ISO/TS 9651:2025
(Main)Nanotechnologies — Classification framework for graphene‐related 2D materials
Nanotechnologies — Classification framework for graphene‐related 2D materials
This document specifies the characteristics and their respective measurement methods of graphene-related 2D materials in sheet and particle forms for commercial applications with the aim of classification of the materials. The classification framework consists of the following elements: a) relevant material characteristics for commercial use; b) identification of applicable measurement methods; c) a range of the characteristic measured values when applicable; d) syntax to guide consistent naming and descriptions; e) an applicable technical data sheet template.
Nanotechnologies — Cadre de classification pour les matériaux bidimensionnels similaires au graphène
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ISO/TS 9651
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Nanotechnologies — Classification
2025-07
framework for graphene‐related 2D
materials
Nanotechnologies — Cadre de classification pour les matériaux
bidimensionnels similaires au graphène
Reference number
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Sheet‐form graphene‐related 2D materials . 3
4.1 General .3
4.1.1 Production method .3
4.1.2 Source material .3
4.1.3 Material form and substrate .3
4.2 Characteristics and measurement methods .4
4.2.1 Sheet size .4
4.2.2 Covered area .4
4.2.3 Surface residue.4
4.2.4 Flake grain size .5
4.2.5 A /A peak ratio .5
D G
4.2.6 Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the G and 2D peaks .6
4.2.7 Mobility .6
4.2.8 Sheet resistance .6
4.2.9 Structural defects .7
4.2.10 Rotational layer alignment .7
5 Particle‐form graphene‐related 2D materials . 7
5.1 General .7
5.1.1 Production method .7
5.1.2 Source material .8
5.1.3 Material form and substrate .8
5.2 Characteristics and measurement methods .9
5.2.1 sp bonded carbon .9
5.2.2 Structural defects .9
5.2.3 Z-Axis dimensions .9
5.2.4 Layers of carbon atoms .10
5.2.5 Particle shape .10
5.2.6 Lateral particle size .11
5.2.7 Particle aspect ratio .11
5.2.8 Tap density .11
5.2.9 Elemental composition . 12
5.2.10 Oxygen content . 12
5.2.11 Impurities . 12
5.2.12 Functionalization . 12
5.2.13 Zeta potential . 13
5.2.14 Rotational layer alignment . 13
5.2.15 Specific surface area . 13
5.2.16 Crystallinity .14
6 Syntax for material description. 14
7 Reporting .15
Annex A (normative) Graphene-related 2D material classification framework . 19
Bibliography .21
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
This document aims to provide commercial graphene producers and users with a standardized approach
to classifying graphene-related 2D materials. It outlines a transparent methodology for categorizing these
materials in any form, regardless of production methods or source materials. This approach facilitates
accurate and straightforward comparisons between materials from different suppliers. Additionally, the
document serves as a foundation for material specification data sheets, proposing a minimum set of relevant
data that can be consistently used by producers, users, and regulators. Material characteristics deemed
most critical for commercial applications—such as layer count, thickness, lateral flake size, disorder level,
and specific surface area—can be identified using standard testing methods and documented in material
data sheets.
The framework is primarily intended to support the creation and use of technical data sheets for specific
forms of graphene-related 2D materials. It is not designed to prescribe production procedures or quality
control testing processes, although some of the described test methods can serve as supporting techniques
for those purposes.
Establishing a systematic classification framework for graphene-related 2D materials is essential for
several key reasons. First, it ensures consistent and reliable regulation and registration processes,
fostering transparency and trust in the market for both producers and users. Second, it enables a thorough
understanding and quantification of material properties, forms, and contaminants. Finally, the adoption
of universal standardized testing methods is critical for enabling easy, quantitative comparisons of data
generated by different laboratories and users globally. This systematic approach wil
...
