ISO 18754:2013
(Main)Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of density and apparent porosity
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of density and apparent porosity
ISO 18754:2013 specifies methods for the determination of the apparent solid density, bulk density, apparent density and geometric bulk density of fine ceramics.
Céramiques techniques — Détermination de la masse volumique et de la porosité apparente
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18754
Second edition
2013-03-01
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics,
advanced technical ceramics) —
Determination of density and
apparent porosity
Céramiques techniques — Détermination de la masse volumique et de
la porosité apparente
Reference number
ISO 18754:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
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ISO 18754:2013(E)
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ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18754:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Methods by impregnation with liquid . 2
4.1 Apparatus . 2
4.2 Test specimen . 2
4.3 Procedure . 3
4.4 Accuracy of mass measurement . . 4
4.5 Expression of results . 5
5 Determination of geometric bulk density by measurement of dimensions and mass
(method C) . 5
5.1 Principle . 5
5.2 Apparatus . 6
5.3 Test pieces . 6
5.4 Procedure . 6
5.5 Results . 7
6 Test report . 7
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ISO 18754:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 18754 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18754:2003), which has been
technically revised.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18754:2013(E)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Determination of density and apparent porosity
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies methods for the determination of the apparent solid density, bulk
density, apparent density and geometric bulk density of fine ceramics.
NOTE These methods are not appropriate for the determination of an apparent porosity greater than 10 %.
For materials with higher porosity, the accuracy of the measurement may not be satisfactory. The method may
also not give a satisfactory open porosity result if it is less than 0,5 %
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 386:1977, Liquid-in-glass laboratory thermometers — Principles of design, construction and use
ISO 758:1976, Liquid chemical products for industrial use — Determination of density at 20 degrees C
ISO 13385-1:2011, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment —
Part 1: Callipers; Design and metrological characteristics
EN 1006:2009, Advanced technical ceramics — Monolithic ceramics — Guidance on the selection of test
pieces for the evaluation of properties
ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
open pores
pores that are penetrated by an immersion liquid, or that are connected to the atmosphere, either
directly or via one another
3.2
closed pores
pores that are not penetrated by the immersion liquid, or that are not connected to the atmosphere
3.3
bulk volume
the sum of the respective volumes of the solid material, the open pores and the closed pores
3.4
apparent solid volume
the sum of the respective volumes of the solid material and the closed pores
3.5
apparent solid density
the ratio of the mass of the dry material to its apparent solid volume
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ISO 18754:2013(E)
3.6
bulk density
the ratio of the mass of the dry material to its bulk volume
3.7
apparent porosity
the ratio of the volume of the open pores in a body to its bulk volume
3.8
theoretical density
TD
density of pore-free material
3.9
geometric bulk density
the mass per unit total volume of a material including all porosity accessible and inaccessible from the
surface, the volume being calculated from linear dimensions
4 Methods by impregnation with liquid
4.1 Apparatus
4.1.1 Drying oven, capable of being controlled at 110 °C ± 5 °C.
4.1.2 Balance, accurate to 0,1 mg for a test specimen under 10 g and 0,001 % of the mass of a test
specimen for a specimen over 10 g.
4.1.3 Heating apparatus, in which the specimen may be boiled.
4.1.4 Thermometer, in accordance with ISO 386 with an accuracy of ± 1 °C.
4.1.5 Immersion liquid, distilled water or de-ionized water may be used for materials that do not react
with water. For materials that are sensitive to contact with water, a suitable organic liquid shall be used.
4.1.6 Halter or basket, capable of supporting the test pieces in liquid in order to take suspended mass
measurements.
4.1.7 Suspending wire, of diameter not more than 0,25 mm. The wire should be cleaned and de-
greased. Where specimens of small mass are used, the suspending wire having a smaller diameter or the
addition of a dilute solution of a suitable surfactant is recommended, because the error caused by the
surface tension of the liquid on the wire cannot be neglected.
4.1.8 Evacuating equipment, (in the vacuum method) capable of reducing the pressure to a value not
greater than 2,5 kPa, and with a means of measuring the pressure used.
4.2 Test specimen
3
The volume of each specimen shall be not less than 0,1 cm .
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ISO 18754:2013(E)
When the volume of each individual test specimen is less than this value, a sufficient number of test
specimens shall be taken so that the total volume of the specimens reaches the minimum of volume. In
3
this case, the volume of each individual test specimen shall be not less than 0,04 cm .
3
NOTE In the case where the volume of test specimen is less than 0,04 cm , a geometric measurement for the
machined specimen may be used only for the determination of bulk density. For the determination of the bulk
density and apparent porosity, mercury porosimetry may be applied. However, a combination of a stereological
measurement on a polished surface of the test specimen by microscopy is recommended for the reliability.
Any dust and chips liable to become detached during further handling shall be removed from the surface
of each test piece.
Test specimens shall have smooth surfaces to sponge out droplets of the immersion liquid from the
surface, since roughness limits the accuracy of the mass of the soaked test specimen.
4.3 Procedure
4.3.1 General
Drying in a desiccator (see 4.3.2) and the procedure according to 4.3.3, 4.3.4 and 4.3.6 shall only be
carried out if the test specimen has open porosity, i.e. the density is less than 95 % of the theoretic
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