ISO 7448:2024

Machinery for forestry - Machine-fed woody biomass reduction chippers, grinders, and shredders - Vocabulary

This document identifies and defines terms used, illustrates configurations, and gives a nomenclature of components for machine-fed woody biomass reduction chippers, grinders, and shredders used in forestry. It aims to establish a uniform description of the various configurations of these types of forestry machines. Machines covered by this document include: - drum chippers; - disc chippers; - screw chippers; - horizontal grinders; - tub grinders; - shredders. Chippers, grinders, and shredders that are manually fed are not covered by this document.

Machines forestières — Broyeurs et déchiqueteuses de réduction de la biomasse ligneuse alimentés par machine — Vocabulaire

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 04-Mar-2024
• ICS: 01.040.65 - Agriculture (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 65.060.80 - Forestry equipment
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 23/SC 15 - Machinery for forestry
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 23/SC 15 - Machinery for forestry
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 05-Mar-2024
• Due Date: 29-Jun-2024
• Completion Date: 05-Mar-2024

Overview

ISO 7448:2024 - Machinery for forestry - Machine-fed woody biomass reduction chippers, grinders, and shredders - Vocabulary provides a standardized vocabulary, illustrations of machine configurations, and a component nomenclature for machine‑fed woody biomass reduction equipment used in forestry. The scope covers machine‑fed drum chippers, disc chippers, screw chippers, horizontal grinders, tub grinders, and shredders. Manually fed chippers, grinders, and shredders are explicitly excluded.

This vocabulary standard establishes consistent terms for describing machine‑fed woody biomass reduction equipment, supporting clear communication across design, manufacturing, procurement, regulation, and operational documentation.

Key topics

• Defined terms and definitions for general concepts (e.g., woody biomass), base machines (chipper, grinder, shredder), cutting systems, infeed and discharge systems, auxiliary components, dimensional characteristics, and configurations.
• Cutting systems vocabulary: chipping, grinding, and shredding systems; cutting, grinding and shredding elements; anvils, screens.
• Infeed terminology: horizontal infeed, tub infeed, hopper infeed, feed rollers, infeed conveyors, chipper infeed winch, tub and hopper definitions.
• Discharge terminology: discharge system, discharge chute, discharge conveyor, discharge fan, discharge auger.
• Dimensional characteristics and nomenclature: operating and transport height/width/length, infeed opening dimensions, chipping/grinding/shredding system diameters, tub size.
• Configurations and mobility: towable, self‑propelled, stationary; power source distinctions (dedicated, combined, external).
• Illustrative annexes: Annex A and B include dimensional diagrams and component nomenclature for chippers, grinders, and shredders to support consistent technical drawings and specifications.

Applications

ISO 7448:2024 is a practical reference for:

• Creating consistent technical documentation, equipment data sheets, and user manuals for machine‑fed woody biomass reduction chippers, grinders, and shredders.
• Specifying equipment requirements in procurement and contract documents for forestry operations, biomass processing, and land‑clearing projects.
• Supporting product design and interoperability by aligning terminology across engineering, manufacturing, and regulatory teams.
• Informing training materials, safety procedures, and inspection checklists where precise component and dimension terms are needed.
• Harmonizing communication between equipment manufacturers, forestry contractors, researchers, and standards bodies.

Who would use this standard

• Forestry machinery manufacturers and designers
• Technical writers and documentation teams
• Procurement officers and specifiers
• Safety and compliance auditors
• Forestry contractors and equipment operators
• Standards committees and regulatory agencies

Related standards (if applicable)

ISO 7448 cites and aligns terminology with other ISO documents used in forestry machinery standardization, for example ISO 16559:2022, ISO 6814:2009, and ISO 11839:2021. Users should consult these documents for related terminology and context.

Keywords: ISO 7448:2024, machine-fed woody biomass reduction, chippers, grinders, shredders, forestry machinery vocabulary, infeed, discharge, cutting systems, dimensional characteristics, equipment nomenclature.

