ISO 4954:2022
(Main)Steels for cold heading and cold extruding
Steels for cold heading and cold extruding
This document specifies requirements for non-alloy and alloy steels that are intended for cold heading or cold extruding and are delivered as wire rods, wire or bars. It also contains specific requirements for: — steels not intended for heat treatment, with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex A); — case-hardening steels with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex B); — steels for quenching and tempering, including boron-alloyed steels (see Table C.3), with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex C); — stainless steels with diameters of 0,8 mm up to 50 mm for austenitic steels, up to 25 mm for ferritic steels and up to 100 mm for martensitic steels (see Annex D). This document (except Annex A) is applicable to the properties of cold-headed or cold-extruded parts which have been subjected to a subsequent heat treatment. As the properties of the parts in the cold-headed or cold-extruded, and subsequently not-heat-treated condition, are largely dependent on the applied cold-heading or cold-extruding conditions, these are, if necessary, subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer of the parts.
Aciers pour transformation à froid et extrusion à froid
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 4954
ISO/TC 17/SC 4
Steels for cold heading and cold
Secretariat: DIN
extruding
Voting begins on:
2022-03-01
Aciers pour transformation à froid et extrusion à froid
Voting terminates on:
2022-04-26
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
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NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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ii
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Classification and designation . 3
4.1 Classification . 3
4.2 Designation . 3
5 Information to be supplied by the purchaser . 3
5.1 Mandatory information . 3
5.2 Options and/or supplementary or special requirements . 4
5.3 Ordering example. 5
6 Manufacturing process . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Deoxidation. 5
6.3 Heat-treatment condition and surface condition at delivery . 5
6.3.1 Heat-treatment condition . 5
6.3.2 Particular surface conditions . 5
6.4 Traceability of the cast . 6
6.5 Statistical evaluation . 6
7 Requirements . 6
7.1 Chemical composition, mechanical properties and hardenability . 6
7.1.1 General . 6
7.1.2 Chemical composition . . 6
7.1.3 Mechanical properties . . 8
7.1.4 Hardenability (only applicable to steel grades of Annexes B and C). 8
7.2 Grain size . 9
7.3 Carbide spheroidization (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C). 9
7.4 Non-metallic inclusions . 9
7.4.1 Microscopic inclusions (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C) . 9
7.4.2 Macroscopic inclusions . 9
7.5 Internal soundness . 9
7.6 Aptitude to cold forming . 9
7.7 Surface quality . 10
7.7.1 General . 10
7.7.2 Wire rod (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C) . 10
7.7.3 Bars (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C) . 10
7.7.4 Wire rod and bars for stainless steels (only applicable for steels of Annex D). 10
7.7.5 Bright products . . 10
7.7.6 Removal of surface defects . 10
7.7.7 Non-destructive testing of the surface . 10
7.8 Decarburization (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C) . 10
7.9 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . 11
7.10 Shape, dimensions and tolerances . 11
8 Inspection .11
8.1 Testing procedures and types of documents. 11
8.2 Summary of specific inspection and frequency of testing .12
9 Preparation of samples and test pieces .13
9.1 Selection and preparation of samples for product analysis .13
9.2 Selection and preparation of samples and test pieces for the mechanical test .13
10 Test methods .14
10.1 Chemical analysis . 14
iii
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
10.2 Mechanical tests . 14
10.3 Hardenability and core hardness tests . 14
10.3.1 Verification of hardenability . 14
10.3.2 Verification of core hardness . 14
10.4 Aptitude to cold forming . 14
10.4.1 Upsetting test for non-alloy and alloy steels of Annexes A, B and C . 14
10.4.2 Upsetting test for stainless steels of Annex D . 15
10.5 Non-destructive testing . 15
10.6 Visual and dimensional test . 15
10.7 Retests . 15
11 Surface treatment, marking and packaging .15
11.1 Surface treatment and temporary corrosion protection . 15
11.2 Marking . 15
11.3 Packaging . 16
Annex A (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding steels not
intended for heat treatment after cold working .17
Annex B (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding case-
hardening steels .21
Annex C (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding steels for
quenching and tempering .33
Annex D (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding stainless
steels .51
Annex E (normative) Supplementary or special requirements .59
Annex F (informative) Designation of steels given in Annexes A, B, C and D and the
comparable grades covered in various designation systems .63
Bibliography .67
iv
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 4, Heat
treatable and alloy steels.
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 4954:2021), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes are as follows:
— the wording in 5.2 c) was corrected;
— in Table F.1 the steel numbers in column 6 were corrected for steel grades 17Cr3, 10NiCr5-4 and
X3NiCr18-16 and the steel number for steel grade20MnB5 was added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Steels for cold heading and cold extruding
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for non-alloy and alloy steels that are intended for cold heading
or cold extruding and are delivered as wire rods, wire or bars. It also contains specific requirements
for:
— steels not intended for heat treatment, with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex A);
— case-hardening steels with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex B);
— steels for quenching and tempering, including boron alloyed steels (see Table C.3), with diameters
from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex C);
— stainless steels with diameters of 0,8 mm up to 50 mm for austenitic steels, up to 25 mm for ferritic
steels and up to 100 mm for martensitic steels (see Annex D).
This document (except Annex A) is applicable to the properties of cold-headed or cold-extruded parts
which have been subjected to a subsequent heat treatment. As the properties of the parts in the cold-
headed or cold-extruded, and subsequently not-heat-treated condition, are largely dependent on the
applied cold-heading or cold-extruding conditions, these are, if necessary, subject to agreement between
the purchaser and the manufacturer of the parts.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 377, Steel and steel products — Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical
testing
ISO 404, Steel and steel products — General technical delivery requirements
ISO 642, Steel — Hardenability test by end quenching (Jominy test)
ISO 643, Steels — Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size
ISO 683-1, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 1: Non-alloy steels for quenching
and tempering·
ISO 683-2, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 2: Alloy steels for quenching and
tempering
ISO 683-3, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 3: Case-hardening steels
ISO 683-18:2014, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 18: Bright steel products
ISO 1035-1, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 1: Dimensions of round bars
ISO 1035-2, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 2: Dimensions of square bars
ISO 1035-3, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 3: Dimensions of flat bars
ISO 1035-4, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 4: Tolerances
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
ISO 3651-2, Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels — Part 2:
Ferritic,austenitic and ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels — Corrosion test in media containing
sulfuric acid
ISO 3887, Steels — Determination of the depth of decarburization
ISO 4885, Ferrous materials — Heat treatments — Vocabulary
ISO 4948-1, Steels — Classification — Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based
on chemical composition
ISO 4948-2, Steels — Classification — Part 2: Classification of unalloyed and alloy steels according to main
quality classes and main property or application characteristics
ISO/TS 4949, Steel names based on letter symbols
ISO 4967:2013, Steel — Determination of content of non-metallic inclusions — Micrographic method using
standard diagrams
ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO 6929, Steel products — Vocabulary
ISO 9443, Surface quality classes for hot-rolled bars and wire rod
ISO 9934-1, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 10474, Steel and steel products — Inspection documents
ISO 14284, Steel and iron — Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical
composition
ISO 15549, Non-destructive testing — Eddy current testing — General principles
ISO 16124, Steel wire rod — Dimensions and tolerances
ISO 16143-2, Stainless steels for general purposes — Part 2: Corrosion-resistant semi-finished products,
bars, rods and sections
ISO 22034-2, Steel wire and wire products — Part 2: Tolerances on wire dimensions
EN 10204, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
JIS G 0415, Steel and steel products —Inspection documents
JIS G 0555:2015, Microscopic testing method for the non-metallic inclusions in steel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 377, ISO 683-1, ISO 683-2,
ISO 683-3, ISO 683-18, ISO 4885, ISO 4948-1, ISO 4948-2, ISO 6929, ISO 14284, ISO 16143-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
3.1
bright steel product
drawn or peeled/turned bar with smoother surface quality and better dimensional accuracy in
comparison with a hot-rolled bar
3.2
drawn product
product of various cross-sectional shapes obtained, after descaling, by cold drawing of hot-rolled bars
or wire rod, on a drawing bench (cold deformation without removing material)
Note 1 to entry: This operation gives the product special features with respect to shape, dimensional accuracy
and surface finish. Products in lengths are delivered straightened, products of small cross-section may also be
supplied in coils.
3.3
peeled/turned product
steel bar of circular cross-section having the same features of drawn products (3.2) concerning shape,
dimensional accuracy and bright surface finish but without work hardening
Note 1 to entry: They are produced by peeling on a peeling machine usually followed by straightening and by
polishing. The removal of metal by peeling is carried out in such a way that the bright product is generally free
from surface defects and decarburization coming from the hot-rolling process.
4 Classification and designation
4.1 Classification
The classification of the relevant steel grades shall be in accordance with ISO 4948-1 and ISO 4948-2.
All steel grades mentioned in this document are special steels in accordance with ISO 4948-2.
The steels not intended for heat treatment after cold forming (see Annex A) are non-alloy steels.
The case hardening steel grades (see Annex B) are alloy steels, except steel grades C10E2C to C20E2C.
The steel grades for quenching and tempering (see Annex C) are alloy steel grades, except steel grades
C35EC to C45RC.
The steel stainless steel grades (see Annex D) are classified according to their microstructures.
4.2 Designation
For the steel grades covered by this document, the steel names as given in the relevant tables shall be
allocated in accordance with ISO/TS 4949.
Annex F provides a list of steels given in Annexes A, B, C and D and the comparable grades covered in
various designation systems.
5 Information to be supplied by the purchaser
5.1 Mandatory information
The manufacturer shall obtain the following information from the purchaser at the time of enquiry and
order:
a) the quantity to be delivered (mass, length);
b) the product form (round bar, wire rod, wire);
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
c) the nominal diameter and the tolerances on dimensions and shape of the product with reference to
the relevant International Standard;
d) for bars, the length; and for wire rod and wire, the dimensions, i.e. inner diameter and mass of the
coils;
e) reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4954;
f) the designation of the steel grade given in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2;
g) if applicable, the symbol for the required heat-treatment condition, see Tables A.3, B.3 to B.7, C.4 to
C.10 and D.3 to D.6;
h) standard designation for a test report 2.2 or, if required, any other type of inspection document in
accordance with ISO 10474.
