Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems -- Cardiovascular absorbable implants

Implants cardiovasculaires et systèmes extracorporels -- Implants cardiovasculaires absorbables

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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 17137
Third edition
Cardiovascular implants and
extracorporeal systems —
Cardiovascular absorbable implants
Implants cardiovasculaires et systèmes extracorporels — Implants
cardiovasculaires absorbables
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)
ISO 2021
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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)
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© ISO 2021

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Published in Switzerland
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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Device design, fabrication, packaging, and use considerations .......................................................................... 2

4.1 Classification ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

4.2 Intended clinical performance .................................................................................................................................................. 3

4.3 Intended clinical use .......................................................................................................................................................................... 3

4.4 Materials ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

4.5 Packaging, labelling, and sterilization ................................................................................................................................. 4

4.5.1 Packaging................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

4.5.2 Labelling .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

4.5.3 Sterilization .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5

4.6 Product shelf-life considerations ............................................................................................................................................ 6

4.6.1 General information ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

4.6.2 Real-time aging.................................................................................................................................................................. 6

4.6.3 Accelerated aging ............................................................................................................................................................ 7

4.7 Risk management ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.7.2 Failure modes ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.7.3 Risk mitigation ...................................................................... ............................................................................................. 8

4.7.4 Specific aspects for absorbable implants ................................................................................................... 8

5 Design evaluation ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9

5.1 E valuation overview and general considerations ..................................................................................................... 9

5.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

5.1.2 General considerations ............................................................................................................................................11

5.2 In vitro procedural evaluation ................................................................................................................................................12

5.2.1 Summary of in vitro evaluation steps .........................................................................................................12

5.2.2 Conditioning of test samples ..............................................................................................................................13

5.2.3 Assessment of delivery and placement .....................................................................................................13

5.2.4 Assessment of initial function post-deployment ..............................................................................14

5.3 In vitro degradation evaluation .............................................................................................................................................14

5.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................14

5.3.2 Sample conditioning ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.3.3 Mechanical evaluation..............................................................................................................................................15

5.3.4 Cyclic fatigue durability evaluation ..............................................................................................................16

5.3.5 Physical or chemical degradation evaluation ......................................................................................17

5.3.6 Imaging compatibility evaluation ..................................................................................................................20

5.4 Biological evaluation .......................................................................................................................................................................20

5.4.1 General considerations ............................................................................................................................................20

5.4.2 Particulate observation, measurement or assessment — In vivo ......................................21

5.4.3 Sterilization considerations ................................................................................................................................21

5.4.4 Drug-device combination product considerations ..........................................................................22

5.5 In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) ....................................................................................................................................22

5.6 In vivo preclinical evaluation ...................................................................................................................................................22

5.6.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................................................22

5.6.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................................................................23

5.6.3 Protocol .................................................................................................................................................................................24

5.6.4 Data collection ................................................................................................................................................................26

5.6.5 Test report and additional information ....................................................................................................26

5.7 Clinical evaluation .............................................................................................................................................................................27

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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)

5.7.1 Purpose .................................................................................................................................................................................27

5.7.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................................................................27

5.7.3 Clinical investigation plan (CIP) ......................................................................................................................28

5.7.4 Data collection ...............................................................................................................................................................29

5.7.5 Final report ........................................................................................................................................................................29

5.8 Post-market surveillance ............................................................................................................................................................29

5.9 Select clinical trials of absorbable cardiovascular implants .........................................................................29

Annex A (informative) Explanation on nomenclature of absorb, degrade and related terms ..............31

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................32

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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 150, Implants for surgery, Subcommittee

SC 2, Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO/TS 17137:2019), which has been

technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:

— considerations have been added to multiple clauses regarding degradation-induced device fracture

and the generation of absorbable particulate matter after mechanical attributes are lost;

— clauses about labelling and instructions for use (IFU) have been modified;
— Figure 2 has been modified to facilitate translation into multiple languages;

— standards with guidance for characterization of absorbable polymers and metals have been

elaborated.

— additional guidance regarding animal and clinical study design, limitations, and assessment has

been added.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)
Introduction

Absorbable cardiovascular implants are medical devices with various clinical indications for use in

the human cardiovascular blood system. An absorbable cardiovascular implant, or at least a portion

thereof, is designed to intentionally degrade over time into degradation products that are absorbed by

the body through metabolism, assimilation, and/or excretion (elimination). Such implants can be either

surgically introduced or introduced through intervention to the site of treatment.

This document outlines requirements for intended performance, design attributes, materials, design

evaluation, manufacturing, sterilization, packaging, and information supplied by the manufacturer.

This document is intended to be a supplement to ISO 14630, which specifies general requirements for

the performance of non-active surgical implants. This document is intended to also be a supplement

to relevant device-specific standards such as the ISO 25539 series specifying requirements for

endovascular devices, which do not address degradation and other time dependent aspects of

absorbable implants and coatings. Additionally, this document should be considered in conjunction

with ISO 14155, which specifies proper practices in clinical investigations.

