ISO 10406-1:2008
(Main)Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete — Test methods — Part 1: FRP bars and grids
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete — Test methods — Part 1: FRP bars and grids
ISO 10406-1:2008 specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and grids as reinforcements or pre-stressing tendons in concrete.
Polymère renforcé par des fibres (PRF) pour l'armature du béton — Méthodes d'essai — Partie 1: Barres et grilles en PRF
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10406-1
First edition
2008-12-15
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement of concrete — Test
methods —
Part 1:
FRP bars and grids
Polymère renforcé par des fibres (PRF) pour l'armature du béton —
Méthodes d'essai —
Partie 1: Barres et grilles en PRF
Reference number
ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
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shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
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accepts no liability in this area.
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Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
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the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2008
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols. 1
3.1 Terms and definitions. 1
3.2 Symbols . 5
4 General provision concerning test pieces . 6
5 Test method for cross-sectional properties .6
5.1 Test pieces . 6
5.2 Test method. 7
5.3 Calculations. 7
5.4 Test report . 8
6 Test method for tensile properties. 8
6.1 Test pieces . 8
6.2 Test equipment . 9
6.3 Test method. 9
6.4 Calculations. 10
6.5 Test report . 11
7 Test method for bond strength by pull-out testing . 13
7.1 Test pieces . 13
7.2 Testing machine and devices. 15
7.3 Test method. 16
7.4 Calculations. 17
7.5 Test report . 17
8 Test method for performance of anchorages and couplers. 18
8.1 Test method for performance of anchorages . 18
8.2 Test method for performance of couplers . 19
8.3 Test report . 19
9 Test method for long-term relaxation. 21
9.1 Test pieces . 21
9.2 Testing frame and devices. 21
9.3 Test temperature. 22
9.4 Test method. 22
9.5 Calculations. 22
9.6 Test report . 23
10 Test method for tensile fatigue . 23
10.1 Test pieces . 23
10.2 Testing machine and devices. 24
10.3 Test temperature. 24
10.4 Test method. 24
10.5 Calculations. 25
10.6 Test report . 25
11 Test method for alkali resistance. 26
11.1 Test pieces . 26
11.2 Immersion in alkaline solution . 26
11.3 External appearance and mass change . 27
11.4 Tensile test . 27
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
11.5 Calculations. 27
11.6 Test report. 28
12 Test method for creep failure. 29
12.1 Test pieces. 29
12.2 Testing frame and devices. 29
12.3 Test temperature . 29
12.4 Tensile capacity . 29
12.5 Test method. 29
12.6 Calculations. 30
12.7 Test report. 30
13 Test method for transverse shear strength. 31
13.1 Test pieces. 31
13.2 Testing machine and devices . 31
13.3 Test temperature . 33
13.4 Test method. 33
13.5 Calculations. 33
13.6 Test report. 33
14 Test method for flexural tensile properties . 34
14.1 Test pieces. 34
14.2 Testing unit and devices . 34
14.3 Test method. 35
14.4 Calculations. 35
14.5 Test report. 35
15 Test method for the coefficient of longitudinal thermal expansion by thermo-mechanical
analysis . 37
15.1 Test pieces. 37
15.2 Testing device . 37
15.3 Test method. 37
15.4 Calculations. 38
15.5 Test report. 39
Bibliography . 40
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10406-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-
stressed concrete, Subcommittee SC 6, Non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures.
ISO 10406 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement of concrete — Test methods:
⎯ Part 1: FRP bars and grids
⎯ Part 2: FRP sheets
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete —
Test methods —
Part 1:
FRP bars and grids
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10406 specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and grids as
reinforcements or pre-stressing tendons in concrete.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291:2008, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 3611, Micrometer callipers for external measurement
ISO 4788:2005, Laboratory glassware — Graduated measuring cylinders
ISO 6906, Vernier callipers reading to 0,02 mm
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
alkalinity
-
condition of having or containing hydroxyl (OH ) ions; containing alkaline substances
NOTE In concrete, the initial alkaline environment has a pH above 13.
