ISO 5834-4:2025
(Main)Implants for surgery — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene — Part 4: Oxidation index measurement method
Implants for surgery — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene — Part 4: Oxidation index measurement method
This document specifies a method for the measurement of the relative extent of oxidation present in ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) moulded forms or forms fabricated for use in the manufacture of surgical implants.
Implants chirurgicaux — Polyéthylène à très haute masse moléculaire — Partie 4: Méthode de mesurage de l'indice d'oxydation
Le présent document spécifie une méthode permettant de mesurer l'étendue relative de l'oxydation présente dans le polyéthylène à très haute masse moléculaire. Il s'applique au polyéthylène à très haute masse moléculaire destiné à être utilisé dans la fabrication des implants chirurgicaux.
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Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO 5834-4
Third edition
Implants for surgery — Ultra-high-
2025-07
molecular-weight polyethylene —
Part 4:
Oxidation index measurement
method
Implants chirurgicaux — Polyéthylène à très haute masse
moléculaire —
Partie 4: Méthode de mesurage de l'indice d'oxydation
Reference number
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Materials and apparatus . 3
4.1 Materials .3
4.2 Apparatus .3
5 Significance and use . 3
6 Procedure . 3
6.1 Preparation of test specimens .3
6.2 Configuration of test specimen in the spectrometer .4
6.3 Preparation of the infrared spectrometer .4
7 Calculations . 4
7.1 General .4
7.2 Oxidation peak area .4
7.3 Normalization peak area .4
7.4 Oxidation index .4
7.5 Depth locator . .5
7.6 Specimen's surface oxidation index .5
7.7 Specimen's bulk oxidation index.5
7.8 Specimen's oxidation index profile .6
8 Reports . 6
8.1 General .6
8.2 Information concerning the material .6
8.3 Specimen information .7
8.4 IR spectrometer parameters . .7
8.5 Calculation methods .7
8.6 Specimen's calculated surface oxidation index .7
8.7 Specimen's calculated bulk oxidation index .7
8.8 Specimen's calculated oxidation index profile .7
Bibliography . 8
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 150, Implants for surgery, Subcommittee SC 1,
Materials.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5834-4:2019), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the normative references have been updated;
— updates have been made to harmonize this document with ASTM F2102-17.
A list of all parts in the ISO 5834 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
This document describes a method for the measurement of the relative extent of oxidation present in
ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) intended for use in surgical implants. The material
is analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The intensity of the carbonyl absorptions (>C=O) centred near
−1
1 720 cm is related to the amount of chemically bound oxygen present in the material. Other forms of
chemically bound oxygen (R OR , R OOR , ROH, etc.) are not detected by this method.
1 2 1 2
Although this method provides the investigator with a means to compare the relative extent of carbonyl
oxidation present in various UHMWPE specimens, it is recognized that other forms of chemically bound
oxygen can be important contributors to characteristics of these materials.
The applicability of the infrared method has been demonstrated by many literature reports. This particular
−1
method, using the intensity (area) of the C-H absorption centred near 1 370 cm to normalize for the
specimen’s thickness, has been validated by an interlaboratory study (ILS).
v
International Standard ISO 5834-4:2025(en)
Implants for surgery — Ultra-high-molecular-weight
polyethylene —
Part 4:
Oxidation index measurement method
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the measurement of the relative extent of oxidation present in
ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) moulded forms or forms fabricated for use in the
manufacture of surgical implants.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5834-2, Implants for surgery — Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene — Part 2: Moulded forms
ISO 21304-1, Plastics — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (PE-UHMW) moulding and extrusion
materials — Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications
ISO 21304-2, Plastics — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (PE-UHMW) moulding and extrusion
materials — Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties
ASTM F2102, Standard Guide for Evaluating the Extent of Oxidation in Polyethylene Fabricated Forms Intended
for Surgical Implants
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21304-1, ISO 21304-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
aperture size
L
a
length and width of a rectangular aperture, or the diameter of a circular aperture used by an infrared
spectrometer to make spectral measurements
3.2
bulk oxidation index
I
ox,b
mean of the oxidation (3.6) indices collected over a range of about 0,5 mm near the centre of the specimen’s
oxidation index profile (3.8)
Note 1 to entry: Typically, this is a plateau region with the smallest oxidation indices. For specimens less than about
8 mm to 10 mm thick, this central region can display the specimen’s highest oxidation indices, depending on its state
of oxidation.
3.3
depth locator
d
l
measurement of the distance from the articular surface, or surface of interest, from which a spectrum was
collected and a corresponding oxidation index, I , (3.7) calculated
ox
3.4
increment size
L
i
distance between two adjacent locations on a test film where sequential infrared spectra are collected
Note 1 to entry: This distance is typically a constant for a given test specimen.
3.5
normalization peak area
A
norm
−1 −1
total ar
...
