ISO 5628:2019
(Main)Paper and board — Determination of bending stiffness — General principles for two-point, three-point and four-point methods
Paper and board — Determination of bending stiffness — General principles for two-point, three-point and four-point methods
This document specifies three test methods for determining the bending stiffness of paper and paperboard. The test methods differ in the type of loading mode, thus giving rise to the two-point, three-point and four-point bending test methods. For paper and paperboard in a low thickness range, the two-point bending method and the three-point bending method are suitable. For corrugated fibreboard and board with a higher thickness, the four-point bending method is recommended. The measurement conditions are defined in such a way that the test piece is not subjected to any significant permanent deformation during the test, nor is the range of validity of the formulae for calculating the bending stiffness exceeded. In these bending tests, the test pieces of paper and board are regarded as "beams" as defined by the science of the strength of materials, see Reference [2].
Papier et carton — Détermination de la rigidité à la flexion — Principes généraux pour les méthodes à deux points, à trois points et à quatre points
Papir, karton in lepenka - Ugotavljanje upogibne togosti s statično metodo - Splošna načela za dvo-, tri- in štiritočkovne metode
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2020
Papir, karton in lepenka - Ugotavljanje upogibne togosti s statično metodo -
Splošna načela za dvo-, tri- in štiritočkovne metode
Paper and board -- Determination of bending stiffness -- General principles for two-point,
three-point and four-point methods
Papier et carton -- Détermination de la rigidité à la flexion -- Principes généraux pour les
méthodes à deux points, à trois points et à quatre points
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 5628:2019
ICS:
85.060 Papir, karton in lepenka Paper and board
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5628
Third edition
2019-05
Paper and board — Determination of
bending stiffness — General principles
for two-point, three-point and four-
point methods
Papier et carton — Détermination de la rigidité à la flexion —
Principes généraux pour les méthodes à deux points, à trois points et à
quatre points
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and units . 2
5 Theory . 2
6 Different bending test methods . 3
6.1 Two-point bending method . 3
6.2 Three-point bending method . 4
6.3 Calculation of bending stiffness using the two-point and three-point methods . 5
6.3.1 Bending stiffness determination . 5
6.3.2 Geometrical requirement . 5
6.3.3 Allowable deflections and angles . 5
6.4 Four-point bending method . 6
6.4.1 Geometry . 6
6.4.2 Calculation of bending stiffness . 7
6.4.3 Measurement conditions . 7
6.4.4 Geometrical and practical considerations . 7
7 Apparatus . 8
8 Sampling and preparation of test pieces . 8
8.1 Sampling . 8
8.2 Conditioning . 8
8.3 Preparation of test pieces . 8
9 Procedure. 8
10 E valuation and calculation . 9
11 Test report . 9
Bibliography .10
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee
SC 2, Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5628:2012), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— in 6.4.2, a Note has been added to clarify the measurement of F.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Bending stiffness is regarded as an important property of paper and board, and a large number of test
methods have been used for its determination. This is a result, in part at least, of the wide range in the
bending stiffness of paper and board. For paper and board in the grammage range 50 g/m to 500 g/
m , bending stiffness might vary by a factor of over 1 000. This wide variation is reflected in the design
of instruments intended for the measurement of this property.
A second factor to be taken into account is that, in general terms, bending stiffness (as defined here)
can only be determined with accuracy within certain limits with regard to the degree of deformation
imposed upon the test piece. These limits depend on the dimensions of the test piece and on the test
method used.
This document is intended to enable the bending stiffness (as defined here) to be measured and
described in a consistent way, despite the variations in material type and instrument design. It will be
found that many commercially available instruments can be regarded as giving results in accordance
with this document for only part of the range of bending stiffness, or for only some of the materials for
which they were originally designed. It is intended, therefore, that this document will be used as the
basis for preparing detailed methods for determining bending stiffness, using particular instruments.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5628:2019(E)
Paper and board — Determination of bending stiffness
— General principles for two-point, three-point and four-
point methods
1 Scope
This document specifies three test methods for determining the bending stiffness of paper and
paperboard. The test methods differ in the type of loading mode, thus giving rise to the two-point,
three-point and four-point bending test methods.
For paper and paperboard in a low thickness range, the two-point bending method and the three-point
bending method are suitable.
For corrugated fibreboard and board with a higher thickness, the four-point bending method is
recommended.
The measurement conditions are defined in such a way that the test piece is not subjected to any
significant permanent deformation during the test, nor is the range of validity of the formulae for
calculating the bending stiffness exceeded.
In these bending tests, the test pieces of paper and board are regarded as “beams” as defined by the
science of the strength of materials, see Reference [2].
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 534, Paper and board — Determination of thickness, density and specific volume
ISO 3034, Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of single sheet thickness
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bending stiffness
S
b
resistance that a test piece offers to bending, in the region of elastic deformation
Note 1 to entry: The theories used for the determination of bending stiffness are derived under the condition that
the test piece is perfectly flat at the beginning of the test. In a real situation, the test piece always deviates from
flatness. It is, however, not possible to give recommendations on the magnitude of such deviations (such as curl,
twist, cockle or other deviations) that can be present and still produce a valid test.