3.1.2
anchorage reinforcement
latticed or spiral reinforcing steel or FRP connected with the anchorage and arranged behind it
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.3
anchoring section
end part of a test piece where an anchorage is fitted to transmit loads from the testing machine to the test
section
3.1.4
average load
〈stress〉 average of the maximum and minimum repeated load (stress)
3.1.5
bending angle
angle formed by the straight sections of a test piece on either side of the deflector
3.1.6
bending diameter ratio
ratio of the external diameter of the deflector surface in contact with the FRP bar, and the nominal diameter of
the FRP bar
3.1.7
bending tensile capacity
tensile load at the moment of failure of the test piece
3.1.8
coefficient of thermal expansion
average coefficient of linear thermal expansion between given temperatures
NOTE The average of the given temperatures is taken as the representative temperature.
3.1.9
continuous fibre
general term for continuous fibres of materials such as carbon, aramid and glass
3.1.10
coupler
device coupling tendons
3.1.11
creep failure capacity
load causing failure after a specified period of time from the start of a sustained load; in particular, the load
causing failure after 1 million hours is referred to as the million-hour creep failure capacity
3.1.12
creep failure strength
stress causing failure after a specified period of time from the start of a sustained load; in particular, the load
causing failure after 1 million hours is referred to as the million-hour creep failure strength
3.1.13
creep failure time
time between the start of a sustained load and failure of a test piece
3.1.14
creep failure
failure occurring in a test piece due to a sustained load
3.1.15
creep strain
differential change in length per unit length occurring in a test piece due to creep
2 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.16
creep
time-dependent deformation of an FRP bar subjected to a sustained load at a constant temperature
3.1.17
deflected section
section of an FRP bar that is bent and maintained at the required bending angle and bending diameter ratio
3.1.18
deflector
device used to maintain the position, alter the bending angle or alleviate the stress concentrations in the FRP
bar and which is sometimes installed in the deflected section
3.1.19
fatigue strength
maximum repeated stress at which the test piece does not fail at the prescribed number of cycles
3.1.20
fibre-reinforced polymer
FRP
composite material, moulded and hardened to the intended shape, consisting of continuous fibres
impregnated with a fibre-binding polymer
3.1.21
frequency
number of loading (stressing) cycles in 1 s during the test
3.1.22
FRP bar
composite material formed into a long, slender structural shape suitable for use as reinforcement in concrete
and consisting primarily of longitudinal unidirectional fibres bound and shaped by a rigid polymer resin
material
3.1.23
gauge length
straight portion along the length of a test piece used to measure the elongation using an extensometer or a
similar device
3.1.124
grid
two-dimensional (planar) or three-dimensional (spatial) rigid array of interconnected FRP bars that form a
contiguous lattice that can be used to reinforce concrete
3.1.25
load amplitude
load (stress) amplitude
one-half of the load (stress) range
3.1.26
load (stress) range
difference between maximum and minimum repeated load (stress)
3.1.27
maximum repeated load (stress)
maximum load (stress) during repeated loading
3.1.28
maximum tensile force
maximum tensile load sustained by a test piece during the tensile test
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.29
minimum repeated load (stress)
minimum load (stress) during repeated loading
3.1.30
nominal cross-sectional area
value obtained upon dividing the volume of the FRP specimen by its length
3.1.31
nominal diameter
diameter of FRP calculated assuming a circular section
3.1.32
nominal peripheral length
peripheral length of the FRP that forms the basis for calculating the bond strength and that shall be
determined separately for each FRP
3.1.33
number of cycles
number of times the repeated load (stress) is applied to the test piece
3.1.34
relaxation
stress relaxation
time-dependent decrease in load in an FRP held at a given constant temperature with a prescribed initial load
applied and held at a given constant strain
3.1.35
relaxation rate
percentage reduction in load relative to the initial load after a given period of time, under a fixed strain
NOTE In particular, the relaxation value after 1 million hours (approximately 114 years) is referred to as the hundred-
year relaxation rate.
