ISO 21618:2019
(Main)Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for fracture resistance of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by indentation fracture (IF) method
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for fracture resistance of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by indentation fracture (IF) method
This document describes a test method that covers the determination of fracture resistance of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by the indentation fracture (IF) method. This document is intended for use with dense monolithic ceramics and whisker- or particulate-reinforced ceramics which are regarded as macroscopically homogeneous. It does not include monolithic silicon nitride ceramics for bearing balls and continuous-fibre-reinforced ceramics composites. This document is for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization and reliability data generation. Indentation fracture resistance, KI,IFR, as defined in this document is not to be equated with fracture toughness determined using other test methods such as KIsc and KIpb. NOTE KI,IFR is an estimate of a material's resistance to cracking as introduced by an indenter and has correlations with wear resistance and rolling contact fatigue performance as well as machining processes, since these properties are governed by the resistance to crack extension in localized damage areas[1]-[3]. By contrast, fracture toughness properties KIsc and KIpb are intrinsic properties of a material and are relevant to macroscopic and catastrophic fracture events with long cracks rather than those phenomena caused by microscopic and successive damage accumulation associated with short cracks.
Céramiques techniques (céramiques avancées, céramiques techniques avancées) — Méthode d’essai pour déterminer la résistance à la rupture par indentation (IF) des céramiques monolithiques à température ambiante
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21618
First edition
2019-02
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics,
advanced technical ceramics) —
Test method for fracture resistance
of monolithic ceramics at room
temperature by indentation fracture
(IF) method
Céramiques techniques (céramiques avancées, céramiques techniques
avancées) — Méthode d’essai pour déterminer la résistance à
la rupture par indentation (IF) des céramiques monolithiques à
température ambiante
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus . 3
5.1 Testing machine . 3
5.2 Indenter . . 3
5.3 Verification by standard reference materials . 3
5.4 Metallurgical microscope or travelling microscope . 3
6 Test specimen . 3
6.1 Thickness . 3
6.2 Surface finish . 3
7 Procedure. 4
7.1 Specimen placement . 4
7.2 Specimen levelling . 4
7.3 Cleaning of the indenter . 4
7.4 Adjustment of stage movement . 4
7.5 Application of test force . 4
7.6 Acceptability of indentations . 4
7.7 Number of indentations . 5
7.8 Measurement of indentation size . 6
7.9 Measurement of crack size . 6
8 Calculation . 8
9 Test report . 9
Annex A (informative) General machining procedure for test piece preparation .10
Annex B (normative) Adjustment of the axis of travelling-stage and calibration of the
length measurement using the travelling stage .12
Annex C (informative) Interlaboratory evaluation of the indentation fracture (IF) test
procedure .14
Bibliography .16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21618:2019(E)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Test method for fracture resistance of
monolithic ceramics at room temperature by indentation
fracture (IF) method
1 Scope
This document describes a test method that covers the determination of fracture resistance of
monolithic ceramics at room temperature by the indentation fracture (IF) method.
This document is intended for use with dense monolithic ceramics and whisker- or particulate-
reinforced ceramics which are regarded as macroscopically homogeneous. It does not include monolithic
silicon nitride ceramics for bearing balls and continuous-fibre-reinforced ceramics composites.
This document is for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization
and reliability data generation.
Indentation fracture resistance, K , as defined in this document is not to be equated with fracture
I,IFR
toughness determined using other test methods such as K and K .
Isc Ipb
NOTE K is an estimate of a material’s resistance to cracking as introduced by an indenter and has
I,IFR
correlations with wear resistance and rolling contact fatigue performance as well as machining processes, since
[1]-[3]
these properties are governed by the resistance to crack extension in localized damage areas . By contrast,
fracture toughness properties K and K are intrinsic properties of a material and are relevant to macroscopic
Isc Ipb
and catastrophic fracture events with long cracks rather than those phenomena caused by microscopic and
successive damage accumulation associated with short cracks.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4287, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms, definitions
and surface texture parameters
ISO 6507-2, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing
machines
ISO 6507-3, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks
ISO 14705, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for hardness of
monolithic ceramics at room temperature
ISO 17561, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for elastic
moduli of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by sonic resonance
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
fracture resistance
measure of resistance of extension of a crack introduced by an indenter
3.2
fracture resistance value
K
I,IFR
value of crack-extension resistance as measured by the IF method
Note 1 to entry: The indentation fracture resistance, K , as used here is not to be equated to fast fracture
I,IFR
toughness K . K is an estimate of a material’s resistance to cracking as introduced by an indenter. K is
Ic I,IFR Ic
considered to be an intrinsic property of a material and is independent of the test method.
4 Principle
This document is for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization and
reliability data generation of dense monolithic ceramics. The method determines the indentation fracture
resistance value, K , from the elastic modulus and indentation force by forcing a Vickers indenter
I,IFR
(diamond pyramid) into the surface of a test piece and measuring the lengths of both the diagonals and
the associated cracks of the indentation that are left in the surface after removal of the indenter (see
[4]
Figure 1) . The method is applicable to the half-penny-crack type but not to the Palmqvist type. The
two types of crack profile can be estimated using the ratio of the crack length, 2c, to the diagonal length,
2a. If 2c/2a is more than 2,5, the crack is half-penny type. But the critical 2c/2a values can be smaller
than 2,5 for some ceramics. In such cases, direct observation of crack morphology by the decoration
technique or serial sectioning of the indented surface is also useful to differentiate the two crack profiles.