This document is not comprehensive with respect to the pharmacological evaluation of cardiovascular

absorbable implants. More detailed safety and performance requirements for pharmacological agents

included in the absorbable cardiovascular implant are described in ISO 12417-1.

Only issues related to degradation and absorption combined with the cardiovascular implant are

covered by this document. Due to the variations in the design of implants covered by this document

and in some cases due to the relatively recent development of some of these implants (e.g. absorbable

stents), acceptable standardized in vitro tests and clinical results are not always available. As further

scientific and clinical data become available, appropriate revision of this document will be necessary.

NOTE For issues related to the common mechanical function of the cardiovascular implant, it can be useful

to consider a number of other international standards that are given in the Bibliography.

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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)
Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems —
Cardiovascular absorbable implants
1 Scope

This document establishes design evaluation requirements and recommendations for absorbable

cardiovascular implants used to treat vessels and/or the vascular space within the circulatory system,

including the heart and all vasculature. This document is intended to supplement device-specific

standards by providing guidelines specific for either absorbable implants or components, or both.

This document is applicable to implants in direct contact with the cardiovascular system, where the

intended action is upon the circulatory system. This document does not address the specific evaluation

of issues associated with viable tissues, viable cells, and/or implants with non-viable biological materials

and their derivatives. Additionally, procedures and devices used prior to and following the introduction

of the absorbable cardiovascular implant (e.g. balloon angioplasty devices) are excluded from the scope

of this document if they do not affect the absorption aspects of the implant. A cardiovascular absorbable

implant can incorporate substance(s) which, if used separately, can be considered to be a medicinal

product (drug product) but the action of the medicinal substance is ancillary to that of the implant and

supports the primary mode of action of the implant.

NOTE 1 Some aspects of absorbable components of cardiovascular device-drug combination products (e.g.

coatings) in their connection with drug-related aspects of the device are addressed in ISO 12417-1.

NOTE 2 An explanation of the nomenclature of absorb, degrade and related terms can be found in Annex A.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced

document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5840 (all parts), Cardiovascular implants — Cardiac valve prostheses
ISO 10993 (all parts), Biological evaluation of medical devices

ISO 11135, Sterilization of health-care products — Ethylene oxide — Requirements for the development,

validation and routine control of a sterilization process for medical devices

ISO 11137-1, Sterilization of health care products — Radiation — Part 1: Requirements for development,

validation and routine control of a sterilization process for medical devices

ISO 11137-2, Sterilization of health care products — Radiation — Part 2: Establishing the sterilization dose

ISO 11137-3, Sterilization of health care products — Radiation — Part 3: Guidance on dosimetric aspects of

development, validation and routine control

ISO 11607-1, Packaging for terminally sterilized medical devices — Part 1: Requirements for materials,

sterile barrier systems and packaging systems

ISO 12417-1, Cardiovascular implants and extracorporeal systems — Vascular device-drug combination

products — Part 1: General requirements

ISO 14155, Clinical investigation of medical devices for human subjects — Good clinical practice

ISO 14630:2012, Non-active surgical implants — General requirements
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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)

ISO 14937, Sterilization of health care products — General requirements for characterization of a sterilizing

agent and the development, validation and routine control of a sterilization process for medical devices

ISO 14971, Medical devices — Application of risk management to medical devices

ISO 17665-1, Sterilization of health care products — Moist heat — Part 1: Requirements for the development,

validation and routine control of a sterilization process for medical devices
ISO 25539 (all parts), Cardiovascular implants — Endovascular devices

ISO/TS 37137-1, Biological evaluation of absorbable medical devices — Part 1: General requirements

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
absorb
absorption

action of a non-endogenous (foreign) material or substance or its degradation products

passing through or being assimilated by cells and/or tissue over time
3.2
degradation product

intermediate or final result from the physical, metabolic, and/or chemical decomposition of a material

or substance
3.3
degrade
physically, metabolically, and/or chemically decompose a material or substance
3.4
leachable

substance that can be released from a medical device or material during clinical use

Note 1 to entry: In absorbable devices, leachables can be substances released from the as-manufactured product

or substances generated and released as a consequence of its degradation (i.e degradation products).

3.5
particulate
particle
particulate matter

mobile material (other than gas bubbles) that are either present on or arise from the presence or use of

the device
4 Device design, fabrication, packaging, and use considerations
4.1 Classification

A cardiovascular absorbable implant is a product that accomplishes its intended clinical use and

performance through primarily either physical or mechanical, or both, means over a defined time

period. An absorbable cardiovascular implant may also incorporate a medicinal substance. A

cardiovascular absorbable implant accomplishes its intended clinical use and is then fully or partially

absorbed by the body over a finite period of time. The implant’s temporary nature is provided by its

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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)

ability to degrade and the resulting degradation products’ ability to be metabolized, assimilated, and/

or excreted (eliminated) over time.