3.1.36
repeated load (stress)
load (stress) alternating cyclically between fixed maximum and minimum values
3.1.37
S-N curve
curve plotted on a graph with repeated stress on the vertical axis and the number of cycles to fatigue failure
on the horizontal axis
3.1.38
tendon, FRP
resin-bound construction made of continuous fibres in the shape of a tendon used to reinforce concrete
uniaxially
NOTE Tendons are usually used in pre-stressed concrete.
3.1.39
thermo-mechanical analysis
TMA
method for measuring deformation of a material as a function of either temperature or time, by varying the
temperature of the material according to a calibrated programme, under a non-vibrating load
3.1.40
TMA curve
〈TMA〉 graph with temperature or time represented on the horizontal axis and deformation on the vertical axis
4 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.41
ultimate strain
strain corresponding to the maximum tensile force
3.2 Symbols
See Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Unit Description Reference
2
A mm Nominal cross-sectional area of test piece 5.3, 6.4
D mm Nominal diameter 5.3
2
E N/mm Young's modulus 6.4
F N Maximum tensile force 6.4
u
2
f N/mm Tensile strength 6.4
u
ε — Ultimate strain 6.4
u
∆F N Difference between loads at 20 % and 50 % of maximum tensile force 6.4
∆ε — Strain difference between ∆F 6.4
2
τ N/mm Bond stress 7.4
P N Tensile load in the pull-out test 7.4
u mm Nominal peripheral length of test piece 7.4
l mm Bonded length 7.4
Y % Relaxation rate 9.5.2
t h Time 9.5.2
k — Empirical constant 9.5.2
a
k — Empirical constant 9.5.2
b
R % Mass loss ratio
∆m
3
V mm Volume of water in the measuring cylinder 5.3
o
3
V mm Volume of the sum total of water and test piece 5.3
s
l mm Length of test piece 5.3
o
m g Mass before immersion 11.4
0
L mm Length before immersion 11.4
0
m g Mass after immersion 11.4
1
L mm Length after immersion 11.4
1
R % Tensile capacity retention rate 11.5.2
et
F N Tensile capacity before immersion 11.5.2
u1
F N Tensile capacity after immersion 11.5.2
u0
R — Creep load ratio 12.6.3
Yc
2
τ N/mm Shear stress 13.5.2
s
P N Shear failure load 13.5.2
s
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 5
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ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
Table 1 — Symbols (continued)
Symbol Unit Description Reference
α 1/°C Coefficient of thermal expansion 15.4.1
sp
∆L µ Difference in length of test piece between temperatures T and T 15.4.1
spm
1 2
Difference in length of specification test piece for length calibration between
∆L µ 15.4.1
refm
temperatures T and T
1 2
L m Length of test piece at room temperature 15.4.1
0
Maximum temperature for calculation of coefficient of thermal expansion
T °C 15.4.1
2
(normally 60°C)
Minimum temperature for calculation of coefficient of thermal expansion
T °C 15.4.1
1
(normally 0 °C)
Coefficient of thermal expansion calculated for specification test piece for
α 1/°C 15.4.1
set
length calibration between temperatures T and T
1 2
4 General provision concerning test pieces
Unless otherwise agreed, test pieces shall be taken from the bar or grid in the “as-delivered” condition.
In cases where test pieces are taken from a coil, they shall be straightened prior to any test by a simple
bending operation with a minimum amount of plastic deformation.
For the determination of the mechanical properties in the tensile, bond and anchorage tests, the test piece
may be artificially aged (after straightening, if applicable) depending on the performance requirements of the
product.
When a test piece is “aged”, the conditions of the ageing treatment shall be stated in the test report.
5 Test method for cross-sectional properties
5.1 Test pieces
5.1.1 Preparation of test pieces
Test pieces shall be cut to a predetermined length and finished flat at their cut end from the mother material
(FRP) for tensile test.
5.1.2 Length of test pieces
The length of test pieces shall be 100 mm when approximate nominal diameter is 20 mm or less, and shall be
200 mm when approximate diameter is over 20 mm.
5.1.3 Number of test pieces
The number of test pieces is at least three, taken from the mother material of the same lot.