4 Symbols and units
The following symbols are used for the formulae in this document.
Symbol Unit Meaning
b mm test piece width in the direction of the bending axis
E MPa
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5628
Third edition
2019-05
Paper and board — Determination of
bending stiffness — General principles
for two-point, three-point and four-
point methods
Papier et carton — Détermination de la rigidité à la flexion —
Principes généraux pour les méthodes à deux points, à trois points et à
quatre points
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and units . 2
5 Theory . 2
6 Different bending test methods . 3
6.1 Two-point bending method . 3
6.2 Three-point bending method . 4
6.3 Calculation of bending stiffness using the two-point and three-point methods . 5
6.3.1 Bending stiffness determination . 5
6.3.2 Geometrical requirement . 5
6.3.3 Allowable deflections and angles . 5
6.4 Four-point bending method . 6
6.4.1 Geometry . 6
6.4.2 Calculation of bending stiffness . 7
6.4.3 Measurement conditions . 7
6.4.4 Geometrical and practical considerations . 7
7 Apparatus . 8
8 Sampling and preparation of test pieces . 8
8.1 Sampling . 8
8.2 Conditioning . 8
8.3 Preparation of test pieces . 8
9 Procedure. 8
10 E valuation and calculation . 9
11 Test report . 9
Bibliography .10
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee
SC 2, Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5628:2012), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— in 6.4.2, a Note has been added to clarify the measurement of F.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Bending stiffness is regarded as an important property of paper and board, and a large number of test
methods have been used for its determination. This is a result, in part at least, of the wide range in the
bending stiffness of paper and board. For paper and board in the grammage range 50 g/m to 500 g/
m , bending stiffness might vary by a factor of over 1 000. This wide variation is reflected in the design
of instruments intended for the measurement of this property.
A second factor to be taken into account is that, in general terms, bending stiffness (as defined here)
can only be determined with accuracy within certain limits with regard to the degree of deformation
imposed upon the test piece. These limits depend on the dimensions of the test piece and on the test
method used.
This document is intended to enable the bending stiffness (as defined here) to be measured and
described in a consistent way, despite the variations in material type and instrument design. It will be
found that many commercially available instruments can be regarded as giving results in accordance
with this document for only part of the range of bending stiffness, or for only some of the materials for
which they were originally designed. It is intended, therefore, that this document will be used as the
basis for preparing detailed methods for determining bending stiffness, using particular instruments.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5628:2019(E)
Paper and board — Determination of bending stiffness
— General principles for two-point, three-point and four-
point methods
1 Scope
This document specifies three test methods for determining the bending stiffness of paper and
paperboard. The test methods differ in the type of loading mode, thus giving rise to the two-point,
three-point and four-point bending test methods.
For paper and paperboard in a low thickness range, the two-point bending method and the three-point
bending method are suitable.
For corrugated fibreboard and board with a higher thickness, the four-point bending method is
recommended.
The measurement conditions are defined in such a way that the test piece is not subjected to any
significant permanent deformation during the test, nor is the range of validity of the formulae for
calculating the bending stiffness exceeded.
In these bending tests, the test pieces of paper and board are regarded as “beams” as defined by the
science of the strength of materials, see Reference [2].
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 534, Paper and board — Determination of thickness, density and specific volume
ISO 3034, Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of single sheet thickness
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bending stiffness
S
b
resistance that a test piece offers to bending, in the region of elastic deformation
Note 1 to entry: The theories used for the determination of bending stiffness are derived under the condition that
the test piece is perfectly flat at the beginning of the test. In a real situation, the test piece always deviates from
flatness. It is, however, not possible to give recommendations on the magnitude of such deviations (such as curl,
twist, cockle or other deviations) that can be present and still produce a valid test.
4 Symbols and units
The following symbols are used for the formulae in this document.
