Set operators . 9
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5.2.5 Precedence order of operators . 9
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© ISO/IEC 20242025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:2025(en)
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5.2.6 Mathematical functions . 9
6 General . 10
6.1 Point cloud geometry representations . 10
6.2 Multiple learnable neural network models . 10
6.3 Functional description of the encoding process . 10
Figure 1 — Generic JPEG Pleno point cloud encoder architecture . 11
6.4 Functional description of the decoding process . 11
Figure 2 — Generic JPEG Pleno Point Cloud decoder architecture . 12
6.5 Encoder requirements . 12
6.6 Decoder requirements . 12
6.7 Trained models and parameters . 13
Table 1 — Directory structure in electronic attachment . 13
7 Organization of the document . 14
Annex A (normative) File format . 15
A.1 General . 15
A.2 Organization of the JPEG Pleno Point Cloud superbox . 15
Figure A.1 — Hierarchical organization of a JPEG Pleno Point Cloud superbox . 16
A.3 Defined boxes . 17
A.3.1 General description . 17
Table A.1 — Defined boxes . 17
A.3.2 JPEG Pleno Point Cloud Header box. 17
A.3.2.1 General . 17
Figure A.2 — Organization of the contents of a JPEG Pleno Point Cloud Header box . 18
A.3.3 Point Cloud Header box . 18
A.3.3.1 General . 18
Figure A.3 — Organization of the contents of a Point Cloud Header box . 19
Table A.2 — Format of the contents of the Point Cloud Header box . 19
Table A.3 — C values . 20
A.3.4 JPEG Pleno Point Cloud Geometry Data box . 20
A.3.4.1 General . 20
A.3.5 JPEG Pleno Point Cloud Attribute Data box . 20
A.3.5.1 General . 20
Table A.4 — Format of the contents of the JPEG Pleno Point Cloud Attribute Data box . 20
Annex B (normative) Geometry codestream syntax . 21
B.1 General . 21
B.2 Markers, marker segments, and headers . 21
Table B.1 — Size parameters for the SLpcc, SLcob, SLpnt, and SLsob . 22
B.3 Defined marker segments . 22
Table B.2 — List of defined marker segments . 22
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© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC FDIS 21794-6:20242025(en)
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B.4 Construction of the codestream . 22
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Figure B.1 — Codestream structure . 23
B.5 Delimiting markers and marker segments . 23
B.5.1 General .
...