5.2 Options and/or supplementary or special requirements
A number of options are specified in this document and listed below. If the purchaser does not indicate
a wish to implement any of these options, the products will be supplied in accordance with the basic
specifications of this document (see 5.1).
a) Any requirement for the hardenability (+H, +HH, +HL) of case hardening steels of Annex B and
of steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C and for the core hardening (+CH) of steels for
quenching and tempering of Annex C, see 7.1.4.
b) Verification of hardenability and, if agreed, information about the calculation of the hardenability
for the case hardening steels of Annex B and for the steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C,
see 10.3.1.
c) If another surface condition than hot-rolled or a special surface quality is required, for the surface
condition, see Table 1, and for the surface quality E for bars and wire rod, see 7.7.2 and 7.7.3.
d) Any requirement relating to the removal of surface defects, see 7.7.6.
e) Any requirement for the verification of the surface quality, see 7.7.5.
f) Any requirement for a product analysis, see 7.1.2.2.
g) Any requirement for the verification of the fine grain structure, see E.2, of case hardening steels of
Annex B and of steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C.
h) Carbide spheroidization, see 7.3, and any requirement for the verification of the carbide
spheroidization, see E.3.
i) Any requirement for the verification of the non-metallic inclusions of case hardening steels of
Annex B and of steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C, see 7.4 and E.4.
j) Internal soundness and any requirements for non-destructive testing, see 7.5 and 10.5.
k) Verification of aptitude to cold forming, see 7.6 and 10.4.
l) Maximum depth of surface discontinuities for stainless steels, see 7.7.4 and E.5.
m) Any requirement concerning non-destructive testing of the surface, see 7.7.7 and 10.5.
n) Depth of decarburization, see 7.8, and any requirements for testing the depth of decarburization,
see E.6.
o) Corrosion resistance of stainless steel products and any requirements for resistance to
intergranular corrosion, see E.7.
p) Any requirement concerning surface treatment and temporary corrosion protection, see 11.1.
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
q) Any special requirements concerning special or additional marking, see 11.2.
r) Any special requirements concerning packaging, see 11.3.
s) Statistical evaluation, see 6.5.
5.3 Ordering example
EXAMPLE 50 t round bars with a nominal diameter of 40 mm and a nominal length of 6 000 mm with
diameter tolerance according to class S and with length tolerance according to class L2 of ISO 1035-4 made
of steel grade ISO 4954, 42CrMo4 in the heat-treatment condition +AC+PE (see Table C.5), with hardenability
requirement +H (see Table C.7) and product analysis with an inspection certificate 3.1 in accordance with
ISO 10474.
50 t round bars ISO 1035-4 – 40,0S × 6 000L2
ISO 4954, 42CrMo4+AC+PE+H – product analysis
ISO 10474 – 3.1
6 Manufacturing process
6.1 General
The manufacturing process of the steel and of the products is, with the restrictions given by the
requirements in 6.2 to 6.4, left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
6.2 Deoxidation
All steels shall be deoxidized. The steels not intended for heat treatment (see Annex A) are aluminium
or silicon killed. By agreement, aluminium may be replaced by another suitable element having a similar
effect.
6.3 Heat-treatment condition and surface condition at delivery
6.3.1 Heat-treatment condition
Treatment and heat-treatment condition shall conform to one of the conditions indicated in Tables A.1,
B.1, C.1 and D.1.
Bright steel products in cold drawn or peeled/turned condition are coated with a light film of grease
from processing. For bright steel products in a finally heat-treated condition, the manufacturer chooses
the rust protection after heat treatment.
The usual light application of ordinary grease or oil does not afford positive protection against rusting,
particularly in the presence of condensation water. Any surface treatment that can facilitate subsequent
cold heading and cold extrusion or partially delay any formation of rust shall, if required, be agreed at
the time of enquiry and order, see 11.1.
6.3.2 Particular surface conditions
If so agreed at the time of enquiry and order, the products shall be delivered in one of the particular
surface conditions given in Table 1.
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Table 1 — Surface condition at delivery
Surface condition at delivery Symbol Bar Wire rod Wire
Unless otherwise agreed as-rolled none or +AR x x —
cold drawn +C x — x
Particular surface conditions
skin passed +LC x — x
supplied by agreement
peeled +PE x x x
6.4 Traceability of the cast
Each product shall be traceable to the cast, see 11.2.
6.5 Statistical evaluation
Suppliers are responsible, using the means they think fit, for inspecting their product in accordance
with various quality criteria specified. In view of the practical difficulties in inspecting a coil of wire
rod along its entire length, it cannot be proved that no value greater than the specified limits is to be
found in the coil as a whole. Statistical evaluation of performances applicable to all coils may be agreed
between the purchaser and the manufacturer at the time of ordering.
7 Requirements
7.1 Chemical composition, mechanical properties and hardenability
7.1.1 General
Wire rod, bars and wire shall be supplied in one of the delivery conditions as indicated in Tables A.1,
B.1, C.1 and D.1 as agreed at the time of enquiry and order. These tables show the combinations of usual
heat-treatment conditions at delivery, product forms and applicable requirements.
In addition to this document, the general technical delivery requirements of ISO 404 are applicable.
7.1.2 Chemical composition
7.1.2.1 The chemical composition determined by cast analysis shall conform to the values in
Tables A.2, B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2.
In cases where steels for case hardening or for quenching and tempering are ordered with hardenability
requirements in accordance with Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9, a deviation of the cast analysis
with respect to the values indicated in Tables B.2, C.2 and C.3 is admissible, taking into account the
prescriptions given in footnote b) of those tables. In any case, however, the deviations in the product
analysis in relation to the specified limits of cast analysis shall not exceed the values indicated in
Table 2.
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
7.1.2.2 Permissible deviations between the limiting values for cast analysis and the values for
product analysis are given in Tables 2 and 3. The product analysis shall be carried out when specified at
the time of the enquiry and order.
Table 2 — Permissible deviations between product analysis and the limiting values of the cast
analysis specified in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2 and C.3
Elements Limiting values of the cast Permissible deviation for
(heat) analysis the product analysis
a
% mass fraction % mass fraction
For non-alloy and alloy steel grades of Annexes A, B and C
C ≤0,50 ±0,02
Si ≤1,00 ±0,03
≤1,00 ±0,04
Mn
> 1,00 ≤ 1,45 ±0,06
P ≤0,025 +0,005
b
S ≤0,040 +0,005
Cr ≤1,70 ±0,05
≤1,00 ±0,03
Ni
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,05
≤0,30 ±0,03
Mo
> 0,30 ≤ 0,50 ±0,04
Al ≤0,060 ±0,005
B ≤0,005 0 ±0,000 3
Cu ≤0,25 +0,03
a
± means that in one heat the deviation of the product analysis for a given element may occur over the
upper value or under the lower value of the specified range of the cast analysis, but not both at the same
time.
b
For steels with a specified sulfur range (0,020 % to 0,035 or 0,040 %) according to cast analysis, the
permissible deviation is ±0,005 %.
Table 3 — Permissible deviations between product analysis and the limiting values of the cast
analysis specified in Table D.2
Elements Limiting values of the cast Permissible deviation for
(heat) analysis the product analysis
a
% mass fraction % mass fraction
For stainless steel grades of Annex D
≤0,030 +0,005
C
> 0,030 ≤ 0,15 ±0,01
≤1,00 +0,05
Si
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,10
≤1,00 +0,03
Mn
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,04
P ≤0,045 +0,005
≤0,015 +0,003
S
> 0,015 ≤ 0,030 ±0,005
a
± means that in one heat the deviation of the product analysis for a given element may occur over the
upper value or under the lower value of the specified range of the cast analysis, but not both at the same
time.
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Table 3 (continued)
Elements Limiting values of the cast Permissible deviation for
(heat) analysis the product analysis
a
% mass fraction % mass fraction
≥ 11,5 < 15,0 ±0,15
Cr ≥ 15,0 ≤ 20,0 ±0,20
> 20,0 ≤ 23,0 ±0,25
≤1,00 +0,03
> 1,00 ≤ 5,0 ±0,07
Ni > 5,0 ≤ 10,0 ±0,10
> 10,0 ≤ 20,0 ±0,15
> 20,0 ≤ 27,0 ±0,20
<1,75 ±0,05
Mo
≥ 1,75 ≤ 3,5 ±0,10
N ≤0,22 ±0,02
Al ≤0,35 +0,10
B > 0,001 ≤ 0,010 ±0,000 5
≤1,00 +0,04
Cu
> 1,00 ≤ 4,0 ±0,10
≤1,00 ±0,05
Ti
> 1,00 ≤ 2,35 ±0,07
V ≤0,50 ±0,03
a
± means that in one heat the deviation of the product analysis for a given element may occur over the
upper value or under the lower value of the specified range of the cast analysis, but not both at the same
time.
7.1.3 Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of the products, to be determined by the tensile test (and, as an option,
either by end quench test hardenability requirements or by core hardening requirements for steels of
Annexes B and C) and by consideration of the delivery conditions of Tables A.1, B.1, C.1 and D.1 and of
the surface condition of Table 1, shall conform to Tables A.3, B.3, B.4, B.5, C.4, C.5, C.6, D.3, D.4, D.5 and
D.6.
7.1.4 Hardenability (only applicable to steel grades of Annexes B and C)
7.1.4.1 Where the steel is not ordered with hardenability or core hardening requirements, the
requirements for mechanical properties apply as given in Tables B.3, B.4, B.5, C.4, C.5 and C.6. In this
case, the hardenability values given in Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9 and the core hardness values in
Table C.10 are for guidance purposes only.
7.1.4.2 In the case of products ordered with standard requirements regarding hardenability, that is,
when the steel names or numbers are supplemented by the symbol “+H”, the hardness values obtained
in the end quench test (Jominy test) shall conform to the values given in Tables B.6, C.7 and C.8.
In the case of products ordered with restricted requirements regarding the scatter bands of the
hardness values obtained by the Jominy test, that is, when the steel name or number is supplemented by
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
the symbols “+HH” or “+HL”, the above hardness values shall conform to the values given in Tables B.7
and C.9.