Standards Content (Sample)

International
Standard
ISO 7448
First edition
Machinery for forestry — Machine-
2024-03
fed woody biomass reduction
chippers, grinders, and shredders
— Vocabulary
Machines forestières — Broyeurs et déchiqueteuses de réduction
de la biomasse ligneuse alimentés par machine — Vocabulaire
Reference number
© ISO 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms .1
3.2 Terms related to base machines .2
3.3 Terms related to cutting systems .2
3.4 Terms related to infeed .3
3.5 Terms related to discharge .4
3.6 Terms related to other components .5
3.7 Terms related to dimensional characteristics.5
3.8 Terms related to configurations .6
Annex A (informative) Dimensional characteristics and nomenclature of chippers. 8
Annex B (informative) Dimensional characteristics and nomenclature of grinders and
shredders .21
Bibliography .29
Index .30

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture and
forestry, Subcommittee SC 15, Machinery for forestry.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
The figures in this document (see Annex A and Annex B) are intended to illustrate machine concepts for
applying dimensional characteristics and for component identification purposes related to the machines
defined in 3.2.
v
International Standard ISO 7448:2024(en)
Machinery for forestry — Machine-fed woody biomass
reduction chippers, grinders, and shredders — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document identifies and defines terms used, illustrates configurations, and gives a nomenclature of
components for machine-fed woody biomass reduction chippers, grinders, and shredders used in forestry.
It aims to establish a uniform description of the various configurations of these types of forestry machines.
Machines covered by this document include:
— drum chippers;
— disc chippers;
— screw chippers;
— horizontal grinders;
— tub grinders;
— shredders.
Chippers, grinders, and shredders that are manually fed are not covered by this document.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
woody biomass
biomass originating from trees, bushes and shrubs together with their fruit, leaves and needles inherent to
the biomass
Note 1 to entry: This definition includes forest, plantation and other virgin wood, wood processing industry by-
products and residues, and used wood.
[SOURCE: ISO 16559:2022, 3.227]

3.2 Terms related to base machines
3.2.1
chipper

self-propelled, portable, or stationary forestry machine designed to chip whole trees or parts of trees where
the material is mechanically loaded into the infeed components using a material loading device
Note 1 to entry: The material loading device can be another machine or a loading mechanism [for example, a grapple
loader (3.6.2)] mounted on the chipper.
3.2.1.1
drum chipper
chipper (3.2.1) where the cutting elements are mounted on the periphery of cylindrical steel drum
3.2.1.2
disc chipper
chipper (3.2.1) where the cutting elements are mounted in slots on a large steel disc
3.2.1.3
screw chipper
chipper (3.2.1) where rotating conical-screw blades attached to a flywheel pull in the material and chip it
simultaneously
3.2.2
grinder
self-propelled, towed, or stationary forestry machine designed to reduce trees, brush, or parts of trees by
tearing, shredding, impacting, or shearing
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.3.1.10 modified to add "stationary forestry" and remove "to a uniform particle
size"]
3.2.2.1
horizontal grinder
grinder (3.2.2) that presents and advances material with a horizontal feeding mechanism to the grinding
system (3.3.2) and grinds the material to a reduced particle size
3.2.2.2
tub grinder
grinder (3.2.2) that presents and advances material with a vertical feeding mechanism to the grinding system
(3.3.2) using a rotating tub and grinds the material to a reduced particle size
3.2.3
shredder
self-propelled, towed, or stationary forest machine that presents and advances material with either a
vertical feeding mechanism or a horizontal feeding mechanism to the shredding system (3.3.3) and shreds
the material to a reduced particle size
3.3 Terms related to cutting systems
3.3.1
chipping system
device used to chip and reduce whole or partial trees
3.3.2
grinding system
rotating components that reduce the fed material by impacting or shearing
3.3.3
shredding system
rotating components that reduce the fed material by shredding