The manufacturer shall determine the acceptability of the product for clinical use at all stages of the

product life cycle.
4.2 Intended clinical performance

The intended performance of an absorbable implant shall be described and documented by addressing

at least the following, with particular regard to patient’s safety:
a) intended purpose(s);
b) functional lifetime – duration of intended mechanical function;

c) in vivo longevity – approximate time to full absorption of the absorbable components; absence of

histological (physical) presence in tissue.
4.3 Intended clinical use

The intended clinical use shall, if applicable, be preferentially identified as one or more of the following:

a) abdominal aorta;
b) arterio-venous shunt for vascular access;
c) carotid artery;
d) coronary artery;
e) heart chambers;
f) femoral artery;
g) iliac artery;
h) popliteal artery;
i) intra-cerebral artery;
j) renal artery;
k) thoracic aorta;
l) thoraco-abdominal aorta;
m) tibial artery;
n) heart valve;
o) venous valve;
p) other heart, arterial, or venous anatomy to be specified as appropriate.
4.4 Materials
The requirements of ISO 14630:2012, Clause 6, shall apply.

Additional testing appropriate to specific material types (e.g. metals, polymers, drugs) shall be

performed to determine material acceptability for use in the design. For example, guidance for

[39] [42]

assessing absorbable polymeric implants can be found in ASTM F2902 , with ASTM F3160 useful

for absorbable metal materials testing. In a more specific example, absorbable materials dependent

on shape memory properties should be subjected to testing that assesses transformation properties.

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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)

For drug-eluting absorbable implants, the requirements of ISO 12417-1 should be addressed. Electro-

chemical potentials of differing metals (stents, guidewires, other accessory devices) might require

additional types of testing.
4.5 Packaging, labelling, and sterilization
4.5.1 Packaging
4.5.1.1 General
The requirements of ISO 11607-1 and ISO 14630:2012, Clause 10 shall apply.

Each device shall be packaged in a unit container with a sterile barrier, or a combination of unit

container and an outer container. The unit container (within its outer container if applicable) may be

packaged in a shipping container during transit and storage.

The device packaging configuration should be designed to protect the implant during normal conditions

of handling, storage and transport such that device specifications are maintained. The sterile barrier

shall be maintained throughout its designated shelf-life to permit the contents to be presented for use

in an aseptic manner.
4.5.1.2 Considerations for absorbable product

For absorbable products, non-standard packaging attributes may be needed to mitigate or eliminate

the effects of environmental factors in order to maintain the physical, chemical and/or mechanical

specifications of the implant. Where the absorbable product is susceptible to hydrolytic or corrosive

degradation, consideration should be given toward the control and/or removal of moisture from the

package interior (e.g. through the use of moisture resistant packaging materials and/or desiccants).

In addition, absorbable products may also be susceptible to physical, chemical, and/or mechanical

degradation under extreme temperature conditions. For example, storage of polymeric products or

components at temperatures that approach or exceed a glass transition temperature could adversely

affect the physical and chemical state of the implant. Therefore, storage conditions should specify the

acceptable temperature range and limit the duration of packaged product exposure to elevated thermal

conditions.
4.5.2 Labelling
4.5.2.1 Label(s)

Each device shall be accompanied by one or more labels, one on each of the containers.

The requirements of ISO 14630:2012, Clause 11, and the requirements of relevant device-specific

standard (e.g. relevant parts of the ISO 25539 series) shall apply, with the following information to be

supplied as part of the label(s):
a) identification of the device;

b) expiration date (indication of shelf-life) and the recommended storage conditions;

c) indication of storage conditions to avoid (i.e. conditions that could have an impact on performance

of the absorbable device or components thereof).
4.5.2.2 Instructions for use (IFU)

The requirements of ISO 14630:2012, Clause 11, and the requirements of relevant device-specific

standard (e.g. relevant parts of the ISO 25539 series) shall apply together with the following information

to be included:

a) identification and description of the absorbable device or components thereof;

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ISO/TS 17137:2021(E)

b) recommendations for storage conditions and ranges determined to be acceptable for the packaged

device, taking into consideration the absorbable properties of the implant or components thereof;

c) location of the absorbable part of the device, if only a portion of the implant is absorbable;

d) a general description of the principle of degradation along with both the expected time frame for

loss of mechanical function and absorption of the implant;
e) intended use or indications for use;
f) contraindications, warnings and precautions;

g) the potential for interaction of the absorbable material with other materials used in the handling,

preparation and implantation of the implant, considering direct contact and the effect of procedural

fluids;

h) potential adverse events, including known adverse events associated with either implant (or

portion thereof) degradation or in vivo absorption process, or both;

i) known device-specific adverse events with potential for increased occurrence due to absorbable

material;
j) recommended methods for
...

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