NOTE 1 The symbol “+HH” denotes that the upper limit of the scatter band coincides with the upper limit for
the corresponding steel “+H”.
NOTE 2 The symbol “+HL” denotes that the lower limit of the scatter band coincides with the lower limit for
the corresponding steel “+H”.
NOTE 3 For hardenability by calculation and for verification of hardenability, see 10.3.
The austenizing temperatures for the Jominy test are given in Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9.
7.1.4.3 In the case of steels for quenching and tempering (see Annex C) ordered with core hardening
requirements, that is, when the steel names or number are supplemented by the symbol “+CH”, the
minimum core hardness shall conform to the values given in Table C.10.
At least 90 % of the structure shall be martensite.
7.2 Grain size
Steels of Annexes B and C (except the non-alloy grades C35EC to C45RC) shall have a fine grain structure
with an austenite grain size number of 5 or finer. For verification, see E.2.
For steels of Annex A, the non-alloy grades C35EC to C45RC of Annex C and the steels of Annex D, unless
otherwise agreed, the austenitic grain size is left to the manufacturer’s discretion.
7.3 Carbide spheroidization (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
If carbide spheroidization is requested, reference shall be made to E.3.
7.4 Non-metallic inclusions
7.4.1 Microscopic inclusions (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C)
The special steels shall have a certain degree of cleanness. However, verification of the non-metallic
inclusion content requires a special agreement. For such an agreement, see E.4.
7.4.2 Macroscopic inclusions
This requirement is applicable to the verification of the macroscopic inclusions in special steels. If
verification is agreed, the method and acceptance limits shall be agreed at the time of enquiry and
order.
7.5 Internal soundness
Wire rod, bars and wire shall be free from internal defects, which can cause an adverse effect on
products during cold heading or cold extrusion or during heat treatment.
Where appropriate, non-destructive testing relating to the internal soundness of the products shall be
agreed at the time of enquiry and order, see 10.5.
7.6 Aptitude to cold forming
A test for verification of the aptitude of products to cold forming may be carried out if agreed at the
time of enquiry and order with reference to 10.4
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
7.7 Surface quality
7.7.1 General
All products shall have a smooth surface finish appropriate to the manufacturing process applied. For
hot-rolled products, minor surface imperfections, which can occur also under normal manufacturing
conditions, such as prints originating from rolled-in scale, shall not be regarded as defects. It is more
difficult to detect and eliminate surface discontinuities from coiled products than from cut lengths.
This should be taken into account when agreements on surface quality are made.
7.7.2 Wire rod (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
Wire rod shall meet surface quality requirements in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class D. For
certain higher applications, quality class E in accordance with ISO 9443 is appropriate and may be
agreed at the time of enquiry and order.
7.7.3 Bars (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
Bars shall meet surface quality requirements in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class D. Conformity
to surface quality in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class E may be agreed at the time of enquiry and
order. When the diameter of the product is greater than the maximum diameter specified in ISO 9443
for the surface quality class concerned, the maximum permissible depth of surface defects on the
product shall not be greater than that specified for this maximum diameter.
7.7.4 Wire rod and bars for stainless steels (only applicable for steels of Annex D)
Wire rod is normally supplied in the pickled condition. Mechanical descaling (sandblasting) can
also be used, in which case a subsequent treatment in a pickling solution shall be carried out unless
otherwise agreed. Particular processes such as peeling or shaving may also be applied, subject to
specific agreement at the time of enquiry and order. For an agreement concerning the maximum depth
of surface discontinuities, see E.5.
7.7.5 Bright products
For wire, the permissible depth of surface discontinuities shall be in proportion to the reduction of the
diameter during cold drawing. Depending on the starting material for cold drawn products, the same
requirements apply as specified in 7.7.2 and 7.7.4.
Cold drawn bars shall be delivered with the surface quality class 1 and peeled/turned bars shall be
delivered with surface quality class 3 in accordance with ISO 683-18:2014, Table 4.
7.7.6 Removal of surface defects
Removal of surface defects and imperfections is only permitted after approval from the purchaser.
7.7.7 Non-destructive testing of the surface
A non-destructive testing of the surface with magnetic particle inspection can be agreed at the time of
enquiry and order, see 10.5.
7.8 Decarburization (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C)
Bars and wire rod with as-rolled surface of steels specified in Tables B.2, C.2 and C.3 and wire,
independent of the heat treatment condition, shall be free from complete decarburization.
For bars and wire rod with as-rolled surface and wire partial decarburization (ferrite-pearlite), E is
admissible provided that it does not exceed the following limits. For diameters d≤ 10 mm, the maximum
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
permissible depth of decarburization is E = 0,07 mm. For diameters greater than 10 mm, the maximum
permissible depth of decarburization is E = 0,007 d.
For cold drawn products with diameters greater than 5 mm, the limits of partial decarburization shall
be the same as those for hot-rolled products. For cold drawn products with diameter less than 5 mm,
the permissible depth of partial decarburization shall be reduced in function of the reduction of the
diameter during the cold drawing.
Peeled/turned bars, wire rod and wire shall be free of decarburization.
If, in special cases, the purchaser requests other values (e.g. bars annealed in an atmosphere that is
not controlled the depth of decarburization) for partial decarburization, those values shall be agreed
at the time of enquiry and order with reference to E.6. Testing for decarburization should also be done
according to E.6.
7.9 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels
Tests for the determination of corrosion resistance of stainless steels of Annex D may be agreed at the
time of enquiry and order with reference to E.7.
7.10 Shape, dimensions and tolerances
The shape, dimensions and tolerances of the products shall conform to the requirements agreed at the
time of enquiry and order. The agreements shall be based on corresponding International Standards:
ISO 683-18, ISO 1035-1, ISO 1035-2, ISO 1035-3, ISO 1035-4, ISO 16124 and ISO 22034-2, or on other
suitable regional standards.
8 Inspection
8.1 Testing procedures and types of documents
8.1.1 Products conforming to this document shall be ordered and delivered with one of the inspection
documents as specified in ISO 10474 or another comparable national standard, such as EN 10204 or
JIS G 0415. The type of document shall be agreed upon at the time of enquiry and order. If the order
does not contain any specification of this type, a test report 2.2 shall be issued.
8.1.2 If, in accordance with th
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4954
Fifth edition
2022-06
Steels for cold heading and cold
extruding
Aciers pour transformation à froid et extrusion à froid
Reference number
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
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Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Classification and designation . 3
4.1 Classification . 3
4.2 Designation . 3
5 Information to be supplied by the purchaser . 3
5.1 Mandatory information . 3
5.2 Options and/or supplementary or special requirements . 4
5.3 Ordering example. 5
6 Manufacturing process . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Deoxidation. 5
6.3 Heat-treatment condition and surface condition at delivery . 5
6.3.1 Heat-treatment condition . 5
6.3.2 Particular surface conditions . 5
6.4 Traceability of the cast . 6
6.5 Statistical evaluation . 6
7 Requirements . 6
7.1 Chemical composition, mechanical properties and hardenability . 6
7.1.1 General . 6
7.1.2 Chemical composition . . 6
7.1.3 Mechanical properties . . 8
7.1.4 Hardenability (only applicable to steel grades of Annexes B and C). 8
7.2 Grain size . 9
7.3 Carbide spheroidization (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C). 9
7.4 Non-metallic inclusions . 9
7.4.1 Microscopic inclusions (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C) . 9
7.4.2 Macroscopic inclusions . 9
7.5 Internal soundness . 9
7.6 Aptitude to cold forming . 9
7.7 Surface quality . 10
7.7.1 General . 10
7.7.2 Wire rod (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C) . 10
7.7.3 Bars (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C) . 10
7.7.4 Wire rod and bars for stainless steels (only applicable for steels of Annex D). 10
7.7.5 Bright products . . 10
7.7.6 Removal of surface defects . 10
7.7.7 Non-destructive testing of the surface . 10
7.8 Decarburization (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C) . 10
7.9 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . 11
7.10 Shape, dimensions and tolerances . 11
8 Inspection .11
8.1 Testing procedures and types of documents. 11
8.2 Summary of specific inspection and frequency of testing .12
9 Preparation of samples and test pieces .13
9.1 Selection and preparation of samples for product analysis .13
9.2 Selection and preparation of samples and test pieces for the mechanical test .13
10 Test methods .14
10.1 Chemical analysis . 14
iii
10.2 Mechanical tests . 14
10.3 Hardenability and core hardness tests . 14
10.3.1 Verification of hardenability . 14
10.3.2 Verification of core hardness . 14
10.4 Aptitude to cold forming . 14
10.4.1 Upsetting test for non-alloy and alloy steels of Annexes A, B and C . 14
10.4.2 Upsetting test for stainless steels of Annex D . 15
10.5 Non-destructive testing . 15
10.6 Visual and dimensional test . 15
10.7 Retests . 15
11 Surface treatment, marking and packaging .15
11.1 Surface treatment and temporary corrosion protection . 15
11.2 Marking . 15
11.3 Packaging . 16
Annex A (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding steels not
intended for heat treatment after cold working .17
Annex B (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding case-
hardening steels .21
Annex C (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding steels for
quenching and tempering .33
Annex D (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding stainless
steels .51
Annex E (normative) Supplementary or special requirements .59
Annex F (informative) Designation of steels given in Annexes A, B, C and D and the
comparable grades covered in various designation systems .63
Bibliography .67
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 4, Heat
treatable and alloy steels.
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 4954:2021), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes are as follows:
— the wording in 5.2 c) was corrected;
— in Table F.1 the steel numbers in column 6 were corrected for steel grades 17Cr3, 10NiCr5-4 and
X3NiCr18-16 and the steel number for steel grade 20MnB5 was added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4954:2022(E)
Steels for cold heading and cold extruding
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for non-alloy and alloy steels that are intended for cold heading
or cold extruding and are delivered as wire rods, wire or bars. It also contains specific requirements
for:
— steels not intended for heat treatment, with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex A);
— case-hardening steels with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex B);
— steels for quenching and tempering, including boron-alloyed steels (see Table C.3), with diameters
from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex C);
— stainless steels with diameters of 0,8 mm up to 50 mm for austenitic steels, up to 25 mm for ferritic
steels and up to 100 mm for martensitic steels (see Annex D).