6 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
5.2 Test method
The test procedure is as follows.
a) Measure the length of the test piece using the vernier callipers in accordance with ISO 6906. Measure a
part and record the result to three places; round off the three averaged values to one place after the
decimal point. Take this as the length of the test piece.
b) Measure the volume of the test piece using a measuring cylinder in accordance with ISO 4788:2005,
type 1a or 1b (class A or class B), according to the approximate diameter of the test piece. Table 2 shows
the relationship between the approximate diameter of the test piece and the capacity of the measuring
cylinder. When two capacities are listed, choose the smaller-capacity cylinder for that range.
c) Add the proper quantity of water to the measuring cylinder and measure the volume. When the test piece
is in the measuring cylinder, the water should cover the test piece and the top of the water shall be in the
range of scale.
NOTE If air bubbles are generated on the surface of the test piece, which can cause an error of measurement, a
surface-tension-reducing solvent, such as ethanol, can be added to the water for the purpose of controlling the
generation of air bubbles.
d) Insert the test piece into the measuring cylinder and measure the volume of the combined water and the
test piece.
e) The test temperature shall be within the range of 15 °C to 25 °C.
Table 2 — Relationship between the approximate diameter of test piece
and the capacity of measuring cylinder
Approximate diameter of test piece Capacity of measuring cylinder
mm ml
under 10 10 or 20
11 to 13 25
14 to 20 50 or 100
21 to 25 100
over 25 300 or 500
5.3 Calculations
Calculate the nominal cross-sectional area, A, of the test piece from Equation (1) and round off to one place
after the decimal point:
VV−
so
A= (1)
l
o
where
V is the volume of the sum total of water and test piece, expressed in cubic millimetres;
s
V is the volume of water in the measuring cylinder, expressed in cubic millimetres;
o
l is the length of the test piece, expressed in millimetres.
o
NOTE The nominal cross-sectional area includes the area of surface-bonded sand particles, surface-bonded
transverse wraps and other non-load-bearing areas.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 10406-1:2008(E)
Calculate the nominal diameter, D, from Equation (2) and round off to one place after the decimal point:
A
D= 2 (2)
π
where A is the nominal cross-sectional area, expressed in square millimetres.
5.4 Test report
5.4.1 Mandatory information
The test report shall include the following items:
a) date of testing;
b) name, shape, date of manufacture and lot number of FRP tested;
c) nominal cross-sectional area;
d) nominal diameter.
5.4.2 Additional information
The test report may include the following additional items:
a) capacity of measuring cylinder used in the test;
b) length of test piece;
c) volume of water in the measuring cylinder;
d) volume of the sum total of water and the test piece;
e) name of the solvent, if any solvent is used in the test.
6 Test method for tensile properties
6.1 Test pieces
6.1.1 Preparation of test pieces
Cut test pieces to predetermined length in accordance with 6.1.2 i
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 10406-1
ISO/TC 71/SC 6
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
Secretariat: JISC
reinforcement of concrete — Test
Voting begins on:
methods —
2008-09-01
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
2008-11-01
FRP bars and grids
Polymère renforcé par des fibres (PRF) pour l'armature du béton —
Méthodes d'essai —
Partie 1: Barres et grilles en PRF
Please see the administrative notes on page iii
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORT-
ING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2008
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
under the applicable laws of the user's country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO's
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Web www.iso.org
Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993, this document is circulated in the
English language only.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions. 1
3.2 Symbols . 5