International
Standard
ISO 5834-4
Third edition
Implants for surgery — Ultra-high-
molecular-weight polyethylene —
Part 4:
Oxidation index measurement
method
Implants chirurgicaux — Polyéthylène à très haute masse
moléculaire —
Partie 4: Méthode de mesurage de l'indice d'oxydation
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Materials and apparatus . 3
4.1 Materials .3
4.2 Apparatus .3
5 Significance and use . 3
6 Procedure . 3
6.1 Preparation of test specimens .3
6.2 Configuration of test specimen in the spectrometer .4
6.3 Preparation of the infrared spectrometer .4
7 Calculations . 4
7.1 General .4
7.2 Oxidation peak area .4
7.3 Normalization peak area .4
7.4 Oxidation index .4
7.5 Depth locator . .5
7.6 Specimen's surface oxidation index .5
7.7 Specimen's bulk oxidation index.5
7.8 Specimen's oxidation index profile .6
8 Reports . 6
8.1 General .6
8.2 Information concerning the material .6
8.3 Specimen information .7
8.4 IR spectrometer parameters . .7
8.5 Calculation methods .7
8.6 Specimen's calculated surface oxidation index .7
8.7 Specimen's calculated bulk oxidation index .7
8.8 Specimen's calculated oxidation index profile .7
Bibliography . 8
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 150, Implants for surgery, Subcommittee SC 1,
Materials.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5834-4:2019), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the normative references have been updated;
— updates to harmonize with ASTM F2102-17.
A list of all parts in the ISO 5834 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
iv
Introduction
This document describes a method for the measurement of the relative extent of oxidation present in
ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) intended for use in surgical implants. The material
is analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The intensity of the carbonyl absorptions (>C=O) centred near
−1
1 720 cm is related to the amount of chemically bound oxygen present in the material. Other forms of
chemically bound oxygen (R OR , R OOR , ROH, etc.) are not detected by this method.
1 2 1 2
Although this method provides the investigator with a means to compare the relative extent of carbonyl
oxidation present in various UHMWPE specimens, it is recognized that other forms of chemically bound
oxygen can be important contributors to characteristics of these materials.
The applicability of the infrared method has been demonstrated by many literature reports. This particular
−1
method, using the intensity (area) of the C-H absorption centred near 1 370 cm to normalize for the
specimen’s thickness, has been validated by an interlaboratory study (ILS).
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
v
International Standard ISO 5834-4:2025(en)
Implants for surgery — Ultra-high-molecular-weight
polyethylene —
Part 4:
Oxidation index measurement method
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the measurement of the relative extent of oxidation present in
ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) moulded forms or forms fabricated for use in the
manufacture of surgical implants.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5834-2, Implants for surgery — Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene — Part 2: Moulded forms
ISO 21304-1, Plastics — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (PE-UHMW) moulding and extrusion
materials — Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications
ISO 21304-2, Plastics — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (PE-UHMW) moulding and extrusion
materials — Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties
ASTM F2102, Standard Guide for Evaluating the Extent of Oxidation in Polyethylene Fabricated Forms Intended
for Surgical Implants
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21304-1, ISO 21304-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
aperture size
L
a
length and width of a rectangular aperture, or the diameter of a circular aperture used by an infrared
spectrometer to make spectral measurements
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
3.2
bulk oxidation index
I
ox,b
mean of the oxidation (3.6) indices collected over a range of about 0,5 mm near the centre of the specimen’s
oxidation index profile (3.8)
Note 1 to entry: Typically, this is a plateau region with the smallest oxidation indices. For specimens less than about
8 mm to 10 mm thick, this central region can display the specimen’s highest oxidation indices, depending on its state
of oxidation.
3.3
depth locator
d
l
measurement of the distance from the articular surface, or surface of interest, from which a spectrum was
collected and a corresponding oxidation index, I , (3.7) calculated
ox
3.4
increment size
L
i
distance between two adjacent locations on a test film where sequential infrared spectra are collected
Note 1 to entry: This distance is typically a constant for a given test specimen.
3.5
normaliz
...
ISO/PRF 5834-4:2025(en)
ISO TC150/SC1/WG5/TC 150/SC 1
Secretariat: DIN
Date: 2025-05-09
Implants for surgery — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
— —
Part 4:
Oxidation index measurement method
Third edition
Date: 2025-01-08
Implants chirurgicaux — Polyéthylène à très haute masse moléculaire —
Partie 4: Méthode de mesurage de l'indice d'oxydation
PROOF
ISO/PRF 5834-4:2025(en)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO/PRF 5834-4:2025(en)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Materials and apparatus . 3
4.1 Materials . 3
4.2 Apparatus . 3
5 Significance and use . 3
6 Procedure . 3
6.1 Preparation of test specimens . 3
6.2 Configuration of test specimen in the spectrometer . 4
6.3 Preparation of the infrared spectrometer . 4
7 Calculations . 4
7.1 General . 4
7.2 Oxidation peak area . 4
7.3 Normalization peak area . 4
7.4 Oxidation index . 4
7.5 Depth locator . 4
7.6 Specimen's surface oxidation index . 5
7.7 Specimen's bulk oxidation index . 5
7.8 Specimen's oxidation index profile . 7
8 Reports . 7
8.1 General . 7
8.2 Information concerning the material . 7
8.3 Specimen information . 7
8.4 IR spectrometer parameters . 7
8.5 Calculation methods . 7
8.6 Specimen's calculated surface oxidation index . 7
8.7 Specimen's calculated bulk oxidation index . 7
8.8 Specimen's calculated oxidation index profile . 7
Bibliography . 8
iii
ISO/PRF 5834-4:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO [had/had not] received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this
may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 150, Implants for surgery, Subcommittee SC 1,
Materials.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5834-4:2019), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— — updates to the normative references have been updated;
— — updates to harmonize with ASTM F2102-17.