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Technical
Specification
ISO/DTS 9651
ISO/TC 229
Nanotechnologies — Classification
Secretariat: BSI
framework for graphene‐related 2D
Voting begins on:
materials
2025-04-10
Nanotechnologies — Cadre de classification pour les matériaux
Voting terminates on:
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2025-06-05
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MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(en) © ISO 2025
FINAL DRAFT
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(en)
Technical
Specification
ISO/DTS 9651
ISO/TC 229
Nanotechnologies — Classification
Secretariat: BSI
framework for graphene‐related 2D
Voting begins on:
materials
Nanotechnologies — Cadre de classification pour les matériaux
Voting terminates on:
bidimensionnels similaires au graphène
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(en) © ISO 2025
ii
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Sheet‐form graphene‐related 2D materials . 3
4.1 General .3
4.1.1 Production method .3
4.1.2 Source material .3
4.1.3 Material form and substrate .3
4.2 Characteristics and measurement methods .4
4.2.1 Sheet size .4
4.2.2 Covered area .4
4.2.3 Surface residue.4
4.2.4 Flake grain size .5
4.2.5 A /A peak ratio .5
D G
4.2.6 Full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the G and 2D peaks .6
4.2.7 Mobility .6
4.2.8 Sheet resistance .6
4.2.9 Structural defects .7
4.2.10 Rotational layer alignment .7
5 Particle‐form graphene‐related 2D materials . 7
5.1 General .7
5.1.1 Production method .7
5.1.2 Source material .8
5.1.3 Material form and substrate .8
5.2 Characteristics and measurement methods .9
5.2.1 SP2 bonded carbon .9
5.2.2 Structural defects .9
5.2.3 Z-Axis dimensions .9
5.2.4 Layers of carbon atoms .10
5.2.5 Particle shape .10
5.2.6 Lateral particle size .11
5.2.7 Particle aspect ratio .11
5.2.8 Tap density .11
5.2.9 Elemental composition . 12
5.2.10 Oxygen content . 12
5.2.11 Impurities . 12
5.2.12 Functionalization . 12
5.2.13 Zeta potential . 13
5.2.14 Rotational layer alignment . 13
5.2.15 Specific surface area . 13
5.2.16 Crystallinity .14
6 Syntax for material description. 14
7 Reporting .15
Annex A (normative) Graphene-related 2D material classification framework . 19
Bibliography .21
iii
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(en)
Introduction
This document aims to provide commercial graphene producers and users with a standardized approach
to classifying graphene-related 2D materials. It outlines a transparent methodology for categorizing these
materials in any form, regardless of production methods or source materials. This approach facilitates
accurate and straightforward comparisons between materials from different suppliers. Additionally
...
ISO/DTS 9651
ISO/TC 229/WG 4
Secretariat: BSI
Date: 2025-02-2403-26
Nanotechnologies — Classification framework for graphene--related
2D materials
Nanotechnologies — Cadre de classification pour les matériaux bidimensionnels similaires au graphène
DTS
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(E:(en)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
vii © ISO 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(E:(en)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Sheet-form graphene-related 2D materials . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Characteristics and measurement methods . 4
5 Particle-form graphene-related 2D materials . 8
5.1 General . 8
5.2 Characteristics and measurement methods . 9
6 Syntax for material description . 14
7 Reporting . 15
Annex A (normative) Graphene-related 2D material classification framework . 24
Bibliography . 26
iii
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(E:(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules
of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawnISO draws attention to the possibility that some of the elementsimplementation of this
document may beinvolve the subjectuse of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this
document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document.
However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be
obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO should. ISO shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the
development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received
(see ).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/i
Field Code Changed
soiso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
vii © ISO 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(E:(en)
Introduction
This document aims to provide commercial graphene producers and users with a standardized approach to
classifying graphene-related 2D materials. It outlines a transparent methodology for categorizing these
materials in any form, regardless of production methods or source materials. This approach facilitates
accurate and straightforward comparisons between materials from different suppliers. Additionally, the
document serves as a foundation for material specification data sheets, proposing a minimum set of relevant
data that can be consistently used by producers, users, and regulators. Material characteristics deemed most
critical for commercial applications—such as layer count, thickness, lateral flake size, disorder level, and
specific surface area—can be identified using standard testing methods and documented in these data sheets.
The framework is primarily intended to support the creation and use of technical data sheets for specific forms
of graphene-related 2D materials. It is not designed to prescribe production procedures or quality control
testing processes, although some of the described test methods can serve as supporting techniques for those
purposes.
Establishing a systematic classification framework for graphene-related 2D materials is essential for several
key reasons. First, it ensures consistent and reliable regulation and registration processes, fostering
transparency and trust in the market for both producers and users. Second, it enables a thorough
understanding and quantification of material properties, forms, and contaminants. Finally, the adoption of
universal standardized testing methods is critical for enabling easy, quantitative comparisons of data
generated by different laboratories and users globally. This systematic approach will significantly advance the
responsible development and use of graphene-related 2D materials.
It is also important to note that certain test methods are possibly not suitable for all forms of graphene-related
2D materials. When employing standardized testing methods, it is beneficial to provide multiple measurement
techniques for evaluating different properties. However, these methods maycan yield varying results for the
same sample due to differences in how each technique assesses specific aspects of the material.
