ISO/TS 12913-3:2019
(Main)Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 3: Data analysis
Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 3: Data analysis
This document provides requirements and supporting information on analysis of data collected in-situ through methods as specified in ISO/TS 12913-2.
Acoustique — Paysage sonore — Partie 3: Analyse de données
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 12913-3
First edition
2019-12
Acoustics — Soundscape —
Part 3:
Data analysis
Acoustique — Paysage sonore —
Partie 3: Analyse de données
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 1
5 Analysis of quantitative data . 2
6 Analysis of qualitative data . 2
7 Analysis of binaural data. 2
8 Triangulation . 3
Annex A (informative) Analysis of data related to Method A . 4
Annex B (informative) Analysis of data related to Method B . 8
Annex C (informative) Analysis of data related to Method C .10
Annex D (informative) Analysis of binaural data .12
Annex E (informative) Triangulation .16
Annex F (informative) Laboratory studies .17
Bibliography .19
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise.
A list of all parts in the ISO 12913 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The ISO 12913 series on soundscape was developed in order to enable a broad international consensus
and to provide a foundation for communication across disciplines and professions with an interest
in soundscape. ISO 12913-1 provides the definition of and a conceptual framework for the term
‘soundscape’. ISO/TS 12913-2 provides requirements and supporting information on data collection and
reporting for soundscape studies, investigations and applications. This document provides guidance on
how to analyse data collected in agreement with ISO/TS 12913-2.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 12913-3:2019(E)
Acoustics — Soundscape —
Part 3:
Data analysis
1 Scope
This document provides requirements and supporting information on analysis of data collected in-situ
through methods as specified in ISO/TS 12913-2.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12913-1, Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 1: Definition and conceptual framework
ISO/TS 12913-2:2018, Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 2: Data collection and reporting requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12913-1 and ISO/TS 12913-2
and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
confounder
factor influencing the collected responses that is not controlled or systematically considered
EXAMPLE Sequential effect, certain scaling effects like the range effect, or demand characteristics.
4 General
As mentioned in the Introduction of ISO/TS 12913-2:2018, “The concept of soundscape was adopted to
provide a holistic approach to the acoustic environment, beyond noise, and its effect on the quality of life.
Soundscape investigations intend to assess all sounds perceived in an environment in all its complexity.
To do this, soundscape studies use a variety of data collection methods related to human perception, the
acoustic environment and the context. Importantly, the study of soundscape relies primarily upon human
perception, and only then turns to physical measurement.” Data collection is based on this focus and
requires a respective analysis (see References [1],[2]).
For the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data through methods specified in ISO/TS 12913-2,
methods and tools shall be applied as provided in this document. Given the diversity of the data collected
(qualitative and quantitative), corresponding analysis methods could take precedence depending on
the needs of the project or the research question, and should be integrated for a holistic understanding
of the soundscape. In general, descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize the collected
perceptual data, such as measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion (see Reference [3]).
For quantitative measures of dependence, inferential statistics using parametric and non-parametric
tests shall be applied depending on the respective data. Fulfilment of model assumptions (e.g. normality
distribution) shall be carefully assessed, especially in the case of small numbers of participants. If
needed, appropriate remedial measures shall be applied. However, as soundscape investigations are
intended to be “holistic in covering all auditory sensations as well as all other context variables such
as visual stimuli and personal expectations” [ISO/TS 12913-2], the use of statistical analysis methods
(e.g. statistical hypothesis testing) is recommended, but may be less important in case of qualitative
or explorative methods. For qualitative data, a variety of approaches are available to systematically
analyse qualitative data using some kind of step by step coding principles to generalize the observations.
In addition, soundwalks are a method for bringing diverse parties together and provide a common basis
for communication.
Because of factors that could influence results, a thorough discussion of potential confounders (i.e. bias
effects) shall complete the general data analysis. Confounders are, for example, the sequential effect
(a previous site influences the assessments of the following site) (see Reference [4]) certain scaling
effects, like the range effect (tendency to use full range of a scale independent from stimuli set) (see
Reference [5]), or demand characteristics (cues, like the instruction text or the behaviour of the person
leading the soundwalk, that signal the research goal and influence assessments) (see Reference [6]).