A list of all parts in the ISO 5834 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO/PRF 5834-4:2025(en)
Introduction
This document describes a method for the measurement of the relative extent of oxidation present in ultra-
high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) intended for use in surgical implants. The material is analysed
−1
by infrared spectroscopy. The intensity of the carbonyl absorptions (>C=O) centred near 1 720 cm is related
to the amount of chemically bound oxygen present in the material. Other forms of chemically bound oxygen
(R OR , R OOR , ROH, etc.) are not detected by this method.
1 2 1 2
Although this method provides the investigator with a means to compare the relative extent of carbonyl
oxidation present in various UHMWPE specimens, it is recognized that other forms of chemically bound
oxygen can be important contributors to characteristics of these materials.
The applicability of the infrared method has been demonstrated by many literature reports. This particular
−1
method, using the intensity (area) of the C-H absorption centred near 1 370 cm to normalize for the
specimen’s thickness, has been validated by an interlaboratory study (ILS).
v
ISO/PRF 5834-4:2025(en)
Implants for surgery — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene
— —
Part 4:
Oxidation index measurement method
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the measurement of the relative extent of oxidation present in ultra-
high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) moulded forms or forms fabricated for use in the
manufacture of surgical implants.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5834--2, Implants for surgery — Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene — Part 2: Moulded forms
ISO 21304--1, Plastics — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (PE-UHMW) moulding and extrusion
materials — Part 1: Designation system and basis for specifications
ISO 21304--2, Plastics — Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (PE-UHMW) moulding and extrusion
materials — Part 2: Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties
ASTM F2102, Standard Guide for Evaluating the Extent of Oxidation in Polyethylene Fabricated Forms Intended
for Surgical Implants
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21304-1 and, ISO 21304-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 3.1
aperture size
L
a
length and width of a rectangular aperture, or the diameter of a circular aperture used by an infrared
spectrometer to make spectral measurements
3.2 3.2
bulk oxidation index
I
ox,b
mean of the oxidation (3.6) indices collected over a range of about 0,5 mm near the centre of the specimen’s
oxidation index profile (3.8)
ISO/PRF 5834-4:2025(en)
Note 1 to entry: Typically, this is a plateau region with the smallest oxidation indices. For specimens less than about 8 mm
to 10 mm thick, this central region can display the specimen’s highest oxidation indices, depending on its state of
oxidation.
3.3 3.3
depth locator
d
l
measurement of the distance from the articular surface, or surface of interest, from which a spectrum was
collected and a corresponding oxidation index, I , (3.7) calculated
ox
3.4 3.4
increment size
L
i
distance between two adjacent locations on a test film where sequential infrared spectra are collected
Note 1 to entry: This distance is typically a constant for a given test specimen.
3.5 3.5
normalization peak area
A
norm
−1 −1
total area of the normalization peak(s) between 1 330 cm and 1 396 cm
Note 1 to entry: This area is computed as the area between the baseline and the spectral trace, as shown in
Figure 1Figure 1.
3.6 3.6
oxidation
reaction of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with oxygen, leading to the formation of
oxygen-containing functional groups on the polymer chains.
Note 1 to entry: This process can occur when UHMWPE is exposed to various environmental factors, such as oxygen, heat,
and radiation.
3.7 3.7
oxidation index
I
ox
−1 −1
ratio of the area of the absorption peak(s) between 1 650 cm and 1 850 cm ([A (3.9))] to the area of the
ox
−1 −1
absorption peak(s) between 1 330 cm and 1 396 cm ([A (3.5))]
norm
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1Figure 1 for an example spectrum with relevant areas indicated.
3.8 3.8
oxidation index profile
graphical representation of variation of the specimen’s oxidation index (3.7) with distance from its articular
surface or the surface of interest
Note 1 to entry: This is a plot of I against d . Typically, the graph will show the profile through the entire thickness of the
ox l
specimen.
3.9 3.9
oxidation peak area
A
ox
−1 −1
total area of the absorption peak(s) between 1 650 cm and 1 850 cm
Note 1 to entry: This area is computed as the area between the baseline and the spectral trace, as shown in
Figure 1Figure 1.
ISO/PRF 5834-4:2025(en)
3.10 3.10
surface oxidation index
I
o
...
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