Note: NOTE This document is derived from Reference [25[24] ,] use of which has been licensed to ISO by the
Graphene Council (https://www.thegraphenecouncil.org).
v
ISO/DTS 9651:2025(E)
vii © ISO 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/DTS 9651:(en)
ISO/DTS 9651 Nanotechnologies – — Classification framework for
graphene--related 2D materials
1 Scope
This document specifies the characteristics and their respective measurement methods of graphene-related
2D materials in sheet and particle forms for commercial applications with the aim of classification of the
materials. The classification framework consists of the following elements:
a) relevant material characteristics for commercial use;
b) identification of applicable measurement methods;
c) a range of the characteristic measured values when applicable;
d) syntax to guide consistent naming and descriptions;
e) an applicable technical data sheet template.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply:
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
graphene-related 2D material
GR2M
DEPRECATED: graphene-based material, graphene-material
carbon-based two-dimensional material (3.1.1.1) consisting of one to 10 layers (3.1.1.8),, including graphene
(3.1.2.1),, graphene oxide (3.1.2.15),, reduced graphene oxide (3.1.2.16),, and functionalized variations thereof
Note 1 to entry: This includes bilayer graphene (3.1.2.7),, trilayer graphene (3.1.2.10) and few-layer graphene (3.1.2.11).
Note 2 to entry: The terms graphene-based material and graphene-material are deprecated here. They have been used
to describe materials other than graphene, such as graphene oxide.
Note 3 to entry: "Graphene-related 2D material" is defined in contrast with graphene-based (3.1.1.20) and GR2M-based.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13, 3.1.1.2]
ISO/DTS 9651:(en)
3.2
sheet
2D material typically situated upon a substrate, with extended lateral dimensions at the micro to macroscale
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13, 3.1.1.4]
3.3
flake
distinct particle of planar morphology, consisting of 1 or more layers, with a nanoscale thickness that is
significantly less than its lateral dimensions.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13, 3.1.1.3]
3.4
particle
minute piece of matter with defined physical boundaries
Note 1 to entry: A physical boundary can also be described as an interface.
Note 2 to entry: This general particle definition applies to nano-objects.
[SOURCE: ISO 80004-1, 3.1.1]
3.5
coating
adherent surface layer
Note 1 to entry: A coating can consist of multiple layers.
Note 2 to entry: A coating is always attached to a substrate
[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2023, 2.244]
3.6
film
supported or unsupported thin material that is laterally continuously connected
Note 1 to entry: The attribute “thin” is used to emphasize that the thickness of the film is much smaller than the other
two dimensions.
Note 2 to entry: A film can be freestanding.
Note 3 to entry: A film can be made of solids or liquids (e.g. liquid film).
Note 4 to entry: A film can be composed of a monomolecular layer (e.g. Langmuir-Blodgett film).
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1, 3.1.1]
3.7
functionalization
process that intentionally alters the surface chemical properties through a distinct chemical
Note 1 to entry: functionalized material should then be referred to as "functionalized X", where X refers to the material
such as graphene, graphene nanoplatelet, etc.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13, 3.1.1.17]
ISO/DTS 9651:(en)
3.8
lateral size
<2D material> lateral dimensions of a 2D material flake
Note 1 to entry: If the flake is approximately circular, then this is typically measured using an equivalent circular
diameter or if not via x, y measurements along and perpendicular to the longest side.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004--13:2024, 3.4.1.15]
3.9
1.1 Orientation
orientation
direction of crystal which is represented by crystal index
Note 1 to entry: During TEM imaging, it is often useful to have a crystalline specimen aligned such that a specific (low
index) zone axis is parallel, or nearly parallel, to the beam direction optical axis (3.22). .
[SOURCE: ISO 29301:2023, 3.52023en, 3.5]]
3.10
3.10 level of disorder
quantification of the disorder present in a GR2M given by the ratio of the
Raman D peak and G peak intensities as measured by Raman spectroscopy, representing a combination of the
amount, size and type of defects
Note 1 to entry: This can be method dependent where different instrument configurations can give different results.
Note 2 to entry: The peak intensities can be measured using area or height depending on which is most relevant.
[SOURCE: ISO 80004-13, 3.4.1.10]
4 Sheet-form graphene-related 2D materials
4.1 General
4.1.1 Production method
The GR2M producer should report the production method in general terms without disclosing confidential
information. This is a "self-reported and labelled” item for which there is no independent testing. Examples
include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), spin coating, spin on layer, etc.
4.1.2 Source material
The GR2M producer should report the source material used in production, without disclosing confidential
information. Examples include, from methane, acetylene, etc. Therefore, the test method is "self-
...
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