4 General provision concerning test pieces . 6
5 Test method for cross-sectional properties. 6
5.1 Test pieces. 6
5.2 Test method. 7
5.3 Calculations. 7
5.4 Test report. 8
6 Test method for tensile properties. 8
6.1 Test pieces. 8
6.2 Test equipment. 9
6.3 Test method. 9
6.4 Calculations. 10
6.5 Test report. 11
7 Test method for bond strength by pull-out testing . 13
7.1 Test pieces. 13
7.2 Testing machine and devices . 15
7.3 Test method. 16
7.4 Calculations. 17
7.5 Test report. 17
8 Test method for performance of anchorages and couplers. 18
8.1 Test method for performance of anchorages . 18
8.2 Test method for performance of couplers. 19
8.3 Test report. 19
9 Test method for long-term relaxation . 21
9.1 Test pieces. 21
9.2 Testing frame and devices. 21
9.3 Test temperature . 22
9.4 Test method. 22
9.5 Calculations. 22
9.6 Test report. 23
10 Test method for tensile fatigue. 23
10.1 Test pieces. 23
10.2 Testing machine and devices . 24
10.3 Test temperature . 24
10.4 Test method. 24
10.5 Calculations. 25
10.6 Test report. 25
11 Test method for alkali resistance . 26
11.1 Test pieces. 26
11.2 Immersion in alkaline solution. 26
11.3 External appearance and mass change. 27
11.4 Tensile test. 27
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
11.5 Calculations. 27
11.6 Test report . 28
12 Test method for creep failure . 29
12.1 Test pieces . 29
12.2 Testing frame and devices. 29
12.3 Test temperature. 29
12.4 Tensile capacity . 29
12.5 Test method. 29
12.6 Calculations. 30
12.7 Test report . 30
13 Test method for transverse shear strength . 31
13.1 Test pieces . 31
13.2 Testing machine and devices. 31
13.3 Test temperature. 33
13.4 Test method. 33
13.5 Calculations. 33
13.6 Test report . 33
14 Test method for flexural tensile properties. 34
14.1 Test pieces . 34
14.2 Testing unit and devices. 34
14.3 Test method. 35
14.4 Calculations. 35
14.5 Test report . 35
15 Test method for the coefficient of longitudinal thermal expansion by thermo-mechanical
analysis. 37
15.1 Test pieces . 37
15.2 Testing device. 37
15.3 Test method. 37
15.4 Calculations. 38
15.5 Test report . 39
Bibliography . 40
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10406-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-
stressed concrete, Subcommittee SC 6, Non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures.
ISO 10406 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement of concrete — Test methods:
⎯ Part 1: FRP bars and grids
⎯ Part 2: FRP sheets
vi © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete —
Test methods —
Part 1:
FRP bars and grids
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10406 specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and grids as
reinforcements or pre-stressing tendons in concrete.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291:2008, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 3611, Micrometer callipers for external measurement
ISO 4788:2005, Laboratory glassware — Graduated measuring cylinders
ISO 6906, Vernier callipers reading to 0,02 mm
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
alkalinity
-
condition of having or containing hydroxyl (OH ) ions; containing alkaline substances
NOTE In concrete, the initial alkaline environment has a pH above 13.
3.1.2
anchorage reinforcement
latticed or spiral reinforcing steel or FRP connected with the anchorage and arranged behind it
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ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.3
anchoring section
end part of a test piece where an anchorage is fitted to transmit loads from the testing machine to the test
section
3.1.4
average load
〈stress〉 average of the maximum and minimum repeated load (stress)
3.1.5
bending angle
angle formed by the straight sections of a test piece on either side of the deflector
3.1.6
bending diameter ratio
ratio of the external diameter of the deflector surface in contact with the FRP bar, and the nominal diameter of
the FRP bar
3.1.7
bending tensile capacity
tensile load at the moment of failure of the test piece
3.1.8
coefficient of thermal expansion
average coefficient of linear thermal expansion between given temperatures
NOTE The average of the given temperatures is taken as the representative temperature.
