ISO 24449:2021

Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Determination of thermal conductivity of thermal barrier coatings at elevated temperature

This document specifies a method for determining the thermal conductivity of ceramic top coat (TC) constituting thermal barrier coating (TBC) subjected to heat treatment, in a direction normal to the coating surface, from room temperature up to 1 000 °C.

Revêtements métalliques et autres revêtements inorganiques — Détermination de la conductivité thermique des revêtements barrières thermiques à température élevée

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 26-Oct-2021
• ICS: 25.220.20 - Surface treatment
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 107 - Metallic and other inorganic coatings
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 107/WG 1 - Thermal spraying
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 27-Oct-2021
• Due Date: 30-Sep-2022
• Completion Date: 27-Oct-2021

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24449
First edition
2021-10
Metallic and other inorganic
coatings — Determination of thermal
conductivity of thermal barrier
coatings at elevated temperature
Revêtements métalliques et autres revêtements inorganiques —
Détermination de la conductivité thermique des revêtements
barrières thermiques à température élevée
Reference number
ISO 24449:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 24449:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 24449:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2

5 Apparatus for measuring thermal diffusivity ...................................................................................................................... 3

6 Specimen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6.1 Shape and dimensions ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6.2 Specimen preparation ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5

7 Measuring procedure ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

7.1 Specimen thickness ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5

7.2 Thermal diffusivity ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6

7.2.1 Measurement of temperature-rise curve ..................................................................................................... 6

7.2.2 Calculation of thermal diffusivity of substrate ....................................................................................... 6

7.2.3 Calculation of thermal diffusivity of TC ........................................................................................................ 6

7.3 Specific heat capacity ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7

7.4 Bulk density .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

8 Thermal conductivity of TC ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8

9 Report .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................10

iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 24449:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 24449:2021(E)
Introduction

Thermal barrier coatings are highly advanced material systems, generally applied to surfaces of hot-

section components made of nickel or cobalt-based superalloys, such as combustors, blades, and vanes

of power-generation gas turbines in thermal power plants and aero-engines operated at elevated

temperatures.

The function of these coatings is to protect metallic components for extended periods at elevated

temperatures by employing thermally insulating materials that can sustain an appreciable temperature

difference between load bearing alloys and coating surfaces. These coatings permit the high-

temperature operation by shielding these components, thereby extending their lives.

Although thermal conductivity is an important property of thermal barrier coatings, ISO 18555 only

describes a method for measuring this parameter of thermal barrier coatings at room temperature.

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24449:2021(E)
Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Determination
of thermal conductivity of thermal barrier coatings at
elevated temperature
1 Scope

This document specifies a method for determining the thermal conductivity of ceramic top coat (TC)

constituting thermal barrier coating (TBC) subjected to heat treatment, in a direction normal to the

coating surface, from room temperature up to 1 000 °C.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 1463, Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Microscopical method

ISO 14188, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Test methods for measuring thermal cycle resistance

and thermal shock resistance for thermal barrier coatings

ISO 18555, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Determination of thermal conductivity of thermal

barrier coatings

ISO 18755, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of thermal

diffusivity of monolithic ceramics by laser flash method

EN 821-3, Advanced technical ceramics – Monolithic ceramics. Thermophysical properties – Part 3:

Determination of specific heat capacity
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14188, ISO 18555 and the

following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
thermal barrier coating
TBC

two-layer coating consisting of a metallic bond coat (BC) and a ceramic top coat (TC), in order to reduce

heat transfer from outside of the top coat through the coating to the substrate of a heat-resistant

metallic material
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 24449:2021(E)
Key
1 top coat (TC) 3 substrate
2 bond coat (BC) 4 thermal barrier coating
Figure 1 — Diagrammatic view of a section of a TBC
4 Principle

The TBC specimen shall be heat-treated prior to the measurement at elevated temperature in order

to minimize the change of the coating microstructure. Since the heat-treated BC specimen consisting

of the substrate and the BC can be treated as the same as the substrate specimen, the TBC specimen

can be regarded as a two-layer model consisting of the substrate and the TC. Thermal conductivities

of the substrate and TC are determined in accordance with calculation using the thermal diffusivities,

[1]

specific heat capacities, and bulk densities . The fundamental procedures are shown in Figure 2.

