ISO/TR 14933:2012
(Main)Road vehicles — Test procedures for evaluating out-of-position vehicle occupant interactions with deploying side air bags
Road vehicles — Test procedures for evaluating out-of-position vehicle occupant interactions with deploying side air bags
ISO/TR 14933:2012 outlines test procedures for evaluating the effects of the interactions between deploying side air bags (SAB) and vehicle occupants. ISO/TR 14933:2012 describes dummies, procedures, instrumentation and test configurations that can be used for investigating the interactions that occur between a deploying side air bag and a vehicle occupant in front and rear seats.
Véhicules routiers — Méthodes d'essai pour l'évaluation des interactions d'un occupant en position anormale dans un véhicule avec les sacs gonflables latéraux en cours de déploiement
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 14933
Second edition
2012-12-15
Road vehicles — Test procedures for
evaluating out-of-position vehicle
occupant interactions with deploying
side air bags
Véhicules routiers — Méthodes d’essai pour l’évaluation des
interactions d’un occupant en position anormale dans un véhicule
avec les sacs gonflables latéraux en cours de déploiement
Reference number
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Definitions . 1
4 Tests . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Test device . 2
5 Instrumentation . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Dummy test temperature . 3
5.3 Electrical grounding . 3
6 Air bag location/impacting object/other test matrix . 3
7 Test details . 5
7.1 Test procedures referenced in other ISO international standards . 5
7.2 Child and small adult out-of-position static tests. . 5
Bibliography .18
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from
that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may
decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical
Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are
considered to be no longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 14933 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 10,
Impact test procedures.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 14933:2001), which has been
technically revised.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
Introduction
Side air bags (SAB) are inflatable devices intended to help reduce the risk of injury to the head and/or
the chest and/or the pelvis of vehicle occupants adjacent to the impacted side of the vehicle. Side impact
accident data indicate that the vehicle side is most likely to come into contact with a passenger car, a
1)
truck or a fixed object, such as a pole or tree . Accident data also indicate that serious-to-fatal injuries
in side impact are most likely to occur to the head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis and extremities.
During its inflation process in an accident, an air bag generates a considerable amount of kinetic energy
and, as a result, substantial forces can be developed between the deploying air bag and the nearby
occupant. A considerable but unknown portion of the occupant population does not drive/ride in exactly
the vehicle design position, but lean/rest in various ways against the armrest, door, glazing or other
side panel of the vehicle, where air bag reaction forces may be even greater. These test procedures were
developed to help improve the understanding of such interactions and to help aid in the assessment of
future air bag designs.
This Technical Report describes the more common interactions, recognizing that the range of possible
interactions is essentially limitless.
[1] [5] [6]
References to provide some background on human impact tolerance and criteria, while references
[7] [8] [10]
and describe scaling techniques for different size occupants and references to offer interpretations
of dummy responses relative to human injury potential that may be helpful in the evaluation.
1) The vehicle side may also come into contact with the ground during rollovers, but such contact is generally
expected to be less severe than when coming into contact with the three main objects mentioned above.
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
Road vehicles — Test procedures for evaluating out-of-
position vehicle occupant interactions with deploying
side air bags
1 Scope
This Technical Report outlines test procedures for evaluating the effects of the interactions between
deploying side air bags (SAB) and vehicle occupants. The in-position test procedures are referred to in
other ISO international standards, such as, full-vehicle pole crash tests (ISO 15829) and instrumented
arm evaluations (ISO 15827). Out-of-position vehicle occupant test procedures are described in this
Technical Report.
This Technical Report describes dummies, procedures, instrumentation and test configurations that
can be used for investigating the interactions that occur between a deploying side air bag and a vehicle
occupant in front and rear seats. Air bags may deploy from the door or side trim panel, the armrest, the
seat back or cushion, the roof support pillars, and the roof rail area. Occupants can range in size from
young children through very large adults. These test procedures are sufficiently broad to cover these
areas. Static tests are used for these evaluations, since external forces do not accelerate the vehicle buck.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6487:2012, Road vehicles — Measurement techniques in impact tests — Instrumentation
ISO/TR 12349 (all parts):1999, Road vehicles — Dummies for restraint system testing
ISO/TR 15827:2007, Road vehicles — Test procedures — Evaluating small female dummy arm and forearm
interactions with driver frontal airbags and side airbags
ISO/TR 15829:2004, Road vehicles — Side impact test procedures for the evaluation of occupant interactions
with side airbags by pole impact simulation
SAE J211-1:2007, Instrumentation for impact test — Part 1: Electronic instrumentation
SAE J211-2:2008, Instrumentation for impact test — Part 2: Photographic instrumentation
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.