This document (except Annex A) is applicable to the properties of cold-headed or cold-extruded parts
which have been subjected to a subsequent heat treatment. As the properties of the parts in the cold-
headed or cold-extruded, and subsequently not-heat-treated condition, are largely dependent on the
applied cold-heading or cold-extruding conditions, these are, if necessary, subject to agreement between
the purchaser and the manufacturer of the parts.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 377, Steel and steel products — Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical
testing
ISO 404, Steel and steel products — General technical delivery requirements
ISO 642, Steel — Hardenability test by end quenching (Jominy test)
ISO 643, Steels — Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size
ISO 683-1, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 1: Non-alloy steels for quenching
and tempering·
ISO 683-2, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 2: Alloy steels for quenching and
tempering
ISO 683-3, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 3: Case-hardening steels
ISO 683-18:2014, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 18: Bright steel products
ISO 1035-1, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 1: Dimensions of round bars
ISO 1035-2, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 2: Dimensions of square bars
ISO 1035-3, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 3: Dimensions of flat bars
ISO 1035-4, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 4: Tolerances
ISO 3651-2, Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels — Part 2:
Ferritic,austenitic and ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels — Corrosion test in media containing
sulfuric acid
ISO 3887, Steels — Determination of the depth of decarburization
ISO 4885, Ferrous materials — Heat treatments — Vocabulary
ISO 4948-1, Steels — Classification — Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based
on chemical composition
ISO 4948-2, Steels — Classification — Part 2: Classification of unalloyed and alloy steels according to main
quality classes and main property or application characteristics
ISO/TS 4949, Steel names based on letter symbols
ISO 4967:2013, Steel — Determination of content of non-metallic inclusions — Micrographic method using
standard diagrams
ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO 6929, Steel products — Vocabulary
ISO 9443, Surface quality classes for hot-rolled bars and wire rod
ISO 9934-1, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 10474, Steel and steel products — Inspection documents
ISO 14284, Steel and iron — Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical
composition
ISO 15549, Non-destructive testing — Eddy current testing — General principles
ISO 16124, Steel wire rod — Dimensions and tolerances
ISO 16143-2, Stainless steels for general purposes — Part 2: Corrosion-resistant semi-finished products,
bars, rods and sections
ISO 22034-2, Steel wire and wire products — Part 2: Tolerances on wire dimensions
EN 10204, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
JIS G 0415, Steel and steel products —Inspection documents
JIS G 0555:2015, Microscopic testing method for the non-metallic inclusions in steel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 377, ISO 683-1, ISO 683-2,
ISO 683-3, ISO 683-18, ISO 4885, ISO 4948-1, ISO 4948-2, ISO 6929, ISO 14284, ISO 16143-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bright steel product
drawn or peeled/turned bar with smoother surface quality and better dimensional accuracy in
comparison with a hot-rolled bar
3.2
drawn product
product of various cross-sectional shapes obtained, after descaling, by cold drawing of hot-rolled bars
or wire rod, on a drawing bench (cold deformation without removing material)
Note 1 to entry: This operation gives the product special features with respect to shape, dimensional accuracy
and surface finish. Products in lengths are delivered straightened, products of small cross-section may also be
supplied in coils.
3.3
peeled/turned product
steel bar of circular cross-section having the same features of drawn products (3.2) concerning shape,
dimensional accuracy and bright surface finish but without work hardening
Note 1 to entry: They are produced by peeling on a peeling machine usually followed by straightening and by
polishing. The removal of metal by peeling is carried out in such a way that the bright product is generally free
from surface defects and decarburization coming from the hot-rolling process.
4 Classification and designation
4.1 Classification
The classification of the relevant steel grades shall be in accordance with ISO 4948-1 and ISO 4948-2.
All steel grades mentioned in this document are special steels in accordance with ISO 4948-2.
The steels not intended for heat treatment after cold forming (see Annex A) are non-alloy steels.
The case-hardening steel grades (see Annex B) are alloy steels, except steel grades C10E2C to C20E2C.
The steel grades for quenching and tempering (see Annex C) are alloy steel grades, except steel grades
C35EC to C45RC.
The steel stainless steel grades (see Annex D) are classified according to their microstructures.
4.2 Designation
For the steel grades covered by this document, the steel names as given in the relevant tables shall be
allocated in accordance with ISO/TS 4949.
Annex F provides a list of steels given in Annexes A, B, C and D and the comparable grades covered in
various designation systems.
5 Information to be supplied by the purchaser
5.1 Mandatory information
The manufacturer shall obtain the following information from the purchaser at the time of enquiry and
order:
a) the quantity to be delivered (mass, length);
b) the product form (round bar, wire rod, wire);
c) the nominal diameter and the tolerances on dimensions and shape of the product with reference to
the relevant International Standard;
d) for bars, the length; and for wire rod and wire, the dimensions, i.e. inner diameter and mass of the
coils;
e) reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4954;
f) the designation of the steel grade given in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2;
g) if applicable, the symbol for the required heat-treatment condition, see Tables A.3, B.3 to B.7, C.4 to
C.10 and D.3 to D.6;
h) standard designation for a test report 2.2 or, if required, any other type of inspection document in
accordance with ISO 10474.
5.2 Options and/or supplementary or special requirements
A number of options are specified in this document and listed below. If the purchaser does not indicate
a wish to implement any of these options, the products will be supplied in accordance with the basic
specifications of this document (see 5.1).
a) Any requirement for the hardenability (+H, +HH, +HL) of case-hardening steels of Annex B and
of steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C and for the core hardening (+CH) of steels for
quenching and tempering of Annex C, see 7.1.4.
b) Verification of hardenability and, if agreed, information about the calculation of the hardenability
for the case-hardening steels of Annex B and for the steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C,
see 10.3.1.
c) If another surface condition than hot-rolled or a special surface quality is required, for the surface
condition, see Table 1, and for the surface quality E for bars and wire rod, see 7.7.2 and 7.7.3.
d) Any requirement relating to the removal of surface defects, see 7.7.6.
e) Any requirement for the verification of the surface quality, see 7.7.5.
f) Any requirement for a product analysis, see 7.1.2.2.
g) Any requirement for the verification of the fine grain structure, see E.2, of case-hardening steels of
Annex B and of steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C.
h) Carbide spheroidization, see 7.3, and any requirement for the verification of the carbide
spheroidization, see E.3.
i) Any requirement for the verification of the non-metallic inclusions of case-hardening steels of
Annex B and of steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C, see 7.4 and E.4.
j) Internal soundness and any requirements for non-destructive testing, see 7.5 and 10.5.
k) Verification of aptitude to cold forming, see 7.6 and 10.4.
l) Maximum depth of surface discontinuities for stainless steels, see 7.7.4 and E.5.
m) Any requirement concerning non-destructive testing of the surface, see 7.7.7 and 10.5.
n) Depth of decarburization, see 7.8, and any requirements for testing the depth of decarburization,
see E.6.
o) Corrosion resistance of stainless steel products and any requirements for resistance to
intergranular corrosion, see E.7.
p) Any requirement concerning surface treatment and temporary corrosion protection, see 11.1.
q) Any special requirements concerning special or additional marking, see 11.2.
r) Any special requirements concerning packaging, see 11.3.
s) Statistical evaluation, see 6.5.
5.3 Ordering example
EXAMPLE 50 t round bars with a nominal diameter of 40 mm and a nominal length of 6 000 mm with
diameter tolerance according to class S and with length tolerance according to class L2 of ISO 1035-4 made
of steel grade ISO 4954, 42CrMo4 in the heat-treatment condition +AC+PE (see Table C.5), with hardenability
requirement +H (see Table C.7) and product analysis with an inspection certificate 3.1 in accordance with
ISO 10474.
50 t round bars ISO 1035-4 – 40,0S × 6 000L2
ISO 4954, 42CrMo4+AC+PE+H – product analysis
ISO 10474 – 3.1
6 Manufacturing process
6.1 General
The manufacturing process of the steel and of the products is, with the restrictions given by the
requirements in 6.2 to 6.4, left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
6.2 Deoxidation
All steels shall be deoxidized. The steels not intended for heat treatment (see Annex A) are aluminium
or silicon killed. By agreement, aluminium may be replaced by another suitable element having a similar
effect.
6.3 Heat-treatment condition and surface condition at delivery
6.3.1 Heat-treatment condition
Treatment and heat-treatment condition shall conform to one of the conditions indicated in Tables A.1,
B.1, C.1 and D.1.
Bright steel products in cold drawn or peeled/turned condition are coated with a light film of grease
from processing. For bright steel products in a finally heat-treated condition, the manufacturer chooses
the rust protection after heat treatment.
The usual light application of ordinary grease or oil does not afford positive protection against rusting,
particularly in the presence of condensation water. Any surface treatment that can facilitate subsequent
cold heading and cold extrusion or partially delay any formation of rust shall, if required, be agreed at
the time of enquiry and order, see 11.1.
6.3.2 Particular surface conditions
If so agreed at the time of enquiry and order, the products shall be delivered in one of the particular
surface conditions given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Surface condition at delivery
Surface condition at delivery Symbol Bar Wire rod Wire
Unless otherwise agreed as-rolled none or +AR x x —
cold drawn +C x — x
Particular surface conditions
skin passed +LC x — x
supplied by agreement
peeled +PE x x x
6.4 Traceability of the cast
Each product shall be traceable to the cast, see 11.2.
6.5 Statistical evaluation
Suppliers are responsible, using the means they think fit, for inspecting their product in accordance
with various quality criteria specified. In view of the practical difficulties in inspecting a coil of wire
rod along its entire length, it cannot be proved that no value greater than the specified limits is to be
found in the coil as a whole. Statistical evaluation of performances applicable to all coils may be agreed
between the purchaser and the manufacturer at the time of ordering.
7 Requirements
7.1 Chemical composition, mechanical properties and hardenability
7.1.1 General
Wire rod, bars and wire shall be supplied in one of the delivery conditions as indicated in Tables A.1,
B.1, C.1 and D.1 as agreed at the time of enquiry and order. These tables show the combinations of usual
heat-treatment conditions at delivery, product forms and applicable requirements.