The fundamental procedures for de
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 24449
ISO/TC 107
Metallic and other inorganic
Secretariat: KATS
coatings — Determination of thermal
Voting begins on:
2021­07­14 conductivity of thermal barrier
coatings at elevated temperature
Voting terminates on:
2021­09­08
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/FDIS 24449:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN­
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24449:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH­1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24449:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2

5 Apparatus for measuring thermal diffusivity ........................................................................................................................ 3

6 Specimen ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6.1 Shape and dimensions ...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6.2 Specimen preparation ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5

7 Measuring procedure ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

7.1 Specimen thickness ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5

7.2 Thermal diffusivity .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6

7.2.1 Measurement of temperature­rise curve .................................................................................................... 6

7.2.2 Calculation of thermal diffusivity of substrate ....................................................................................... 6

7.2.3 Calculation of thermal diffusivity of TC ........................................................................................................ 6

7.3 Specific heat capacity ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7

7.4 Bulk density ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

8 Thermal conductivity of TC ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8

9 Report .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................10

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24449:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non­governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 107, Metallic and other inorganic coatings.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24449:2021(E)
Introduction

Thermal barrier coatings are highly advanced material systems, generally applied to surfaces of hot-

section components made of nickel or cobalt-based superalloys, such as combustors, blades, and vanes

of power­generation gas turbines in thermal power plants and aero­engines operated at elevated

temperatures.

The function of these coatings is to protect metallic components for extended periods at elevated

temperatures by employing thermally insulating materials that can sustain an appreciable temperature

difference between load bearing alloys and coating surfaces. These coatings permit the high-

temperature operation by shielding these components, thereby extending their lives.

Although thermal conductivity is an important property of thermal barrier coatings, ISO 18555 only

describes a method for measuring this parameter of thermal barrier coatings at room temperature.

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 24449:2021(E)
Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Determination
of thermal conductivity of thermal barrier coatings at
elevated temperature
1 Scope

This document specifies a method for determining the thermal conductivity of ceramic top coat (TC)

constituting thermal barrier coating (TBC) subjected to heat treatment, in a direction normal to the

coating surface, from room temperature up to 1 000 °C.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 1463, Metallic and oxide coatings — Measurement of coating thickness — Microscopical method

ISO 14188, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Test methods for measuring thermal cycle resistance

and thermal shock resistance for thermal barrier coatings

ISO 18555, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Determination of thermal conductivity of thermal

barrier coatings

ISO 18755, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of thermal

diffusivity of monolithic ceramics by laser flash method

EN 821­3, Advanced technical ceramics – Monolithic ceramics. Thermophysical properties – Part 3:

Determination of specific heat capacity
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14188, ISO 18555 and the

following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
thermal barrier coating
TBC

two-layer coating consisting of a metallic bond coat (BC) and a ceramic top coat (TC), in order to reduce

heat transfer from outside of the top coat through the coating to the substrate of a heat­resistant

metallic material.
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24449:2021(E)
Key
1 top coat (TC) 3 substrate
2 bond coat (BC) 4 thermal barrier coating
Figure 1 — Diagrammatic view of a section of a TBC
4 Principle

The TBC specimen shall be heat­treated prior to the measurement at elevated temperature in order

to minimize the change of the coating microstructure. Since the heat­treated BC specimen consisting

of the substrate and the BC can be treated as the same as the substrate specimen, the TBC specimen

can be regarded as a two-layer model consisting of the substrate and the TC. Thermal conductivities

of the substrate and TC
...