NOTE Based on the collected data, it is possible to study classification of sites. For the study of classification
of sites, different statistical clustering methods are available, which allows for identifying relevant variables for
clustering and determining the similarity or dissimilarity of sites.
5 Analysis of quantitative data
The quantitative data obtained by means of questionnaires in soundscape investigations shall be
analysed depending on the respective level of measurement (i.e. nominal, ordinal, interval, and
ratio). Any correlation analysis shall be chosen in accordance with the level of measurement of the
questionnaire data. Inferential statistical tests regarding the level of significance of differences in
evaluation between sites and/or correlations shall be carried out and probability values reported.
Any chosen method (e.g. measure of central tendency, measure of dispersion, correlation analysis, and
statistical hypothesis testing method) shall be reported. For more information, see Annex A (Method A)
and Annex B (Method B).
6 Analysis of qualitative data
Data from qualitative interviews shall be transcribed for reporting and further analysis. The style of
transcription, whether clean read, verbatim or strict verbatim transcription, depends on the object
of the investigation. For the analysis via the Grounded Theory, the clean read transcription style is
sufficient. Violations of common rules for conducting interviews (ethical rules, being suggestive, being
prejudiced) shall be reported, and the related data excluded from further analysis.
Qualitative data shall be analysed by scientifically proven systematic text analysis methods, such as
the Grounded Theory (see Reference [7]), Qualitative Content Analysis (see Reference [8]) or Social
Network Analysis as part of mixed-methods design (see Reference [9]). The process of analysis shall
follow these methods and be described. For more information, see Annex C.
In addition to established text analysis methods, other methods to gather and analyse qualitative data
(such as behavioral mapping, observational analyses, analysis of social interaction, walking patterns;
see examples in References [61], [62], [63], [64]) are available and, if determined appropriate in certain
cases, shall be applied.
7 Analysis of binaural data
The binaural recordings are the basis for characterizing the acoustic environment at the receiver as
the sound from all sound sources modified by the environment [ISO 12913-1]. The measurements and
their psychoacoustic analyses enable the determination of the (basic) auditory sensations evoked by
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
th
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 12913-3
First edition
2019-12
Acoustics — Soundscape —
Part 3:
Data analysis
Acoustique — Paysage sonore —
Partie 3: Analyse de données
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 1
5 Analysis of quantitative data . 2
6 Analysis of qualitative data . 2
7 Analysis of binaural data. 2
8 Triangulation . 3
Annex A (informative) Analysis of data related to Method A . 4
Annex B (informative) Analysis of data related to Method B . 8
Annex C (informative) Analysis of data related to Method C .10
Annex D (informative) Analysis of binaural data .12
Annex E (informative) Triangulation .16
Annex F (informative) Laboratory studies .17
Bibliography .19
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 1, Noise.
A list of all parts in the ISO 12913 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The ISO 12913 series on soundscape was developed in order to enable a broad international consensus
and to provide a foundation for communication across disciplines and professions with an interest
in soundscape. ISO 12913-1 provides the definition of and a conceptual framework for the term
‘soundscape’. ISO/TS 12913-2 provides requirements and supporting information on data collection and
reporting for soundscape studies, investigations and applications. This document provides guidance on
how to analyse data collected in agreement with ISO/TS 12913-2.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 12913-3:2019(E)
Acoustics — Soundscape —
Part 3:
Data analysis
1 Scope
This document provides requirements and supporting information on analysis of data collected in-situ
through methods as specified in ISO/TS 12913-2.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12913-1, Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 1: Definition and conceptual framework
ISO/TS 12913-2:2018, Acoustics — Soundscape — Part 2: Data collection and reporting requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12913-1 and ISO/TS 12913-2
and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
confounder
factor influencing the collected responses that is not controlled or systematically considered
EXAMPLE Sequential effect, certain scaling effects like the range effect, or demand characteristics.
4 General
As mentioned in the Introduction of ISO/TS 12913-2:2018, “The concept of soundscape was adopted to
provide a holistic approach to the acoustic environment, beyond noise, and its effect on the quality of life.