In addition to this document, the general technical delivery requirements of ISO 404 are applicable.
7.1.2 Chemical composition
7.1.2.1 The chemical composition determined by cast analysis shall conform to the values in
Tables A.2, B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2.
In cases where steels for case hardening or for quenching and tempering are ordered with hardenability
requirements in accordance with Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9, a deviation of the cast analysis
with respect to the values indicated in Tables B.2, C.2 and C.3 is admissible, taking into account the
prescriptions given in footnote b) of those tables. In any case, however, the deviations in the product
analysis in relation to the specified limits of cast analysis shall not exceed the values indicated in
Table 2.
7.1.2.2 Permissible deviations between the limiting values for cast analysis and the values for
product analysis are given in Tables 2 and 3. The product analysis shall be carried out when specified at
the time of the enquiry and order.
Table 2 — Permissible deviations between product analysis and the limiting values of the cast
analysis specified in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2 and C.3
Elements Limiting values of the cast Permissible deviation for
(heat) analysis the product analysis
a
% mass fraction % mass fraction
For non-alloy and alloy steel grades of Annexes A, B and C
C ≤0,50 ±0,02
Si ≤1,00 ±0,03
≤1,00 ±0,04
Mn
> 1,00 ≤ 1,45 ±0,06
P ≤0,025 +0,005
b
S ≤0,040 +0,005
Cr ≤1,70 ±0,05
≤1,00 ±0,03
Ni
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,05
≤0,30 ±0,03
Mo
> 0,30 ≤ 0,50 ±0,04
Al ≤0,060 ±0,005
B ≤0,005 0 ±0,000 3
Cu ≤0,25 +0,03
a
± means that in one heat the deviation of the product analysis for a given element may occur over the
upper value or under the lower value of the specified range of the cast analysis, but not both at the same
time.
b
For steels with a specified sulfur range (0,020 % to 0,035 % or 0,040 %) according to cast analysis, the
permissible deviation is ±0,005 %.
Table 3 — Permissible deviations between product analysis and the limiting values of the cast
analysis specified in Table D.2
Elements Limiting values of the cast Permissible deviation for
(heat) analysis the product analysis
a
% mass fraction % mass fraction
For stainless steel grades of Annex D
≤0,030 +0,005
C
> 0,030 ≤ 0,15 ±0,01
≤1,00 +0,05
Si
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,10
≤1,00 +0,03
Mn
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,04
P ≤0,045 +0,005
≤0,015 +0,003
S
> 0,015 ≤ 0,030 ±0,005
a
± means that in one heat the deviation of the product analysis for a given element may occur over the
upper value or under the lower value of the specified range of the cast analysis, but not both at the same
time.
Table 3 (continued)
Elements Limiting values of the cast Permissible deviation for
(heat) analysis the product analysis
a
% mass fraction % mass fraction
≥ 11,5 < 15,0 ±0,15
Cr ≥ 15,0 ≤ 20,0 ±0,20
> 20,0 ≤ 23,0 ±0,25
≤1,00 +0,03
> 1,00 ≤ 5,0 ±0,07
Ni > 5,0 ≤ 10,0 ±0,10
> 10,0 ≤ 20,0 ±0,15
> 20,0 ≤ 27,0 ±0,20
<1,75 ±0,05
Mo
≥ 1,75 ≤ 3,5 ±0,10
N ≤0,22 ±0,02
Al ≤0,35 +0,10
B > 0,001 ≤ 0,010 ±0,000 5
≤1,00 +0,04
Cu
> 1,00 ≤ 4,0 ±0,10
≤1,00 ±0,05
Ti
> 1,00 ≤ 2,35 ±0,07
V ≤0,50 ±0,03
a
± means that in one heat the deviation of the product analysis for a given element may occur over the
upper value or under the lower value of the specified range of the cast analysis, but not both at the same
time.
7.1.3 Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of the products, to be determined by the tensile test (and, as an option,
either by end quench test hardenability requirements or by core hardening requirements for steels of
Annexes B and C) and by consideration of the delivery conditions of Tables A.1, B.1, C.1 and D.1 and of
the surface condition of Table 1, shall conform to Tables A.3, B.3, B.4, B.5, C.4, C.5, C.6, D.3, D.4, D.5 and
D.6.
7.1.4 Hardenability (only applicable to steel grades of Annexes B and C)
7.1.4.1 Where the steel is not ordered with hardenability or core hardening requirements, the
requirements for mechanical properties apply as given in Tables B.3, B.4, B.5, C.4, C.5 and C.6. In this
case, the hardenability values given in Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9 and the core hardness values in
Table C.10 are for guidance purposes only.
7.1.4.2 In the case of products ordered with standard requirements regarding hardenability, that is,
when the steel names or numbers are supplemented by the symbol “+H”, the hardness values obtained
in the end quench test (Jominy test) shall conform to the values given in Tables B.6, C.7 and C.8.
In the case of products ordered with restricted requirements regarding the scatter bands of the
hardness values obtained by the Jominy test, that is, when the steel name or number is supplemented by
the symbols “+HH” or “+HL”, the above hardness values shall conform to the values given in Tables B.7
and C.9.
NOTE 1 The symbol “+HH” denotes that the upper limit of the scatter band coincides with the upper limit for
the corresponding steel “+H”.
NOTE 2 The symbol “+HL” denotes that the lower limit of the scatter band coincides with the lower limit for
the corresponding steel “+H”.
NOTE 3 For hardenability by calculation and for verification of hardenability, see 10.3.
The austenizing temperatures for the Jominy test are given in Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9.
7.1.4.3 In the case of steels for quenching and tempering (see Annex C) ordered with core hardening
requirements, that is, when the steel names or number are supplemented by the symbol “+CH”, the
minimum core hardness shall conform to the values given in Table C.10.
At least 90 % of the structure shall be martensite.
7.2 Grain size
Steels of Annexes B and C (except the non-alloy grades C35EC to C45RC) shall have a fine grain structure
with an austenite grain size number of 5 or finer. For verification, see E.2.
For steels of Annex A, the non-alloy grades C35EC to C45RC of Annex C and the steels of Annex D, unless
otherwise agreed, the austenitic grain size is left to the manufacturer’s discretion.
7.3 Carbide spheroidization (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
If carbide spheroidization is requested, reference shall be made to E.3.
7.4 Non-metallic inclusions
7.4.1 Microscopic inclusions (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C)
The special steels shall have a certain degree of cleanness. However, verification of the non-metallic
inclusion content requires a special agreement. For such an agreement, see E.4.
7.4.2 Macroscopic inclusions
This requirement is applicable to the verification of the macroscopic inclusions in special steels. If
verification is agreed, the method and acceptance limits shall be agreed at the time of enquiry and
order.
7.5 Internal soundness
Wire rod, bars and wire shall be free from internal defects, which can cause an adverse effect on
products during cold heading or cold extrusion or during heat treatment.
Where appropriate, non-destructive testing relating to the internal soundness of the products shall be
agreed at the time of enquiry and order, see 10.5.
7.6 Aptitude to cold forming
A test for verification of the aptitude of products to cold forming may be carried out if agreed at the
time of enquiry and order with reference to 10.4
7.7 Surface quality
7.7.1 General
All products shall have a smooth surface finish appropriate to the manufacturing process applied. For
hot-rolled products, minor surface imperfections, which can occur also under normal manufacturing
conditions, such as prints originating from rolled-in scale, shall not be regarded as defects. It is more
difficult to detect and eliminate surface discontinuities from coiled products than from cut lengths.
This should be taken into account when agreements on surface quality are made.
7.7.2 Wire rod (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
Wire rod shall meet surface quality requirements in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class D. For
certain higher applications, quality class E in accordance with ISO 9443 is appropriate and may be
agreed at the time of enquiry and order.
7.7.3 Bars (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
Bars shall meet surface quality requirements in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class D. Conformity
to surface quality in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class E may be agreed at the time of enquiry and
order. When the diameter of the product is greater than the maximum diameter specified in ISO 9443
for the surface quality class concerned, the maximum permissible depth of surface defects on the
product shall not be greater than that specified for this maximum diameter.
7.7.4 Wire rod and bars for stainless steels (only applicable for steels of Annex D)
Wire rod is normally supplied in the pickled condition. Mechanical descaling (sandblasting) can
also be used, in which case a subsequent treatment in a pickling solution shall be carried out unless
otherwise agreed. Particular processes such as peeling or shaving may also be applied, subject to
specific agreement at the time of enquiry and order. For an agreement concerning the maximum depth
of surface discontinuities, see E.5.
7.7.5 Bright products
For wire, the permissible depth of surface discontinuities shall be in proportion to the reduction of the
diameter during cold drawing. Depending on the starting material for cold drawn products, the same
requirements apply as specified in 7.7.2 and 7.7.4.
Cold drawn bars shall be delivered with the surface quality class 1 and peeled/turned bars shall be
delivered with surface quality class 3 in accordance with ISO 683-18:2014, Table 4.
7.7.6 Removal of surface defects
Removal of surface defects and imperfections is only permitted after approval from the purchaser.
7.7.7 Non-destructive testing of the surface
A non-destructive testing of the surface with magnetic particle inspection can be agreed at the time of
enquiry and order, see 10.5.
7.8 Decarburization (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C)
Bars and wire rod with as-rolled surface of steels specified in Tables B.2, C.2 and C.3 and wire,
independent of the heat-treatment condition, shall be free from complete decarburization.
For bars and wire rod with as-rolled surface and wire partial decarburization (ferrite-pearlite), E is
admissible provided that it does not exceed the following limits. For diameters d ≤ 10 mm, the maximum
permissible depth of decarburization is E = 0,07 mm. For diameters greater than 10 mm, the maximum
permissible depth of decarburization is E = 0,007 d.
For cold drawn products with diameters greater than 5 mm, the limits of partial decarburization shall
be the same as those for hot-rolled products. For cold drawn products with diameter less than 5 mm,
the permissible depth of partial decarburization shall be reduced in function of the reduction of the
diameter during the cold drawing.
Peeled/turned bars, wire rod and wire shall be free of decarburization.
If, in special cases, the purchaser requests other values (e.g. bars annealed in an atmosphere that is
not controlled the depth of decarburization) for partial decarburization, those values shall be agreed
at the time of enquiry and order with reference to E.6. Testing for decarburization should also be done
according to E.6.
