ISO/TR 21414:2016

Hydrometry — Groundwater — Surface geophysical surveys for hydrogeological purposes

The application of geophysical methods is an evolving science that can address a variety of objectives in groundwater investigations. However, because the successful application of geophysical methods depends on the available technology, logistics, and expertise of the investigator, there can be no single set of field procedures or approaches prescribed for all cases. ISO/TR 21414:2016 provides guidelines that are useful for conducting geophysical surveys for a variety of objectives (including environmental aspects), within the limits of modern-day instrumentation and interpretive techniques, are provided. The more commonly used field techniques and practices are described, with an emphasis on electrical resistivity, electromagnetic, and seismic refraction techniques as these are widely used in groundwater exploration. Theoretical aspects and details of interpretational procedures are referred to only in a general way. For full details, reference is intended to be made to specialized texts listed in the Bibliography.

Hydrométrie — Eaux souterraines — Relevés géophysiques de surface pour des besoins hydrogéologiques

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 16-Feb-2016
• ICS: 07.060 - Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 113/SC 8 - Ground water
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 113/SC 8 - Ground water
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Completion Date: 17-Feb-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 21414
First edition
2016-02-15
Hydrometry — Groundwater —
Surface geophysical surveys for
hydrogeological purposes
Hydrométrie — Eaux souterraines — Relevés géophysiques de surface
pour des besoins hydrogéologiques
Reference number
ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
[e-mail]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Units of measurement . 5
4 Purpose of geophysical survey . 5
5 Planning . 6
5.1 General considerations . 6
5.2 Access to the area . 6
5.3 Equipment . 6
5.4 Safety and precautions in operation . 6
5.5 Planning of survey . . 7
5.6 Quality control in field data collection . 7
5.7 Site/area details . 7
6 Electrical resistivity. 7
6.1 Purpose . 7
6.2 Principles of measurement . 8
6.3 Instruments .13
6.4 Field procedures .13
6.5 Processing of data .15
6.6 Interpretation .15
6.7 Advantages .17
6.8 Disadvantages .17
6.9 Limitations .17
7 Self-potential .18
7.1 Purpose .18
7.2 Principles of measurement .18
7.3 Instrument .18
7.4 Field procedures .18
7.5 Processing of data .19
7.6 Interpretation .19
7.7 Advantages .19
7.8 Disadvantages .19
7.9 Limitations .19
8 Frequency domain electromagnetic (horizontal loop) .20
8.1 Purpose .20
8.2 Principles of measurement .20
8.3 Instrument .21
8.4 Field procedures .21
8.5 Processing of data .22
8.6 Interpretations .22
8.7 Advantages .22
8.8 Disadvantages .23
8.9 Limitations .23
9 Transient (time domain) electromagnetic .23
9.1 Purpose .23
9.2 Principles of measurement .23
9.3 Instrument .23
9.4 Field procedures .24
9.5 Processing of data .24
9.6 Interpretation .24
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)

9.7 Advantages .24
9.8 Disadvantages .24
9.9 Limitations .25
10 Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic .25
10.1 Purpose .25
10.2 Principles of measurement .25
10.3 Instrument .25
10.4 Field procedures .26
10.5 Processing of data .26
10.6 Interpretation .26
10.7 Advantages .27
10.8 Disadvantages .27
10.9 Limitations .27
11 Seismic refraction.27
11.1 Purpose .27
11.2 Principles of measurement .27
11.3 Instruments .31
11.4 Field procedure .31
11.5 Processing of data .32
11.6 Interpretation .32
11.7 Advantages .32
11.8 Disadvantages .32
11.9 Limitations .32
12 Seismic reflection .32
12.1 Purpose .32
12.2 Principles of measurement .33
12.3 Instrument .33
12.4 Field procedures .33
12.5 Acquisition and processing of data .34
12.6 Interpretation .34
12.7 Advantages .34
12.8 Disadvantages .34
12.9 Limitations .35
12.10 Comparison of seismic refraction and reflection methods .35
13 Magnetic .35
13.1 Purpose .35
13.2 Principles of measurement .35
13.3 Instrument .36
13.4 Field procedures .36
13.5 Processing of data .37
13.6 Interpretation .38
13.7 Advantages .38
13.8 Disadvantages .38
13.9 Limitations .38
14 Gravity .38
14.1 Purpose .38
14.2 Principles of measurement .38
14.3 Instrument .39
14.4 Field procedure .39
14.5 Processing of data .39
14.6 Micro-gravity measurements .39
14.7 Interpretation .40
14.8 Advantages .40
14.9 Disadvantages .40
14.10 Limitations .40
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)

15 Other techniques .40
15.1 Induced polarization .40
15.1.1 Purpose .40
15.1.2 Principles of measurement .41
15.1.3 Instrument .41
15.1.4 Field procedures .41
15.1.5 Processing of data .42
15.1.6 Interpretation .42
15.1.7 Advantages .42
15.1.8 Disadvantages .42
15.1.9 Limitations .42
15.2 Mise-a-la-masse .42
15.2.1 Purpose .42
15.2.2 Principles of measurement .42
15.2.3 Instrument .43
15.2.4 Field procedures .43
15.2.5 Processing of data .43
15.2.6 Interpretation .43
15.2.7 Advantages .44
15.2.8 Disadvantages .44
15.2.9 Limitations .44
15.3 Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) .44
15.3.1 Purpose .44
15.3.2 Principles of measurements .44
15.3.3 Field procedures and data acquisition .45
15.3.4 Interpretation .47
15.3.5 Advantages .49
15.3.6 Disadvantages .49
16 Report writing and presentation of results .50
Bibliography .52
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2016(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in th
...