3.3.4
cutting element
component incorporating single or multiple cutting surfaces
Note 1 to entry: The cutting element attachment hardware is not considered part of the cutting element.
Note 2 to entry: Examples of cutting elements include drums, discs, and screws.
[SOURCE: ISO 11839:2021, 3.1, modified — Note 1 to entry modified and Note 2 to entry added.]
3.3.5
grinding element
component incorporating single or multiple grinding surfaces
Note 1 to entry: The grinding element attachment hardware is not considered part of the grinding element.
[SOURCE: ISO 11839:2021, 3.1, modified — Note 1 to entry modified.]
3.3.6
shredding element
component incorporating single or multiple shredding surfaces
Note 1 to entry: The shredding element attachment hardware is not considered to be part of the shredding element.
3.3.7
anvil
sheer bar
counter-knife
element located close to the cutting system which restrains the feed material while it is cut, shredded,
impacted, and reduced
3.3.8
screen
restricting element located close to the cutting system which retains the feed material while it is cut and
reduced until it is reduced to a passing size
3.4 Terms related to infeed
3.4.1
infeed system
machine structure that accepts material from a loading machine or grapple loader (3.6.2) mechanism
EXAMPLE Feed rollers, conveyor(s), tub, hopper.
3.4.1.1
horizontal infeed
device that presents and advances material with a horizontal or near horizontal feeding action to the cutting
system where gravity has a negligible effect
3.4.1.2
tub infeed
device that presents and advances material with a vertical and rotating feeding action to cutting system
where gravity has a significant effect
3.4.1.3
hopper infeed
device that retains material and allows gravity to provide the principle feeding action to the cutting system
3.4.2
feed roller
component of a horizontal feeding mechanism using powered rotation on top of the feed material to assist
feeding of the material
3.4.3
chipper infeed winch
mechanism which pulls, by means of a flexible element (rope) from a power-driven drum, whole trees or
parts of trees to the infeed mechanism of a chipper (3.2.1)
3.4.4
infeed conveyor
portion of the infeed system (3.4.1) that continuously transports woody biomass (3.1.1) to the feed roller
(3.4.2) using an endless belt, chain, or rollers
3.4.5
tub
rotating funnel-shaped receptacle, into which woody biomass (3.1.1) is loaded for processing
3.4.6
hopper
stationary receptacle, into which woody biomass (3.1.1) is loaded for processing or used for storage
Note 1 to entry: Hopper can be tipped for unloading.
3.4.7
hammermill
drum
rotor
device containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum with hammer bars that impact material
being fed into the hopper infeed (3.4.1.1) and is thereby shredded and expelled through screens (3.3.8)
3.5 Terms related to discharge
3.5.1
discharge system
system that transports reduced material away from the cutting system (3.3), by momentum, air flow or
mechanical means
EXAMPLE a discharge chute (3.5.2), a discharge conveyor (3.5.3), a discharge fan (3.5.4).
3.5.2
discharge chute
portion of the discharge system (3.5.1) extending outward from the discharge fan (3.5.4) opening designed to
control the ejection of processed material
3.5.3
discharge conveyor
portion of the discharge system (3.5.1) that continuously transports processed material along a gentle slope
using an endless belt
3.5.4
discharge fan
portion of the discharge system (3.5.1) producing an airstream to the discharge chute (3.5.2) where processed
material is discharged
3.5.5
discharge auger
device within the discharge system (3.5.1) for moving processed material to the discharge chute (3.5.2) or
discharge conveyor (3.5.3)
3.6 Terms related to other components
3.6.1
operator's cab
enclosure on the machine where the operator is stationed to control machine functions
Note 1 to entry: An operator's cab can be repositioned (for example, tilted, elevated).
Note 2 to entry: Operator's cab can be the same as the driver's position.
3.6.2
grapple loader
knuckle-boom device with a grapple and supporting structure designed to grab, lift, swing and place trees
or parts of trees
3.6.3
metal separator
device that separates metallic objects from the non-metallic material in the processed material stream
EXAMPLE Magnetics.
3.7 Terms related to dimensional characteristics
3.7.1
chipping system diameter
path described by the outermost point of the cutting elements (3.3.4) when rotating around an axis
3.7.2
grinding system diameter
path described by the outermost poi
...