ISO 16405:2015
(Main)Room corner and open calorimeter — Guidance on sampling and measurement of effluent gas production using FTIR technique
Room corner and open calorimeter — Guidance on sampling and measurement of effluent gas production using FTIR technique
ISO 16405:2015 gives guidance concerning suitable apparatus and procedures to be used when applying the FTIR method to measure concentrations of effluent gases produced in large-scale or simulated real-scale fire tests. Such tests include the room corner test (see ISO 9705) and open calorimeter tests as described in ISO 24473. This guidance and measuring method only describes the way in which the sampling of the gases and collection of FTIR spectra are performed. Analysis of spectra and calibration is part of ISO 19702.
Mesurage de la production de gaz toxique à l'aide de la technique IRTF pour l'essai en coin de salle et calorimétrie ouverte
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16405
First edition
2015-03-01
Room corner and open calorimeter —
Guidance on sampling and
measurement of effluent gas
production using FTIR technique
Mesurage de la production de gaz toxique à l’aide de la technique
IRTF pour l’essai en coin de salle et calorimétrie ouverte
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Gas sampling system . 2
5.1 General . 2
5.2 Gas sampling probe . 2
5.2.1 Sampling position . 2
5.2.2 Exhaust duct sampling application . 3
5.2.3 Alternative sampling applications . 4
5.3 Filter . 5
5.4 Tubing . 5
5.5 Pump . 5
6 FTIR instrument . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Gas cell. 6
6.3 Spectrometer parameters . . 7
6.4 Detector . 7
7 Measurement . 7
7.1 Requirements . 7
7.2 Calibration . 7
7.3 Test procedure . 7
8 Analysis of spectra . 8
9 Expression of results . 8
Annex A (normative) Calculation .10
Bibliography .13
Foreword
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation
and growth.
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Introduction
This International Standard is intended to obtain concentrations of effluent gases produced in large-
scale or simulated real-scale fire tests, such as the room corner test and open calorimeters. These tests
describe the fire behaviour of a product under controlled laboratory conditions.
The test standard can be used as part of a fire hazard assessment which takes into account all of the
factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16405:2015(E)
Room corner and open calorimeter — Guidance on
sampling and measurement of effluent gas production
using FTIR technique
1 Scope
This International Standard gives guidance concerning suitable apparatus and procedures to be used
when applying the FTIR method to measure concentrations of effluent gases produced in large-scale
or simulated real-scale fire tests. Such tests include the room corner test (see ISO 9705) and open
calorimeter tests as described in ISO 24473.
This guidance and measuring method only describes the way in which the sampling of the gases and
collection of FTIR spectra are performed. Analysis of spectra and calibration is part of ISO 19702.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9705, Fire tests — Full-scale room test for surface products
ISO 13943, Fire safety — Vocabulary
1)
ISO 19702:— , Guidance for sampling and analysis of toxic gases and vapours in fire effluents using Fourier
Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
ISO 24473, Fire tests — Open calorimetry — Measurement of the rate of production of heat and combustion
products for fires of up to 40 MW
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement (GUM: 1995)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in ISO 13943 apply.
4 Principle
By using the on-line FTIR technique, it is possible to simultaneously measure the time resolved
concentration of several gases during a fire test.
The practical measurement procedure is to continuously extract a fraction of the effluents from the
exhaust duct (the most common application) from the opening of the test room or, alternatively, from
a position in the vicinity of a test object through a heated sampling system and into a heated optical
cell. There, the specific absorption patterns of infrared-active species are recorded by a detector.
This information is subsequently presented as an absorption spectrum that is used to determine
the concentrations of effluent components. The frequency of collection of absorption spectra, the
1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 19702:2006)
characteristics of the flow in the exhaust duct (if applicable), and the residence time and flow pattern in
the optical cell determine the time resolution of the measurements.
NOTE FTIR is based on infrared absorption. Polyatomic and heteronuclear diatomic compounds have
absorption in the infrared region. Specific to FTIR is conversion of regular irradiance from a broad band infrared
source into interfered irradiance by an interferometer and conversion of the recorded interferogram into
a conventional wavelength spectrum. The main advantage of the FTIR technique is that information from all
spectral elements is measured simultaneously and another advantage is that the measurement is made with a
high optical throughput giving a high signal to noise ratio. See ISO 19702 for a more detailed background on FTIR
theory.
5 Gas sampling system
5.1 General
The gas sampling system consists of a probe for sampling fire effluent gases, a filter system for removing
particulates from the sampled gas, sampling tubing for transporting the gas to the FTIR gas cell, and
a pump for drawing the gas. The parts of the sampling system placed before the FTIR gas cell shall be
heated to avoid condensation and losses of certain water soluble compounds (e.g. HCl).
A temperature of the sampling system between 150 °C to 190 °C shall be used (see ISO 19702).
The temperature throughout the heated part of the sampling system shall be homogeneous or slightly
increasing along the sampling system from the probe to the gas cell to avoid any cold points that could
act as a condensation point for water and soluble gases.
NOTE 1 It is important that the gas in the sampling system is heated to a temperature as close as possible to the
set-temperature of the sampling system. Procedures for checking the gas temperature are given in ISO 19702.
Information on delay and response time of the overall system is necessary and shall be reported.
NOTE 2 Method for determination of the response and transport time of the measurement system is given in
ISO 19702. Besides the transport time from the gas sampling probe to the gas cell, there is also a transport time
from the room to the gas sampling probe.
NOTE 3 The response and delay time can be obtained at the same time as burner calibrations are performed
(see ISO 9705). It also allows an overall check of the system.
5.2 Gas sampling probe
5.2.1 Sampling position
In enclosure tests, the normal sampling position is in the duct of the smoke collection system. This
sampling position represents cooled and d
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