7.9 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels
Tests for the determination of corrosion resistance of stainless steels of Annex D may be agreed at the
time of enquiry and order with reference to E.7.
7.10 Shape, dimensions and tolerances
The shape, dimensions and tolerances of the products shall conform to the requirements agreed at the
time of enquiry and order. The agreements shall be based on corresponding International Standards:
ISO 683-18, ISO 1035-1, ISO 1035-2, ISO 1035-3, ISO 1035-4, ISO 16124 and ISO 22034-2, or on other
suitable regional standards.
8 Inspection
8.1 Testing procedures and types of documents
8.1.1 Products conforming to this document shall be ordered and delivered with one of the inspection
documents as specified in ISO 10474 or another comparable national standard, such as EN 10204 or
JIS G 0415. The type of document shall be agreed upon at the time of enquiry and order. If the order
does not contain any specification of this type, a test report 2.2 shall be issued.
8.1.2 If, in accordance with the agreements made at the time of enquiry and order, a test report 2.2 is
to be provided, this shall cover the following information:
a) confirmation that the material conforms to the requirements of the order;
b) results of the cast analysis for all elements specified in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2 for the steel
grade concerned.
8.1.3 If, in accordance with the agreements in the order, an inspection certificate 3.1 or 3.2, is to be
provided, the specific inspections and tests described in 8.2 and Clause 10 shall be carried out and the
results shall be confirmed in the inspection certificate.
In addition, the inspection certificate shall cover:
...
ISO/TC 17/SC 4
Date: 2022-01-0102-14
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Secretariat: DIN
Steels for cold heading and cold extruding
Aciers pour transformation à froid et extrusion à froid
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no
part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without
prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 3
4 Classification and designation . 3
4.1 Classification . 3
4.2 Designation . 4
5 Information to be supplied by the purchaser . 4
5.1 Mandatory information . 4
5.2 Options and/or supplementary or special requirements . 4
5.3 Ordering example . 5
6 Manufacturing process . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Deoxidation . 6
6.3 Heat-treatment condition and surface condition at delivery . 6
6.3.1 Heat-treatment condition . 6
6.3.2 Particular surface conditions . 6
6.4 Traceability of the cast . 7
6.5 Statistical evaluation . 7
7 Requirements . 7
7.1 Chemical composition, mechanical properties and hardenability . 7
7.1.1 General . 7
7.1.2 Chemical composition . 7
7.1.3 Mechanical properties . 9
7.1.4 Hardenability (only applicable to steel grades of Annexes B and C) . 9
7.2 Grain size . 10
7.3 Carbide spheroidization (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C) . 10
7.4 Non-metallic inclusions . 10
7.4.1 Microscopic inclusions (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C) . 10
7.4.2 Macroscopic inclusions . 10
7.5 Internal soundness . 10
7.6 Aptitude to cold forming . 10
7.7 Surface quality . 10
7.7.1 General . 10
7.7.2 Wire rod (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C) . 10
7.7.3 Bars (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C) . 11
7.7.4 Wire rod and bars for stainless steels (only applicable for steels of Annex D) . 11
7.7.5 Bright products . 11
7.7.6 Removal of surface defects . 11
7.7.7 Non-destructive testing of the surface . 11
7.8 Decarburization (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C) . 11
7.9 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels . 12
7.10 Shape, dimensions and tolerances . 12
8 Inspection . 12
8.1 Testing procedures and types of documents . 12
8.2 Summary of specific inspection and frequency of testing . 12
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
9 Preparation of samples and test pieces . 13
9.1 Selection and preparation of samples for product analysis . 13
9.2 Selection and preparation of samples and test pieces for the mechanical test . 14
10 Test methods . 15
10.1 Chemical analysis . 15
10.2 Mechanical tests . 15
10.3 Hardenability and core hardness tests . 15
10.3.1 Verification of hardenability . 15
10.3.2 Verification of core hardness . 15
10.4 Aptitude to cold forming . 15
10.4.1 Upsetting test for non-alloy and alloy steels of Annexes A, B and C . 15
10.4.2 Upsetting test for stainless steels of Annex D . 16
10.5 Non-destructive testing . 16
10.6 Visual and dimensional test . 16
10.7 Retests . 16
11 Surface treatment, marking and packaging . 16
11.1 Surface treatment and temporary corrosion protection . 16
11.2 Marking . 16
11.3 Packaging . 17
Annex A (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding steels not
intended for heat treatment after cold working . 18
Annex B (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding case-
hardening steels . 23
Annex C (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding steels for
quenching and tempering . 34
Annex D (normative) Specific requirements for cold heading and cold extruding stainless
steels . 52
Annex E (normative) Supplementary or special requirements . 60
Annex F (informative) Designation of steels given in Annexes A, B, C and D and the
comparable grades covered in various designation systems . 64
Bibliography . 69
iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 17, Steel, Subcommittee SC 4, Heat
treatable and alloy steels.
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 4954:2021), of which it constitutes a minor
revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the wording in 5.2 c) was corrected;
— in Table F.1 the steel numbers in column 6 were corrected for steel grades 17Cr3, 10NiCr5-4 and
X3NiCr18-16 were corrected and the steel number for stellsteel grade20MnB5 was added;
— editorial corrections.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org/members.html.www.iso.org/members.html.
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Steels for cold heading and cold extruding
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for non-alloy and alloy steels that are intended for cold heading or
cold extruding and are delivered as wire rods, wire or bars. It also contains specific requirements for:
— steels not intended for heat treatment, with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex A);
— case-hardening steels with diameters from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex B);
— steels for quenching and tempering, including boron alloyed steels (see Table C.3), with diameters
from 2 mm to 100 mm (see Annex C);
— stainless steels with diameters of 0,8 mm up to 50 mm for austenitic steels, up to 25 mm for ferritic
steels and up to 100 mm for martensitic steels (see Annex D).
This document (except Annex A) is applicable to the properties of cold-headed or cold-extruded parts
which have been subjected to a subsequent heat treatment. As the properties of the parts in the cold-
headed or cold-extruded, and subsequently not-heat-treated condition, are largely dependent on the
applied cold-heading or cold-extruding conditions, these are, if necessary, subject to agreement between
the purchaser and the manufacturer of the parts.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 377, Steel and steel products — Location and preparation of samples and test pieces for mechanical
testing
ISO 404, Steel and steel products — General technical delivery requirements
ISO 642, Steel — Hardenability test by end quenching (Jominy test)
ISO 643, Steels — Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size
ISO 683-1, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 1: Non-alloy steels for quenching
and tempering·
ISO 683-2, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 2: Alloy steels for quenching and
tempering
ISO 683-3, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 3: Case-hardening steels
ISO 683-18:2014, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels — Part 18: Bright steel products
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
ISO 1035-1, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 1: Dimensions of round bars
ISO 1035-2, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 2: Dimensions of square bars
ISO 1035-3, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 3: Dimensions of flat bars
ISO 1035-4, Hot-rolled steel bars — Part 4: Tolerances
ISO 3651-2, Determination of resistance to intergranular corrosion of stainless steels — Part 2:
Ferritic,austenitic and ferritic-austenitic (duplex) stainless steels — Corrosion test in media containing
sulfuric acid
ISO 3887, Steels — Determination of the depth of decarburization
ISO 4885, Ferrous materials — Heat treatments — Vocabulary
ISO 4948-1, Steels — Classification — Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based
on chemical composition
ISO 4948-2, Steels — Classification — Part 2: Classification of unalloyed and alloy steels according to main
quality classes and main property or application characteristics
ISO/TS 4949, Steel names based on letter symbols
ISO 4967:2013, Steel — Determination of content of non-metallic inclusions — Micrographic method using
standard diagrams
ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO 6929, Steel products — Vocabulary
ISO 9443, Surface quality classes for hot-rolled bars and wire rod
ISO 9934-1, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 10474, Steel and steel products — Inspection documents
ISO 14284, Steel and iron — Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of chemical
composition
ISO 15549, Non-destructive testing — Eddy current testing — General principles
ISO 16124, Steel wire rod — Dimensions and tolerances
ISO 16143-2, Stainless steels for general purposes — Part 2: Corrosion-resistant semi-finished products,
bars, rods and sections
ISO 22034-2, Steel wire and wire products — Part 2: Tolerances on wire dimensions
EN 10204, Metallic products — Types of inspection documents
JIS G 0415, Steel and steel products —Inspection documents
ii2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
JIS G 0555:2015, Microscopic testing method for the non-metallic inclusions in steel
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 377, ISO 683-1, ISO 683-2,
ISO 683-3, ISO 683-18, ISO 4885, ISO 4948-1, ISO 4948-2, ISO 6929, ISO 14284, ISO 16143-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
bright steel product
drawn or peeled/turned bar with smoother surface quality and better dimensional accuracy in
comparison with a hot-rolled bar
3.2
drawn product
product of various cross-sectional shapes obtained, after descaling, by cold drawing of hot-rolled bars or
wire rod, on a drawing bench (cold deformation without removing material)
Note 1 to entry: This operation gives the product special features with respect to shape, dimensional accuracy
and surface finish. Products in lengths are delivered straightened, products of small cross-section may also be
supplied in coils.
3.3
peeled/turned product
steel bar of circular cross-section having the same features of drawn products (3.2) concerning shape,
dimensional accuracy and bright surface finish but without work hardening
Note 1 to entry: They are produced by peeling on a peeling machine usually followed by straightening and by
polishing. The removal of metal by peeling is carried out in such a way that the bright product is generally free from
surface defects and decarburization coming from the hot-rolling process.
4 Classification and designation
4.1 Classification
The classification of the relevant steel grades shall be in accordance with ISO 4948-1 and ISO 4948-2.
All steel grades mentioned in this document are special steels in accordance with ISO 4948-2.
The steels not intended for heat treatment after cold forming (see Annex A) are non-alloy steels.
The case hardening steel grades (see Annex B) are alloy steels, except steel grades C10E2C to C20E2C.
The steel grades for quenching and tempering (see Annex C) are alloy steel grades, except steel grades
C35EC to C45RC.