Symbol Unit Meaning
b mm test piece width in the direction of the bending axis
E MPa (N/mm ) modulus of elasticity
f mm linear deflection
F N force
f mm maximum linear deflection
max
I mm second moment of inertia
l mm bending length
l mm distance in the four-point method
l mm bending length in the four-point method
S N·mm bending stiffness
b
t mm test piece thickness
α ° (degree) bending angle
α ° (degree) maximum bending angle
max
ε % (mm/mm) strain
ε % (mm/mm) maximum strain
max
5 Theory
For a beam of a homogeneous material, with equal thickness and a constant modulus of elasticity in
the plane of the paper or board, the bending stiffness S (per unit width b) may be derived from the
b
product of the modulus of elasticity, E, and the second moment of inertia, I, of the test piece, divided by
the width, b, of the test piece as shown in Formula (1):
EI⋅
S = (1)
b
b
From a testing point of view, the bending stiffness, S , may be evaluated in three principally
b
different ways:
a) From the maximum slope of the curve achieved from recording force versus linear deflection (F/f ),
[2]
or force versus angular deflec
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5628
Third edition
2019-05
Paper and board — Determination of
bending stiffness — General principles
for two-point, three-point and four-
point methods
Papier et carton — Détermination de la rigidité à la flexion —
Principes généraux pour les méthodes à deux points, à trois points et à
quatre points
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and units . 2
5 Theory . 2
6 Different bending test methods . 3
6.1 Two-point bending method . 3
6.2 Three-point bending method . 4
6.3 Calculation of bending stiffness using the two-point and three-point methods . 5
6.3.1 Bending stiffness determination . 5
6.3.2 Geometrical requirement . 5
6.3.3 Allowable deflections and angles . 5
6.4 Four-point bending method . 6
6.4.1 Geometry . 6
6.4.2 Calculation of bending stiffness . 7
6.4.3 Measurement conditions . 7
6.4.4 Geometrical and practical considerations . 7
7 Apparatus . 8
8 Sampling and preparation of test pieces . 8
8.1 Sampling . 8
8.2 Conditioning . 8
8.3 Preparation of test pieces . 8
9 Procedure. 8
10 E valuation and calculation . 9
11 Test report . 9
Bibliography .10
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee
SC 2, Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 5628:2012), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— in 6.4.2, a Note has been added to clarify the measurement of F.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Bending stiffness is regarded as an important property of paper and board, and a large number of test
methods have been used for its determination. This is a result, in part at least, of the wide range in the
bending stiffness of paper and board. For paper and board in the grammage range 50 g/m to 500 g/
m , bending stiffness might vary by a factor of over 1 000. This wide variation is reflected in the design
of instruments intended for the measurement of this property.
A second factor to be taken into account is that, in general terms, bending stiffness (as defined here)
can only be determined with accuracy within certain limits with regard to the degree of deformation
imposed upon the test piece. These limits depend on the dimensions of the test piece and on the test
method used.
This document is intended to enable the bending stiffness (as defined here) to be measured and
described in a consistent way, despite the variations in material type and instrument design. It will be
found that many commercially available instruments can be regarded as giving results in accordance
with this document for only part of the range of bending stiffness, or for only some of the materials for
which they were originally designed. It is intended, therefore, that this document will be used as the
basis for preparing detailed methods for determining bending stiffness, using particular instruments.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5628:2019(E)
Paper and board — Determination of bending stiffness
— General principles for two-point, three-point and four-
point methods
1 Scope
This document specifies three test methods for determining the bending stiffness of paper and
paperboard. The test methods differ in the type of loading mode, thus giving rise to the two-point,
three-point and four-point bending test methods.
For paper and paperboard in a low thickness range, the two-point bending method and the three-point
bending method are suitable.
For corrugated fibreboard and board with a higher thickness, the four-point bending method is
recommended.
The measurement conditions are defined in such a way that the test piece is not subjected to any
significant permanent deformation during the test, nor is the range of validity of the formulae for
calculating the bending stiffness exceeded.
In these bending tests, the test pieces of paper and board are regarded as “beams” as defined by the
science of the strength of materials, see Reference [2].
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 534, Paper and board — Determination of thickness, density and specific volume
ISO 3034, Corrugated fibreboard — Determination of single sheet thickness
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bending stiffness
S
b
resistance that a test piece offers to bending, in the region of elastic deformation
Note 1 to entry: The theories used for the determination of bending stiffness are derived under the condition that
the test piece is perfectly flat at the beginning of the test. In a real situation, the test piece always deviates from
flatness. It is, however, not possible to give recommendations on the magnitude of such deviations (such as curl,
twist, cockle or other deviations) that can be present and still produce a valid test.
4 Symbols and units
The following symbols are used for the formulae in this document.
Symbol Unit Meaning
b mm test piece width in the direction of the bending axis
E MPa (N/mm ) modulus of elasticity
f mm linear deflection
F N force
f mm maximum linear deflection
max
I mm second moment of inertia
l mm bending length
l mm distance in the four-point method
l mm bending length in the four-point method
S N·mm bending stiffness
b
t mm test piece thickness
α ° (degree) bending angle
α ° (degree) maximum bending angle
max
ε % (mm/mm) strain
ε % (mm/mm) maximum strain
max
5 Theory
For a beam of a homogeneous material, with equal thickness and a constant modulus of elasticity in
the plane of the paper or board, the bending stiffness S (per unit width b) may be derived from the
b
product of the modulus of elasticity, E, and the second moment of inertia, I, of the test piece, divided by
the width, b, of the test piece as shown in Formula (1):
EI⋅
S = (1)
b
b
From a testing point of view, the bending stiffness, S , may be evaluated in three principally
b
different ways:
a) From the maximum slope of the curve achieved from recording force versus linear deflection (F/f ),
[2]
or force versus angular deflec
...
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