3.1.9
continuous fibre
general term for continuous fibres of materials such as carbon, aramid and glass
3.1.10
coupler
device coupling tendons
3.1.11
creep failure capacity
load causing failure after a specified period of time from the start of a sustained load; in particular, the load
causing failure after 1 million hours is referred to as the million-hour creep failure capacity
3.1.12
creep failure strength
stress causing failure after a specified period of time from the start of a sustained load; in particular, the load
causing failure after 1 million hours is referred to as the million-hour creep failure strength
3.1.13
creep failure time
time between the start of a sustained load and failure of a test piece
3.1.14
creep failure
failure occurring in a test piece due to a sustained load
3.1.15
creep strain
differential change in length per unit length occurring in a test piece due to creep
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ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.16
creep
time-dependent deformation of an FRP bar subjected to a sustained load at a constant temperature
3.1.17
deflected section
section of an FRP bar that is bent and maintained at the required bending angle and bending diameter ratio
3.1.18
deflector
device used to maintain the position, alter the bending angle or alleviate the stress concentrations in the FRP
bar and which is sometimes installed in the deflected section
3.1.19
fatigue strength
maximum repeated stress at which the test piece does not fail at the prescribed number of cycles
3.1.20
fibre-reinforced polymer
FRP
composite material, moulded and hardened to the intended shape, consisting of continuous fibres
impregnated with a fibre-binding polymer
3.1.21
frequency
number of loading (stressing) cycles in 1 s during the test
3.1.22
FRP bar
composite material formed into a long, slender structural shape suitable for use as reinforcement in concrete
and consisting primarily of longitudinal unidirectional fibres bound and shaped by a rigid polymer resin
material
3.1.23
gauge length
straight portion along the length of a test piece used to measure the elongation using an extensometer or a
similar device
3.1.124
grid
two-dimensional (planar) or three-dimensional (spatial) rigid array of interconnected FRP bars that form a
contiguous lattice that can be used to reinforce concrete
3.1.25
load amplitude
load (stress) amplitude
one-half of the load (stress) range
3.1.26
load (stress) range
difference between maximum and minimum repeated load (stress)
3.1.27
maximum repeated load (stress)
maximum load (stress) during repeated loading
3.1.28
maximum tensile force
maximum tensile load sustained by a test piece during the tensile test
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ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.29
minimum repeated load (stress)
minimum load (stress) during repeated loading
3.1.30
nominal cross-sectional area
value obtained upon dividing the volume of the FRP specimen by its length
3.1.31
nominal diameter
diameter of FRP calculated assuming a circular section
3.1.32
nominal peripheral length
peripheral length of the FRP that forms the basis for calculating the bond strength and that shall be
determined separately for each FRP
3.1.33
number of cycles
number of times the repeated load (stress) is applied to the test piece
3.1.34
relaxation
stress relaxation
time-dependent decrease in load in an FRP held at a given constant temperature with a prescribed initial load
applied and held at a given constant strain
3.1.35
relaxation rate
percentage reduction in load relative to the initial load after a given period of time, under a fixed strain
NOTE In particular, the relaxation value after 1 million hours (approximately 114 years) is referred to as the hundred-
year relaxation rate.
3.1.36
repeated load (stress)
load (stress) alternating cyclically between fixed maximum and minimum values
3.1.37
S-N curve
curve plotted on a graph with repeated stress on the vertical axis and the number of cycles to fatigue failure
on the horizontal axis
3.1.38
tendon, FRP
resin-bound construction made of continuous fibres in the shape of a tendon used to reinforce concrete
uniaxially
NOTE Tendons are usually used in pre-stressed concrete.
3.1.39
thermo-mechanical analysis
TMA
method for measuring deformation of a material as a function of either temperature or time, by varying the
temperature of the material according to a calibrated programme, under a non-vibrating load
3.1.40
TMA curve
〈TMA〉 graph with temperature or time represented on the horizontal axis and deformation on the vertical axis
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ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.41
ultimate strain
strain corresponding to the maximum tensile force
3.2 Symbols
See Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Unit Description Reference
2
A mm Nominal cross-sectional area of test piece 5.3, 6.4
D mm Nominal diameter 5.3
2
E N/mm Young's modulus 6.4
F N Maximum tensile force 6.4
u
2
f N/mm Tensile strength 6.4
u
ε — Ultimate strain 6.4
u