The steel stainless steel grades (see Annex D) are classified according to their microstructures.
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
4.2 Designation
For the steel grades covered by this document, the steel names as given in the relevant tables shall be
allocated in accordance with ISO/TS 4949.
Annex F provides a list of steels given in Annexes A, B, C and D and the comparable grades covered in
various designation systems.
5 Information to be supplied by the purchaser
5.1 Mandatory information
The manufacturer shall obtain the following information from the purchaser at the time of enquiry and
order:
a) the quantity to be delivered (mass, length);
b) the product form (round bar, wire rod, wire);
c) the nominal diameter and the tolerances on dimensions and shape of the product with reference to
the relevant International Standard;
d) for bars, the length; and for wire rod and wire, the dimensions, i.e. inner diameter and mass of the
coils;
e) reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4954;
f) the designation of the steel grade given in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2;
g) if applicable, the symbol for the required heat-treatment condition, see Tables A.3, B.3 to B.7, C.4 to
C.10 and D.3 to D.6;
h) standard designation for a test report 2.2 or, if required, any other type of inspection document in
accordance with ISO 10474.
5.2 Options and/or supplementary or special requirements
A number of options are specified in this document and listed below. If the purchaser does not indicate a
wish to implement any of these options, the products will be supplied in accordance with the basic
specifications of this document (see 5.1).
a) Any requirement for the hardenability (+H, +HH, +HL) of case hardening steels of Annex B and of
steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C and for the core hardening (+CH) of steels for
quenching and tempering of Annex C, see 7.1.4.
b) Verification of hardenability and, if agreed, information about the calculation of the hardenability for
the case hardening steels of Annex B and for the steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C, see
10.3.1.
c) If another surface condition than hot-rolled or a special surface quality is required, for the surface
condition, see Table 1, and for the surface quality E for bars and wire rod, see 7.7.2 and 7.7.3.
d) Any requirement relating to the removal of surface defects, see 7.7.6.
e) Any requirement for the verification of the surface quality, see 7.7.5.
iv4 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
f) Any requirement for a product analysis, see 7.1.2.2.
g) Any requirement for the verification of the fine grain structure, see E.2, of case hardening steels of
Annex B and of steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C.
h) Carbide spheroidization, see 7.3, and any requirement for the verification of the carbide
spheroidization, see E.3.
i) Any requirement for the verification of the non-metallic inclusions of case hardening steels of
Annex B and of steels for quenching and tempering of Annex C, see 7.4 and E.4.
j) Internal soundness and any requirements for non-destructive testing, see 7.5 and 10.5.
k) Verification of aptitude to cold forming, see 7.6 and 10.4.
l) Maximum depth of surface discontinuities for stainless steels, see 7.7.4 and E.5.
m) Any requirement concerning non-destructive testing of the surface, see 7.7.7 and 10.5.
n) Depth of decarburization, see 7.8, and any requirements for testing the depth of decarburization, see
E.6.
o) Corrosion resistance of stainless steel products and any requirements for resistance to intergranular
corrosion, see E.7.
p) Any requirement concerning surface treatment and temporary corrosion protection, see 11.1.
q) Any special requirements concerning special or additional marking, see 11.2.
r) Any special requirements concerning packaging, see 11.3.
s) Statistical evaluation, see 6.5.
5.3 Ordering example
EXAMPLE 50 t round bars with a nominal diameter of 40 mm and a nominal length of 6 000 mm with diameter
tolerance according to class S and with length tolerance according to class L2 of ISO 1035-4 made of steel grade
ISO 4954, 42CrMo4 in the heat-treatment condition +AC+PE (see Table C.5), with hardenability requirement +H
(see Table C.7) and product analysis with an inspection certificate 3.1 in accordance with ISO 10474.
50 t round bars ISO 1035-4 – 40,0S × 6 000L2
ISO 4954, 42CrMo4+AC+PE+H – product analysis
ISO 10474 – 3.1
6 Manufacturing process
6.1 General
The manufacturing process of the steel and of the products is, with the restrictions given by the
requirements in 6.2 to 6.4, left to the discretion of the manufacturer.
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
6.2 Deoxidation
All steels shall be deoxidized. The steels not intended for heat treatment (see Annex A) are aluminium or
silicon killed. By agreement, aluminium may be replaced by another suitable element having a similar
effect.
6.3 Heat-treatment condition and surface condition at delivery
6.3.1 Heat-treatment condition
Treatment and heat-treatment condition shall conform to one of the conditions indicated in Tables A.1,
B.1, C.1 and D.1.
Bright steel products in cold drawn or peeled/turned condition are coated with a light film of grease from
processing. For bright steel products in a finally heat-treated condition, the manufacturer chooses the
rust protection after heat treatment.
The usual light application of ordinary grease or oil does not afford positive protection against rusting,
particularly in the presence of condensation water. Any surface treatment that can facilitate subsequent
cold heading and cold extrusion or partially delay any formation of rust shall, if required, be agreed at the
time of enquiry and order, see 11.1.
6.3.2 Particular surface conditions
If so agreed at the time of enquiry and order, the products shall be delivered in one of the particular
surface conditions given in Table 1.
vi6 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Table 1 — Surface condition at delivery
Surface condition at delivery Symbol Bar Wire rod Wire
Unless otherwise agreed as-rolled none or +AR x x —
cold drawn +C x — x
Particular surface conditions
skin passed +LC x — x
supplied by agreement
peeled +PE x x x
6.4 Traceability of the cast
Each product shall be traceable to the cast, see 11.2.
6.5 Statistical evaluation
Suppliers are responsible, using the means they think fit, for inspecting their product in accordance with
various quality criteria specified. In view of the practical difficulties in inspecting a coil of wire rod along
its entire length, it cannot be proved that no value greater than the specified limits is to be found in the
coil as a whole. Statistical evaluation of performances applicable to all coils may be agreed between the
purchaser and the manufacturer at the time of ordering.
7 Requirements
7.1 Chemical composition, mechanical properties and hardenability
7.1.1 General
Wire rod, bars and wire shall be supplied in one of the delivery conditions as indicated in Tables A.1, B.1,
C.1 and D.1 as agreed at the time of enquiry and order. These tables show the combinations of usual heat-
treatment conditions at delivery, product forms and applicable requirements.
In addition to this document, the general technical delivery requirements of ISO 404 are applicable.
7.1.2 Chemical composition
7.1.2.1 The chemical composition determined by cast analysis shall conform to the values in Tables A.2,
B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2.
In cases where steels for case hardening or for quenching and tempering are ordered with hardenability
requirements in accordance with Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9, a deviation of the cast analysis with
respect to the values indicated in Tables B.2, C.2 and C.3 is admissible, taking into account the
prescriptions given in footnote b) of those tables. In any case, however, the deviations in the product
analysis in relation to the specified limits of cast analysis shall not exceed the values indicated in Table 2.
7.1.2.2 Permissible deviations between the limiting values for cast analysis and the values for product
analysis are given in Tables 2 and 3. The product analysis shall be carried out when specified at the time
of the enquiry and order.
Table 2 — Permissible deviations between product analysis and the limiting values of the cast
analysis specified in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2 and C.3
Elements Limiting values of the cast Permissible deviation for
(heat) analysis the product analysis
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
a
% mass fraction % mass fraction
For non-alloy and alloy steel grades of Annexes A, B and C
C ≤0,50 ±0,02
Si ≤1,00 ±0,03
≤1,00 ±0,04
Mn
> 1,00 ≤ 1,45 ±0,06
P ≤0,025 +0,005
b
S ≤0,040 +0,005
Cr ≤1,70 ±0,05
≤1,00 ±0,03
Ni
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,05
≤0,30 ±0,03
Mo
> 0,30 ≤ 0,50 ±0,04
Al ≤0,060 ±0,005
B ≤0,005 0 ±0,000 3
Cu ≤0,25 +0,03
a
± means that in one heat the deviation of the product analysis for a given element may occur over the upper
value or under the lower value of the specified range of the cast analysis, but not both at the same time.
b
For steels with a specified sulfur range (0,020 % to 0,035 or 0,040 %) according to cast analysis, the
permissible deviation is ±0,005 %.
Table 3 — Permissible deviations between product analysis and the limiting values of the cast
analysis specified in Table D.2
Elements Limiting values of the cast Permissible deviation for
(heat) analysis the product analysis
a
% mass fraction % mass fraction
For stainless steel grades of Annex D
≤0,030 +0,005
C
> 0,030 ≤ 0,15 ±0,01
≤1,00 +0,05
Si
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,10
≤1,00 +0,03
Mn
> 1,00 ≤ 2,00 ±0,04
P ≤0,045 +0,005
≤0,015 +0,003
S
> 0,015 ≤ 0,030 ±0,005
≥ 11,5 < 15,0 ±0,15
Cr ≥ 15,0 ≤ 20,0 ±0,20
> 20,0 ≤ 23,0 ±0,25
Ni ≤1,00 +0,03
viii8 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
> 1,00 ≤ 5,0 ±0,07
> 5,0 ≤ 10,0 ±0,10
> 10,0 ≤ 20,0 ±0,15
> 20,0 ≤ 27,0 ±0,20
<1,75 ±0,05
Mo
≥ 1,75 ≤ 3,5 ±0,10
N ≤0,22 ±0,02
Al ≤0,35 +0,10
B > 0,001 ≤ 0,010 ±0,000 5
≤1,00 +0,04
Cu
> 1,00 ≤ 4,0 ±0,10
≤1,00 ±0,05
Ti
> 1,00 ≤ 2,35 ±0,07
V ≤0,50 ±0,03
a
± means that in one heat the deviation of the product analysis for a given element may occur over the upper
value or under the lower value of the specified range of the cast analysis, but not both at the same time.
7.1.3 Mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of the products, to be determined by the tensile test (and, as an option, either
by end quench test hardenability requirements or by core hardening requirements for steels of
Annexes B and C) and by consideration of the delivery conditions of Tables A.1, B.1, C.1 and D.1 and of
the surface condition of Table 1, shall conform to Tables A.3, B.3, B.4, B.5, C.4, C.5, C.6, D.3, D.4, D.5 and
D.6.