3.1
side air bag
SAB
air bag designed primarily to help reduce occupant injury potential where the significant collision force
vector is lateral
3.2
head air bag
air bag that deploys between the occupant’s head and the vehicle side structure or an external object
that could contact the head
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
3.3
chest (thoracic) air bag
air bag that deploys between the occupants upper torso and the vehicle side structure
3.4
pelvic air bag
air bag that deploys between the occupant’s pelvis/thigh area and the vehicle side structure
3.5
combination air bag
air bag that deploys to help protect two or more occupants’ body areas
EXAMPLE A head and chest combination air bag.
3.6
out-of-position occupant
occupant who is seated within the deployment area of a side air bag (for side impact collisions)
3.7
instrumented arm
upper and/or lower arm that fits on a production dummy, with accelerometers and/or load cells to
help measure the interactive forces, accelerations and moments on the upper extremities during air
bag deployment
3.8
rigid pole
vertically-oriented circular, rigid pole-like structure, beginning no more than 100 mm above the ground,
and extending above the roof of the impacting vehicle
Note 1 to entry: See ISO 3560 and ISO 15829.
3.9
seat bight
seat back/seat cushion junction
4 Tests
4.1 General
Tests described in this Technical Report should be selected to produce the most comprehensive
assessment of the occupant protection system in out-of-position conditions. Additional tests may need
to be conducted with slight modifications of the dummy positioning to help ensure the robustness of the
occupant interaction measurements.
4.2 Test device
4.2.1 General
Refer to Tables 2 and 3 for the dummies that are appropriate for use in this Technical Report. These
dummies are referenced in ISO/TR 12349 (all parts).
The dummy’s head skin should be cleaned with alcohol and dusted with baby powder to achieve
acceptable frictional characteristics.
4.2.2 SID-IIs
The SID-IIs represents a 50th percentile 12 to 13 year old adolescent or small adult generic dummy
designed to indicate injury potential to the head, neck, shoulder, arm, chest, abdomen, lumbar spine,
pelvis, thighs and legs as described in Part 572. The SID-IIs has been fully evaluated and has been adopted
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
[11] [13]
into ISO/TR 12349 for use. See references to for instrumentation details. It was specifically
[11] [13]
designed to help evaluate the injury potential of side air bags to.
5 Instrumentation
5.1 General
Measurements, possibly applicable to air bag testing, that can be made using the approved
anthropomorphic test device for each age group are contained in ISO/TR 12349. All measurements
should be recorded and filtered according to the latest version of ISO 6487 and SAE J211 for body regions.
These measurements should be continuous functions of time, so that other quantities referred to in
the references may be derived. Caution must be exercised with dummy compression measurements. In
some of these tests, the rate of loading may be high enough to cause discontinuities in the compression
data of the SID-IIs.
Monitor the air bag deployment and dummy interactions by high-speed cameras (or equivalent video
equipment) operating at a minimum speed of 1000 frames per second (3000 fps is recommended). The
cameras should be positioned so that the field-of-view encompasses the test setup and includes the
anticipated movement of the dummy during the test.
5.2 Dummy test temperature
The test dummy temperature should be within a temperature range of 20,6 °C to 22,2 °C at a relative
humidity to 10 % to 70 % after a soak period of at least 4 h prior to its application in a test, or that
specified for the dummy by the manufacturer.
5.3 Electrical grounding
The test dummy, vehicle and all related instrumentation must be grounded to the data collection system.
The test dummy shall be grounded with cables attached to the dummy’s head, thorax and pelvis, which
shall be connected to earth ground during all testing. Between tests, spray the dummy with an anti-
static spray. These are both very important due to the high likelihood for electrostatic discharges as a
result of the inflating air bag.