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 21414
First edition
Hydrometry: Ground water —
Surface geophysical surveys for
hydrogeological purposes
Hydrométrie: Eaux souterraines — Relevés géophysiques de surface
pour des besoins hydrogéologiques
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 21414:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2015(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
[e-mail]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2015(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Units of measurement . 5
4 Purpose of geophysical survey . 5
5 Planning . 6
5.1 General considerations . 6
5.2 Access to the area . 6
5.3 Equipment . 6
5.4 Safety and precautions in operation . 6
5.5 Planning of survey . . 7
5.6 Quality control in field data collection . 7
5.7 Site/area details . 7
6 Electrical resistivity. 7
6.1 Purpose . 7
6.2 Principles of measurement . 8
6.3 Instruments .13
6.4 Field procedures .13
6.5 Processing of data .15
6.6 Interpretation .15
6.7 Advantages .17
6.8 Disadvantages .17
6.9 Limitations .17
7 Self-potential .18
7.1 Purpose .18
7.2 Principles of measurement .18
7.3 Instrument .18
7.4 Field procedures .18
7.5 Processing of data .19
7.6 Interpretation .19
7.7 Advantages .19
7.8 Disadvantages .19
7.9 Limitations .19
8 Frequency domain electromagnetic (horizontal loop) .20
8.1 Purpose .20
8.2 Principles of measurement .20
8.3 Instrument .22
8.4 Field procedures .22
8.5 Processing of data .22
8.6 Interpretations .23
8.7 Advantages .23
8.8 Disadvantages .23
8.9 Limitations .23
9 Transient (time domain) electromagnetic .24
9.1 Purpose .24
9.2 Principles of measurement .24
9.3 Instrument .24
9.4 Field procedures .24
9.5 Processing of data .25
9.6 Interpretation .25
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2015(E)

9.7 Advantages .25
9.8 Disadvantages .25
9.9 Limitations .25
10 Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic .25
10.1 Purpose .25
10.2 Principles of measurement .26
10.3 Instrument .26
10.4 Field procedures .26
10.5 Processing of data .27
10.6 Interpretation .27
10.7 Advantages .27
10.8 Disadvantages .27
10.9 Limitations .28
11 Seismic refraction.28
11.1 Purpose .28
11.2 Principles of measurement .28
11.3 Instruments .32
11.4 Field procedure .32
11.5 Processing of data .33
11.6 Interpretation .33
11.7 Advantages .33
11.8 Disadvantages .33
11.9 Limitations .33
12 Seismic reflection .33
12.1 Purpose .33
12.2 Principles of measurement .33
12.3 Instrument .34
12.4 Field procedures .34
12.5 Acquisition and processing of data .35
12.6 Interpretation .35
12.7 Advantages .35
12.8 Disadvantages .35
12.9 Limitations .36
12.10 Comparison of seismic refraction and reflection methods .36
13 Magnetic .36
13.1 Purpose .36
13.2 Principles of measurement .36
13.3 Instrument .37
13.4 Field procedures .37
13.5 Processing of data .38
13.6 Interpretation .39
13.7 Advantages .39
13.8 Disadvantages .39
13.9 Limitations .39
14 Gravity .39
14.1 Purpose .39
14.2 Principles of measurement .39
14.3 Instrument .40
14.4 Field procedure .40
14.5 Processing of data .40
14.6 Micro-gravity measurements .40
14.7 Interpretation .41
14.8 Advantages .41
14.9 Disadvantages .41
14.10 Limitations .41
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2015(E)

15 Other techniques .41
15.1 Induced polarization .41
15.1.1 Purpose .41
15.1.2 Principles of measurement .41
15.1.3 Instrument .42
15.1.4 Field procedures .42
15.1.5 Processing of data .42
15.1.6 Interpretation .43
15.1.7 Advantages .43
15.1.8 Disadvantages .43
15.1.9 Limitations .43
15.2 Mise-a-la-masse .43
15.2.1 Purpose .43
15.2.2 Principles of measurement .43
15.2.3 Instrument .44
15.2.4 Field procedures .44
15.2.5 Processing of data .44
15.2.6 Interpretation .44
15.2.7 Advantages .45
15.2.8 Disadvantages .45
15.2.9 Limitations .45
15.3 Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) .45
15.3.1 Purpose .45
15.3.2 Principles of measurements .45
15.3.3 Field procedures and data acquisition .46
15.3.4 Interpretation .47
15.3.5 Advantages .49
15.3.6 Disadvantages .49
16 Report writing and presentation of results .50
Bibliography .52
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 21414:2015(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the d
...