The measurement of the crack length and the observation of the crack tips are performed separately in
order to improve the accuracy. The crack length should not be measured in a single optical image because
doing so inevitably limits the magnification that can be used. Travelling microscopy is a solution that
allows both reading of the crack length and detection of the crack tips to be performed at high resolution,
albeit separately. Both an objective lens of 40 × or higher and a calibrated optical stage shall be employed
to ensure
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21618
First edition
2019-02
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics,
advanced technical ceramics) —
Test method for fracture resistance
of monolithic ceramics at room
temperature by indentation fracture
(IF) method
Céramiques techniques (céramiques avancées, céramiques techniques
avancées) — Méthode d’essai pour déterminer la résistance à
la rupture par indentation (IF) des céramiques monolithiques à
température ambiante
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus . 3
5.1 Testing machine . 3
5.2 Indenter . . 3
5.3 Verification by standard reference materials . 3
5.4 Metallurgical microscope or travelling microscope . 3
6 Test specimen . 3
6.1 Thickness . 3
6.2 Surface finish . 3
7 Procedure. 4
7.1 Specimen placement . 4
7.2 Specimen levelling . 4
7.3 Cleaning of the indenter . 4
7.4 Adjustment of stage movement . 4
7.5 Application of test force . 4
7.6 Acceptability of indentations . 4
7.7 Number of indentations . 5
7.8 Measurement of indentation size . 6
7.9 Measurement of crack size . 6
8 Calculation . 8
9 Test report . 9
Annex A (informative) General machining procedure for test piece preparation .10
Annex B (normative) Adjustment of the axis of travelling-stage and calibration of the
length measurement using the travelling stage .12
Annex C (informative) Interlaboratory evaluation of the indentation fracture (IF) test
procedure .14
Bibliography .16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21618:2019(E)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Test method for fracture resistance of
monolithic ceramics at room temperature by indentation
fracture (IF) method
1 Scope
This document describes a test method that covers the determination of fracture resistance of
monolithic ceramics at room temperature by the indentation fracture (IF) method.
This document is intended for use with dense monolithic ceramics and whisker- or particulate-
reinforced ceramics which are regarded as macroscopically homogeneous. It does not include monolithic
silicon nitride ceramics for bearing balls and continuous-fibre-reinforced ceramics composites.
This document is for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization
and reliability data generation.
Indentation fracture resistance, K , as defined in this document is not to be equated with fracture
I,IFR
toughness determined using other test methods such as K and K .
Isc Ipb
NOTE K is an estimate of a material’s resistance to cracking as introduced by an indenter and has
I,IFR
correlations with wear resistance and rolling contact fatigue performance as well as machining processes, since
[1]-[3]
these properties are governed by the resistance to crack extension in localized damage areas . By contrast,
fracture toughness properties K and K are intrinsic properties of a material and are relevant to macroscopic
Isc Ipb
and catastrophic fracture events with long cracks rather than those phenomena caused by microscopic and
successive damage accumulation associated with short cracks.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4287, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms, definitions
and surface texture parameters
ISO 6507-2, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing
machines
ISO 6507-3, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks
ISO 14705, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for hardness of
monolithic ceramics at room temperature
ISO 17561, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for elastic
moduli of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by sonic resonance
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
fracture resistance
measure of resistance of extension of a crack introduced by an indenter
3.2
fracture resistance value
K
I,IFR
value of crack-extension resistance as measured by the IF method
Note 1 to entry: The indentation fracture resistance, K , as used here is not to be equated to fast fracture
I,IFR
toughness K . K is an estimate of a material’s resistance to cracking as introduced by an indenter. K is
Ic I,IFR Ic
considered to be an intrinsic property of a material and is independent of the test method.
4 Principle
This document is for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization and
reliability data generation of dense monolithic ceramics. The method determines the indentation fracture
resistance value, K , from the elastic modulus and indentation force by forcing a Vickers indenter
I,IFR
(diamond pyramid) into the surface of a test piece and measuring the lengths of both the diagonals and
the associated cracks of the indentation that are left in the surface after removal of the indenter (see
[4]
Figure 1) . The method is applicable to the half-penny-crack type but not to the Palmqvist type. The
two types of crack profile can be estimated using the ratio of the crack length, 2c, to the diagonal length,
2a. If 2c/2a is more than 2,5, the crack is half-penny type. But the critical 2c/2a values can be smaller
than 2,5 for some ceramics. In such cases, direct observation of crack morphology by the decoration
technique or serial sectioning of the indented surface is also useful to differentiate the two crack profiles.
The measurement of the crack length and the observation of the crack tips are performed separately in
order to improve the accuracy. The crack length should not be measured in a single optical image because
doing so inevitably limits the magnification that can be used. Travelling microscopy is a solution that
allows both reading of the crack length and detection of the crack tips to be performed at high resolution,
albeit separately. Both an objective lens of 40 × or higher and a calibrated optical stage shall be employed
to ensure
...
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