7.1.4 Hardenability (only applicable to steel grades of Annexes B and C)
7.1.4.1 Where the steel is not ordered with hardenability or core hardening requirements, the
requirements for mechanical properties apply as given in Tables B.3, B.4, B.5, C.4, C.5 and C.6. In this case,
the hardenability values given in Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9 and the core hardness values in
Table C.10 are for guidance purposes only.
7.1.4.2 In the case of products ordered with standard requirements regarding hardenability, that is,
when the steel names or numbers are supplemented by the symbol “+H”, the hardness values obtained
in the end quench test (Jominy test) shall conform to the values given in Tables B.6, C.7 and C.8.
In the case of products ordered with restricted requirements regarding the scatter bands of the hardness
values obtained by the Jominy test, that is, when the steel name or number is supplemented by the
symbols “+HH” or “+HL”, the above hardness values shall conform to the values given in Tables B.7 and
C.9.
NOTE 1 The symbol “+HH” denotes that the upper limit of the scatter band coincides with the upper limit for the
corresponding steel “+H”.
NOTE 2 The symbol “+HL” denotes that the lower limit of the scatter band coincides with the lower limit for the
corresponding steel “+H”.
NOTE 3 For hardenability by calculation and for verification of hardenability, see 10.3.
The austenizing temperatures for the Jominy test are given in Tables B.6, B.7, C.7, C.8 and C.9.
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
7.1.4.3 In the case of steels for quenching and tempering (see Annex C) ordered with core hardening
requirements, that is, when the steel names or number are supplemented by the symbol “+CH”, the
minimum core hardness shall conform to the values given in Table C.10.
At least 90 % of the structure shall be martensite.
7.2 Grain size
Steels of Annexes B and C (except the non-alloy grades C35EC to C45RC) shall have a fine grain structure
with an austenite grain size number of 5 or finer. For verification, see E.2.
For steels of Annex A, the non-alloy grades C35EC to C45RC of Annex C and the steels of Annex D, unless
otherwise agreed, the austenitic grain size is left to the manufacturer’s discretion.
7.3 Carbide spheroidization (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
If carbide spheroidization is requested, reference shall be made to E.3.
7.4 Non-metallic inclusions
7.4.1 Microscopic inclusions (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C)
The special steels shall have a certain degree of cleanness. However, verification of the non-metallic
inclusion content requires a special agreement. For such an agreement, see E.4.
7.4.2 Macroscopic inclusions
This requirement is applicable to the verification of the macroscopic inclusions in special steels. If
verification is agreed, the method and acceptance limits shall be agreed at the time of enquiry and order.
7.5 Internal soundness
Wire rod, bars and wire shall be free from internal defects, which can cause an adverse effect on products
during cold heading or cold extrusion or during heat treatment.
Where appropriate, non-destructive -testing relating to the internal soundness of the products shall be
agreed at the time of enquiry and order, see 10.5.
7.6 Aptitude to cold forming
A test for verification of the aptitude of products to cold forming may be carried out if agreed at the time
of enquiry and order with reference to 10.4
7.7 Surface quality
7.7.1 General
All products shall have a smooth surface finish appropriate to the manufacturing process applied. For
hot-rolled products, minor surface imperfections, which can occur also under normal manufacturing
conditions, such as prints originating from rolled-in scale, shall not be regarded as defects. It is more
difficult to detect and eliminate surface discontinuities from coiled products than from cut lengths. This
should be taken into account when agreements on surface quality are made.
7.7.2 Wire rod (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
Wire rod shall meet surface quality requirements in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class D. For certain
higher applications, quality class E in accordance with ISO 9443 is appropriate and may be agreed at the
time of enquiry and order.
x10 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
7.7.3 Bars (only applicable for steels of Annexes A, B and C)
Bars shall meet surface quality requirements in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class D. Conformity to
surface quality in accordance with ISO 9443 quality class E may be agreed at the time of enquiry and
order. When the diameter of the product is greater than the maximum diameter specified in ISO 9443 for
the surface quality class concerned, the maximum permissible depth of surface defects on the product
shall not be greater than that specified for this maximum diameter.
7.7.4 Wire rod and bars for stainless steels (only applicable for steels of Annex D)
Wire rod is normally supplied in the pickled condition. Mechanical descaling (sandblasting) can also be
used, in which case a subsequent treatment in a pickling solution shall be carried out unless otherwise
agreed. Particular processes such as peeling or shaving may also be applied, subject to specific agreement
at the time of enquiry and order. For an agreement concerning the maximum depth of surface
discontinuities, see E.5.
7.7.5 Bright products
For wire, the permissible depth of surface discontinuities shall be in proportion to the reduction of the
diameter during cold drawing. Depending on the starting material for cold drawn products, the same
requirements apply as specified in 7.7.2 and 7.7.4.
Cold drawn bars shall be delivered with the surface quality class 1 and peeled/turned bars shall be
delivered with surface quality class 3 in accordance with ISO 683-18:2014, Table 4.
7.7.6 Removal of surface defects
Removal of surface defects and imperfections is only permitted after approval from the purchaser.
7.7.7 Non-destructive testing of the surface
A non-destructive testing of the surface with magnetic particle inspection can be agreed at the time of
enquiry and order, see 10.5.
7.8 Decarburization (only applicable for steels of Annexes B and C)
Bars and wire rod with as-rolled surface of steels specified in Tables B.2, C.2 and C.3 and wire,
independent of the heat treatment condition, shall be free from complete decarburization.
For bars and wire rod with as-rolled surface and wire partial decarburization (ferrite-pearlite), E is
admissible provided that it does not exceed the following limits. For diameters d≤ 10 mm, the maximum
permissible depth of decarburization is E = 0,07 mm. For diameters greater than 10 mm, the maximum
permissible depth of decarburization is E = 0,007 d.
For cold drawn products with diameters greater than 5 mm, the limits of partial decarburization shall be
the same as those for hot-rolled products. For cold drawn products with diameter less than 5 mm, the
permissible depth of partial decarburization shall be reduced in function of the reduction of the diameter
during the cold drawing.
Peeled/turned bars, wire rod and wire shall be free of decarburization.
If, in special cases, the purchaser requests other values (e.g. bars annealed in an atmosphere that is not
controlled the depth of decarburization) for partial decarburization, those values shall be agreed at the
time of enquiry and order with reference to E.6. Testing for decarburization should also be done
according to E.6.
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
7.9 Corrosion resistance of stainless steels
Tests for the determination of corrosion resistance of stainless steels of Annex D may be agreed at the
time of enquiry and order with reference to E.7.
7.10 Shape, dimensions and tolerances
The shape, dimensions and tolerances of the products shall conform to the requirements agreed at the
time of enquiry and order. The agreements shall be based on corresponding International Standards:
ISO 683-18, ISO 1035-1, ISO 1035-2, ISO 1035-3, ISO 1035-4, ISO 16124 and ISO 22034-2, or on other
suitable regional standards.
8 Inspection
8.1 Testing procedures and types of documents
8.1.1 Products conforming to this document shall be ordered and delivered with one of the inspection
documents as specified in ISO 10474 or another comparable national standard, such as EN 10204 or
JIS G 0415. The type of document shall be agreed upon at the time of enquiry and order. If the order does
not contain any specification of this type, a test report 2.2 shall be issued.
8.1.2 If, in accordance with the agreements made at the time of enquiry and order, a test report 2.2 is
to be provided, this shall cover the following information:
a) confirmation that the material conforms to the requirements of the order;
b) results of the cast analysis for all elements specified in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2 for the steel
grade concerned.
8.1.3 If, in accordance with the agreements in the order, an inspection certificate 3.1 or 3.2, is to be
provided, the specific inspections and tests described in 8.2 and Clause 10 shall be carried out and the
results shall be confirmed in the inspection certificate.
In addition, the inspection certificate shall cover:
a) confirmation that the material conforms to the requirements of the order;
b) results of the cast analysis for all elements specified in in Tables A.2, B.2, C.2, C.3 and D.2 for the steel
grade concerned;
c) results of all mandatory and optional inspections and tests (see Table 4);
d) the symbol, letters or numbers relating the inspection certificate, test pieces and products to each
other.
8.2 Summary of specific inspection and frequency of testing
The requirements for specific inspection for steels for cold heading and cold extrusion are given in
Table 4.
Table 4 — Specific inspection and frequency of inspection of steels for cold heading and cold
extrusion
xii12 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/FDIS 4954:2022(E)
Inspection requirements Frequency of testing Applicable for
steels according
d
to Annex
Type of test Subclause Test Number of Number of A B C D
a
reference unit samples per test pieces
test unit per sample
1 Cast analysis 7.1.2 and C the cast analysis is given by the m m m m
10.1 manufacturer
2 Tensile test 7.1.3 and 1 for each 1 m m m m
Mandatory 10.2 C + D + T 15 tons with a
tests maximum of 3
3 Surface Clause 7 C + D + T at the — m m m m
condition and and 10.4 manufacturer’s
dimensions discretion
4 Verification of 7.1.4 and C 1 per cast 1 — o o —
hardenability or 10.3
of core hardness
5 Product analysis 7.1.2, 9.1, C 1 per cast 1 o o o o
10.1
6 Fine grain 7.2 and E.3 C 1 per cast 1 — o o —
structure
7 Carbide 7.3 and E.4 C + D + T 1 for each 1 o o o —
spheroidization 15 tons with a
maximum of 3
c b b
Optional 8 Non-metallic 7.4 and E.5 C — o o —
tests inclusions
c b b
9 NDT-testing 7.5, 7.7.7 C o o o o
and 10.5
c b b
10 Aptitude of cold 7.6 and C — — — o
forming 10.4
11 Decarburization 7.8 and E.6 C + D + T 1 for each 1 — o o —
15 tons with a
maximum of 3
c b b
12 Resistance to 7.9 and E.7 C — — — o
intergranular
corrosion
a
The tests shall be carried out separately for each cast as indicated by “C”, — for each dimension as indicated by “D” — and
for each treatment batch as indicated by “T”. Wire rod, bars and wire for which the ratio of nominal section does not exceed
3:1 may be grouped in a single test unit. In cases where heat treatment is performed as a continuous process the symbol “T”
denotes that the tests are to be carried out for each 25 ton or fraction thereof.
b
Shall be agreed
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