∆F N Difference between loads at 20 % and 50 % of maximum tensile force 6.4
∆ε — Strain difference between ∆F 6.4
2
τ N/mm Bond stress 7.4
P N Tensile load in the pull-out test 7.4
u mm Nominal peripheral length of test piece 7.4
l mm Bonded length 7.4
Y % Relaxation rate 9.5.2
t h Time 9.5.2
k — Empirical constant 9.5.2
a
k — Empirical constant 9.5.2
b
R % Mass loss ratio
∆m
3
V mm Volume of water in the measuring cylinder 5.3
o
3
V mm Volume of the sum total of water and test piece 5.3
s
l mm Length of test piece 5.3
o
m g Mass before immersion 11.4
0
L mm Length before immersion 11.4
0
m g Mass after immersion 11.4
1
L mm Length after immersion 11.4
1
R % Tensile capacity retention rate 11.5.2
et
F N Tensile capacity before immersion 11.5.2
u1
F N Tensile capacity after immersion 11.5.2
u0
R — Creep load ratio 12.6.3
Yc
2
τ N/mm Shear stress 13.5.2
s
P N Shear failure load 13.5.2
s
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ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Table 1 — Symbols (continued)
Symbol Unit Description Reference
α 1/°C Coefficient of thermal expansion 15.4.1
sp
∆L µ Difference in length of test piece between temperatures T and T 15.4.1
spm
1 2
Difference in length of specification test piece for length calibration between
∆L µ 15.4.1
refm
temperatures T and T
1 2
L m Length of test piece at room temperature 15.4.1
0
Maximum temperature for calculation of coefficient of thermal expansion
T °C 15.4.1
2
(normally 60°C)
Minimum temperature for calculation of coefficient of thermal expansion
T °C 15.4.1
1
(normally 0 °C)
Coefficient of thermal expansion calculated for specification test piece for
α 1/°C 15.4.1
set
length calibration between temperatures T and T
1 2
4 General provision concerning test pieces
Unless otherwise agreed, test pieces shall be taken from the bar or grid in the “as-delivered” condition.
In cases where test pieces are taken from a coil, they shall be straightened prior to any test by a simple
bending operation with a minimum amount of plastic deformation.
For the determination of the mechanical properties in the tensile, bond and anchorage tests, the test piece
may be artificially aged (after straightening, if applicable) depending on the performance requirements of the
product.
When a test piece is “aged”, the conditions of the ageing treatment shall be stated in the test report.
5 Test method for cross-sectional properties
5.1 Test pieces
5.1.1 Preparation of test pieces
Test pieces shall be cut to a predetermined length and finished flat at their cut end from the mother material
(FRP) for tensile test.
5.1.2 Length of test pieces
The length of test pieces shall be 100 mm when approximate nominal diameter is 20 mm or less, and shall be
200 mm when approximate diameter is over 20 mm.
5.1.3 Number of test pieces
The number of test pieces is at least three, taken from the mother material of the same lot.
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ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
5.2 Test method
The test procedure is as follows.
a) Measure the length of the test piece using the vernier callipers in accordance with ISO 6906. Measure a
part and record the result to three places; round off the three averaged values to one place after the
decimal point. Take this as the length of the test piece.
b) Measure the volume of the test piece using a measuring cylinder in accordance with ISO 4788:2005,
type 1a or 1b (class A or class B), according to the approximate diameter of the test piece. Table 2 shows
the relationship between the approximate diameter of the test piece and the capacity of the measuring
cylinder. When two capacities are listed, choose the smaller-capacity cylinder for that range.
c) Add the proper quantity of water to the measuring cylinder and measure the volume. When the test piece
is in the measuring cylinder, the water should cover the test piece and the top of the water shall be in the
range of scale.
NOTE If the air bubbles are generated on the surface of the test piece, which can cause an error of measurement,
a surface-tension-reducing solvent, such as ethanol, can be added to the water for the purpose of controlling the
generation of air bubbles.
d) Insert the test piece into the measuring cylinder and measure the volume of the combined water and the
test piece.
a) The test temperature shall be within the range of 15 °C to 25 °C.
Table 2 — Relationship between the approximate diameter of test piece
and the capacity of measuring cylinder
Approximate diameter of test piece Capacity of measuring cylinder
mm ml
under 10 10 or 20
11 to 13 25
14 to 20 50 or 100
21 to 25 100
over 25 300 or 500
5.3 Calculations
Calculate the nominal cross-sectional area, A, of the test piece from Equation (1) and round off to one place
after the decimal point:
VV−
so
A= (1)
l
o
where
V is the volume of the sum total of water and test piece, expressed in cubic millimetres;
s
V is the volume of water in the measuring cylinder, expressed in cubic millimetres;
o
l is the length of the test piece, expressed in millim
...
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