6 Air bag location/impacting object/other test matrix
The vehicle-to-fixed pole crash test procedure was selected in Table 1 instead of a dynamic side impact
crash test or high-hooded vehicle simulation crash test. The rationale is that a pole crash test is the
most severe and produces the highest dummy interaction responses. Additionally, a pole test presents
the greatest challenge for designing the side air bag sensor system. The child/adult out-of-position and
instrumented arm interaction tests are shown in Tables 2 and 3 for front and rear seating positions.
Table 1 — Pole test matrix
Seat position
Air bag types Foremost Mid Rearmost
Seat X X X
Door X X X
Roof-rail X X X
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
Table 2 — Side air bag OOP summary test matrix for driver seat (small – large adults)
Air Bag Types Test Devices Test Positions Body Regions
SID-IIs, with ½ Arm
(If same air bag as
7.2.8.1 – Inboard facing, leaning Head, Neck, Thoracic,
passenger, tests may
against door Abdominal
Seat Mount be conducted in either
position.)
SID-IIs, with
7.1.2.1 – Arm on armrest Arm
Instrumented Arm
SID-IIs, with ½ Arm
(If same air bag as
7.2.7.1 – Forward facing against door Neck, Thoracic,
passenger, tests may
trim Abdominal
Door Mount
be conducted in either
position.)
SID-IIs with
7.1.2.1 – Arm on armrest Arm
Instrumented Arm
SID-IIs, with ½ Arm
or Hybrid III Small
Female
7.2.7.2 – Forward facing, against door
Roof-Rail Mount Head, Neck
(If same air bag as
trim, seat highest position
passenger, tests may
be conducted in either
position.)
Table 3 — Side air bag summary test matrix for front passenger and rear seats (children – adults)
Air Bag Types Test Devices Test Positions Body Regions
7.2.2.1 – Child on booster seat facing Head, Neck, Thoracic,
forward leaning against door trim Abdominal
3-year-old Child 7.2.3 – Facing rearward leaning
Head, Neck, Thoracic
Hybrid III against door
7.2.6.2 – Lying across seat, head on
Head, Neck
door trim, wedge support
Seat Mount
6-year-old Child 7.2.2.2 – Child on booster seat facing Head, Neck, Thoracic,
Hybrid III forward leaning against door trim Abdominal
Head, Neck, Thoracic,
SID-IIs, with ½ Arm 7.2.8.1 – Inboard facing against door
Abdominal
SID-IIs, with Instru-
7.1.2.1 – Arm on armrest Arm
mented Arm
7.2.4 – Outboard facing, leaning
Head, Neck, Thoracic
against door trim
7.2.5.1 – Inboard facing, leaning back
Head, Neck
3-year-old Child against door trim
Hybrid III 7.2.6.1 – Lying across seat, head
Head, Neck
against door trim
Door/Quarter
Panel Mount
7.2.6.2 – Lying across seat, head on
Head, Neck
door trim, wedge support
7.2.7.1 – Forward facing against door Neck, Thoracic,
SID-IIs, with ½ Arm
trim Abdominal
SID-IIs, with
7.1.2.1 – Arm on armrest Arm
Instrumented Arm
4 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
Table 3 (continued)
Air Bag Types Test Devices Test Positions Body Regions
6-year-old Child
7.2.5.2 – Inboard facing, leaning back
Head, Neck
against door, seated on booster
Hybrid III
Roof-Rail
7.2.7.2 – Forward facing against door
Head, Neck
Mount SID-IIs, with ½ Arm
trim, seat highest position
or Hybrid III Small
7.2.8.2 – Facing inboard against door,
Female
Head, Neck
seat highest position
7 Test details
7.1 Test procedures referenced in other ISO international standards
7.1.1 Dynamic vehicle-to-pole crash test
Refer to Table 1 and the ISO 15829 test procedure.
7.1.2 Instrumented arm static test procedure
Refer to Tables 2 and 3 and ISO/TR 15827for test matrices.
7.1.2.1 Elbow on armrest
Refer to the ISO/TR 15827 test procedure.
7.2 Child and small adult out-of-position static tests.
7.2.1 General
These tests have been developed to help evaluate the inflation induced injury potential of side air bags.
The test dummy positions were developed to both block the deployment path of the side air bags and
also to position the measurement systems of the dummy in the path of the deployment of the air bags.
The tests are conducted in a static mode. Evaluations should be conducted with representative seats and
door trim panels located in the vehicle design position.