Soundscape investigations intend to assess all sounds perceived in an environment in all its complexity.
To do this, soundscape studies use a variety of data collection methods related to human perception, the
acoustic environment and the context. Importantly, the study of soundscape relies primarily upon human
perception, and only then turns to physical measurement.” Data collection is based on this focus and
requires a respective analysis (see References [1],[2]).
For the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data through methods specified in ISO/TS 12913-2,
methods and tools shall be applied as provided in this document. Given the diversity of the data collected
(qualitative and quantitative), corresponding analysis methods could take precedence depending on
the needs of the project or the research question, and should be integrated for a holistic understanding
of the soundscape. In general, descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize the collected
perceptual data, such as measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion (see Reference [3]).
For quantitative measures of dependence, inferential statistics using parametric and non-parametric
tests shall be applied depending on the respective data. Fulfilment of model assumptions (e.g. normality
distribution) shall be carefully assessed, especially in the case of small numbers of participants. If
needed, appropriate remedial measures shall be applied. However, as soundscape investigations are
intended to be “holistic in covering all auditory sensations as well as all other context variables such
as visual stimuli and personal expectations” [ISO/TS 12913-2], the use of statistical analysis methods
(e.g. statistical hypothesis testing) is recommended, but may be less important in case of qualitative
or explorative methods. For qualitative data, a variety of approaches are available to systematically
analyse qualitative data using some kind of step by step coding principles to generalize the observations.
In addition, soundwalks are a method for bringing diverse parties together and provide a common basis
for communication.
Because of factors that could influence results, a thorough discussion of potential confounders (i.e. bias
effects) shall complete the general data analysis. Confounders are, for example, the sequential effect
(a previous site influences the assessments of the following site) (see Reference [4]) certain scaling
effects, like the range effect (tendency to use full range of a scale independent from stimuli set) (see
Reference [5]), or demand characteristics (cues, like the instruction text or the behaviour of the person
leading the soundwalk, that signal the research goal and influence assessments) (see Reference [6]).
NOTE Based on the collected data, it is possible to study classification of sites. For the study of classification
of sites, different statistical clustering methods are available, which allows for identifying relevant variables for
clustering and determining the similarity or dissimilarity of sites.
5 Analysis of quantitative data
The quantitative data obtained by means of questionnaires in soundscape investigations shall be
analysed depending on the respective level of measurement (i.e. nominal, ordinal, interval, and
ratio). Any correlation analysis shall be chosen in accordance with the level of measurement of the
questionnaire data. Inferential statistical tests regarding the level of significance of differences in
evaluation between sites and/or correlations shall be carried out and probability values reported.
Any chosen method (e.g. measure of central tendency, measure of dispersion, correlation analysis, and
statistical hypothesis testing method) shall be reported. For more information, see Annex A (Method A)
and Annex B (Method B).
6 Analysis of qualitative data
Data from qualitative interviews shall be transcribed for reporting and further analysis. The style of
transcription, whether clean read, verbatim or strict verbatim transcription, depends on the object
of the investigation. For the analysis via the Grounded Theory, the clean read transcription style is
sufficient. Violations of common rules for conducting interviews (ethical rules, being suggestive, being
prejudiced) shall be reported, and the related data excluded from further analysis.
Qualitative data shall be analysed by scientifically proven systematic text analysis methods, such as
the Grounded Theory (see Reference [7]), Qualitative Content Analysis (see Reference [8]) or Social
Network Analysis as part of mixed-methods design (see Reference [9]). The process of analysis shall
follow these methods and be described. For more information, see Annex C.
In addition to established text analysis methods, other methods to gather and analyse qualitative data
(such as behavioral mapping, observational analyses, analysis of social interaction, walking patterns;
see examples in References [61], [62], [63], [64]) are available and, if determined appropriate in certain
cases, shall be applied.
7 Analysis of binaural data
The binaural recordings are the basis for characterizing the acoustic environment at the receiver as
the sound from all sound sources modified by the environment [ISO 12913-1]. The measurements and
their psychoacoustic analyses enable the determination of the (basic) auditory sensations evoked by
2 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
th
...
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