Tests are conducted with the seat in its rearmost seat track and its full-down position, unless otherwise
specified. Position the seat back to manufacturer’s design angle or 25 degrees. The headrest is adjusted
to its full-down position. The upper safety belt anchor adjustment is set to its highest position. All
windows on the inflation side should be in the closed position, unless otherwise specified.
To aid in the dummy positioning, identify and mark the centreline of the seat back and seat cushion.
Additionally, draw a horizontal line locating the top edge of the side air bag module, line A.
In vehicles with more than one type of side air bag system per seating position, the evaluations should
be conducted individually and as a system.
7.2.2 Child on booster seat facing forward leaning against the door trim panel
These positions are for seat-mounted air bag systems (Table 3). The intention of this test is to maximize
the head/neck interaction by aligning the neck with the top of the side air bag module. Modifications
may have to be made to this procedure to achieve this goal. The test is conducted using both the 3-year-
old and 6-year-old child Hybrid-III dummies as described in Part 572.
The booster seat foam block dimensions are 300 mm deep by 450 mm wide by 75 mm thick. The foam
has a density of 40 g/l-80 g/l. A typical foam material is expanded polypropylene (EPP).
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
Locate and mark on the seat cushion two points for heel placement at 75 mm from the centreline of the
seat and 20 mm to 50 mm from the leading edge of seat cushion.
Center the foam block on seat cushion extending it over the cushion bolsters and in contact with seat
back bolsters. Do not tape or otherwise attach the booster to the seat.
The dummy channels recommended to be measured are: head acceleration (Ax, Ay, Az), head angular
acceleration (1), upper neck forces and moments (Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz), lower neck forces and moments
(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz), chest acceleration (Ax, Ay, Az) and pelvic acceleration (Ax, Ay, Az). The air bag
data channels (optional) are: module force (1) and bag pressure (1). The primary measurements of
concern are the head acceleration and neck forces and moments.
7.2.2.1 Three-year-old child Hybrid-III dummy positioning
Follow the dummy positioning sequence specified below. The dummy positioned in the vehicle is shown
in Figure 1.
a) Seat the dummy on the outboard edge of foam block, aligning the spine with the leading edge of the
seat bolster (forward most contour line).
b) Place head in between seat bolster and B-pillar.
c) Place heels at heel placement points (previously marked on seat cushion).
d) With feet held in position, slide pelvis forward and parallel to the centreline of the vehicle, until the
head/neck junction (i.e. lower edge of the skin at the base of the head) is aligned vertically with the
top edge of the air bag module, line A.
e) Reposition heels over placement points if necessary.
f) With the vehicle door closed and the dummy’s right arm raised (to clear armrest), slide the pelvis and
upper torso outboard until contact with the door is achieved, and the head rests between the B-pillar
and the seat back. The head/neck junction may shift down (10 mm to 20 mm) during the process.
g) Place the right arm on the armrest.
h) Flex the left arm such that the upper arm is in contact with the seat back, and the fingertips are in
contact with booster seat.
Figure 1 — Three-year-old-child on booster seat facing forward leaning against the door trim panel
6 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
7.2.2.2 Six-year-old child Hybrid-III dummy positioning
Follow the dummy positioning sequence specified below. The dummy positioned in the vehicle is shown
in Figure 2.
a) Seat the dummy on the outboard edge of foam block, aligning spine with the leading edge of seat
bolster (forward most contour line).
b) Place head in between seat bolster and B-pillar.
c) Align the legs such that they cross the heel placement points (previously marked on seat cushion).
Note: The heels will probably be off the seat cushion.
d) With feet held in position, slide pelvis forward and parallel to the centreline of the vehicle, until the
dummy’s neck/torso junction is coincident with the top edge of the air bag module, line A.
e) Align the legs, so they cross the placement points, if necessary.
f) With the vehicle door closed and the dummy’s right arm raised (to clear armrest), slide the pelvis and
upper torso outboard until contact with the door is achieved, and the head rests between the B-pillar
and the seat back. The neck/torso junction may shift down (10 mm to 20 mm) during the process.
g) Place the right arm on the armrest.
h) Flex the left arm such that the upper arm is in contact with the seat back, and the finger tips are in
contact with the booster seat.
Figure 2 — Six-year-old-child on booster seat facing forward leaning against the door trim panel
7.2.3 Child facing rearward in vehicle leaning against door
This position is for seat-mounted air bag systems (Table 3). The intent of this test is to maximize chest
interaction by aligning the sternum with the top of the side air bag module. Modifications may have to be
made to this procedure to achieve this goal. The test is conducted using the 3-year-old child Hybrid-III dummy.
Follow the dummy positioning sequence specified below. The dummy positioned in the vehicle is shown
in Figure 3. Figure 4 illustrates the dummy positioned on a high bolster-type seat.
a) Place the dummy along the outboard edge of the seat cushion kneeling and facing rearward, with
feet overhanging the front edge of the seat cushion.
b) Align sternum as close as possible with the leading edge of the seat back bolster or forward most
contour line. The sternum should be in contact with the seat.
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
c) Place the head between the seat and the B-pillar. The head should remain in its neutral orientation
and should not be forced into flexion or extension. For the rear seat, the head should be placed as far
outboard as possible.
d) Position the outboard leg at the outermost outboard edge of the seat cushion and parallel to the seat
centreline. In the presence of seat cushion bolsters the outboard leg should be placed as close to the
outboard edge of the seat cushion bolster as possible, while remaining on the cushion.
e) Slide the outboard knee and lower leg towards the seat bight until the top edge of the upper rib
is aligned horizontally with the top edge of the air bag module, line A. The sternum should be in
contact with the leading edge of the seat back bolster. In vehicles where the dummy fails to reach
line A, place the outboard knee at the seat bight, at the outboard edge of the seat cushion.
f) Align the inboard leg such that it is parallel to the centreline of the seat cushion. Slide the right knee
and lower leg towards the seat bight until a line drawn through both shoulder bolts is parallel to the
transverse plane of the vehicle.
g) Rotate the inboard arm towards the seat back until the thumb contacts the seat back.
h) Rotate the outboard arm and hand so that they are vertically down or as close to vertical down as
possible.
Figure 3 — Child facing rearward in vehicle leaning against door
Figure 4 — Child facing rearward in vehicle leaning against door — High bolster-type seat
(illustrated by foam taped to bolster)
8 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO/TR 14933:2012(E)
The dummy channels recommended to be measured are: head acceleration (Ax, Ay, Az), head angular
acceleration (1), upper neck forces and moments (Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz), lower neck forces and moments
(Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz), chest acceleration (Ax, Ay, Az), mid-sternum compression (Dx), sternum
acceleration (Ax, Az), lumbar spine forces and moments (Fx, Fy, Fz, Mx, My, Mz) and pelvic acceleration
(Ax, Ay, Az). The air bag data channels (optional) are: module force (1) and bag pressure (1). The primary
measurements of concern are the sternum compression, rate of sternum compression, chest acceleration
and neck forces and moments.
7.2.4 Child facing outboard leaning against seat and door trim panel
This position is for door/quarter-mounted air bag systems (Table 3). The intent of this test is to maximize
chest interaction by aligning the dummy’s thorax midsagittal plane with the vertical centreline of the
side air bag module. Modifications may have to be made to this procedure to achieve this goal. The test
is conducted with the vehicle window open using the 3-year-old child Hybrid III dummy.
Follow the dummy positioning sequence below. The dummy positioned in the vehicle is shown in Figure 5.
a) The test dummy is placed in a kneeling position on the seat facing outboard in the vehicle. The
dummy’s midsagittal plane should be perpendicular to the seat cushion surface.
b) The dummy is then adjusted in the rearward direction, until the dummy contacts the seat back surface.
c) The seat track position is adjusted to locate the dummy’s thorax midsagittal plane to be aligned, as
close as possible, to the vertical centreline of the air bag module.
d) Keeping the head in its neutral orientation (i.e. head should not be forced into flexion or extension),
the dummy is adjusted in the cross vehicle direction by leaning the torso outboard until the dummy’s
head or chest contacts the door trim panel.
e) Adjust the knee position to align the vertical height of the top of the upper rib with the top edge of
the air bag module, line A.
f) Adjust the dummy’s arms to be parallel with its torso.
Figure 5 — Child facing outboard leaning against seat and door trim panel
The dummy channels to be measured are: head acceleration (Ax, Ay, Az), head angular acceleration (1),
upper neck
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.