ISO 23665:2021

Unmanned aircraft systems - Training for personnel involved in UAS operations

This document describes the procedures for training personnel who will be involved in the operation of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). This document defines: a) knowledge, skill, attitude and qualification criteria that are needed for UAS pilots and training organizations that provides training to trainees of UAS remote pilots and other personnel involved in UAS operations; b) training curriculum and contents for specific learning courses; c) qualification and confirmation criteria for the training organizations; d) general procedures for providing training of UAS personnel. The requirements for a specific course as described in the annexes can be more restrictive in some cases.

Aéronefs sans pilote — Formation du personnel impliqué dans l'exploitation d'UAS

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 01-Feb-2021
• ICS: 03.100.30 - Management of human resources
• ICS: 49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 16 - Unmanned aircraft systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 16/WG 3 - Operations and procedures
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 08-Sep-2023
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Relations

• Revised: ISO 23665:2023 - Unmanned aircraft systems - Training for personnel involved in UAS operations
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23665
First edition
2021-01
Unmanned aircraft systems —
Training for personnel involved in UAS
operations
Aéronefs sans pilote — Formation du personnel impliqué dans
l'exploitation d'UAS
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Training organization . 3
5.1 Responsibilities . 3
5.2 Documentation for staff members . 3
5.3 Display of certificate . 3
5.4 Records . 3
5.5 Emergency procedures and equipment . 4
5.6 Introductory information . 4
6 Training resources . 4
6.1 Teaching aids . 4
6.2 Instructor requirements . 5
6.3 Theoretical training . 5
6.3.1 Theory knowledge delivery methods . 5
6.3.2 Theory presentations . 5
6.4 Flight training. 5
6.4.1 Training environment. 5
6.4.2 Training aircraft . 5
6.4.3 Simulators . 5
6.4.4 Risk management . 6
7 Training content delivery . 6
8 Final qualification . 6
9 Evaluation protocols . 6
Annex A (normative) VLOS UAS pilot course . 7
Bibliography .35
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
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constitute an endorsement.
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles,
Subcommittee SC 16, Unmanned aircraft systems.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at https:// www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Unmanned aircraft (UA) have been rapidly increased in number, application and type within recent
decades. UA are commonly utilized for filming, agricultural spraying, inspection, security activities and
are expected to be also employed for transportation.
However, the required knowledge, attitude and skill levels for personnel who are involved in unmanned
aircraft system (UAS) operations need to be clearly defined. When unskilled persons operate a UA,
the risk of a serious accident will increase. Discrepancies in qualification criteria among countries or
organizations will also prevent the international exchange of workers and aircraft.
This document helps to ensure that personnel who are involved in UAS operations receive appropriate
education and obtain essential knowledge and skill. Training organizations and individuals qualified
according to this document will be internationally recognized. It will enhance the international
operation of UAS, enable personal exchange, and encourage international trade.
The main body of this document defines the procedures for the operation of a training organization,
which is the entity that delivers training to trainees. The requirements for a specific course (VLOS UAS
remote pilot-in-command) are located in Annex A. It is envisioned that further courses will be defined
later and that these will be added as additional annexes in the future.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23665:2021(E)
Unmanned aircraft systems — Training for personnel
involved in UAS operations
1 Scope
This document describes the procedures for training personnel who will be involved in the operation of
unmanned aircraft systems (UAS).
This document defines:
a) knowledge, skill, attitude and qualification criteria that are needed for UAS pilots and training
organizations that provides training to trainees of UAS remote pilots and other personnel involved
in UAS operations;
b) training curriculum and contents for specific learning courses;
c) qualification and confirmation criteria for the training organizations;
d) general procedures for providing training of UAS personnel. The requirements for a specific course
as described in the annexes can be more restrictive in some cases.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 21384-3:2019, Unmanned aircraft systems — Part 3: Operational procedures
ISO 21384-4:2020, Unmanned aircraft systems — Part 4: Vocabulary
ISO 21895, Categorization and classification of civil unmanned aircraft systems
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21384-4 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
national aviation authority
government statutory authority in each country that oversees the approval and regulation of civil
aviation
3.2
visual observer
remote crew member who, by visual observation of the remotely piloted aircraft, assists the remote
pilot (3.3) in the safe conduct of the flight
3.3
remote pilot
person charged by the operator with duties essential to the operation of an unmanned aircraft and who
manipulates the flight controls, as appropriate, during flight time
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [6].
3.4
visual line-of-sight operation
VLOS
operation in which the remote pilot (3.3) or unmanned aircraft observer maintains direct unaided
visual contact with the unmanned aircraft system
Note 1 to entry: The definition is adapted from Reference [5].
4 Abbreviated terms
AGL above ground level
ATC air traffic control
ATS air traffic service
ATZ aerodrome traffic zone
Baro-VNAV barometric-vertical navigation
BVLOS beyond visual line-of-sight
CRM crew resource management
CTR control zone
EVLOS extended visual line-of-sight
FIR flight information region
GNSS global navigation satellite system
GPS global positioning system
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IFR instrument flight rules
NOTAM notice to airmen
SD card secure digital card
TEM threat and error management
VFR visual flight rules
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

5 Training organization
5.1 Responsibilities
The training organization shall designate each different person who will be responsible for at least each
of the following areas:
a) training and assessment;
b) safety.
5.2 Documentation for staff members
The training organization shall maintain, at least, the following documentation for all staff members
delivering training services:
a) name, address and date of birth;
b) training/qualification, experience; and
c) duties assigned to the individual staff member.
The service provider shall have documentary evidence that all staff members hold relevant and current
qualifications for their duties. Proof of qualifications shall be updated at least every two years and made
available to the clients upon request.
5.3 Display of certificate
The training organization shall display a current certificate of accreditation (when applicable) showing
that it meets the requirement of this document in a position visible to members of the public entering
the premises.
5.4 Records
The training organization shall retain, at least, the following records of trainee training and certification
in paper or electric format for a minimum of 7 years:
a) trainee name;
b) trainee address;
c) trainee email address;
d) trainee telephone number;
e) trainee date of birth;
f) course(s) taken;
g) pass or fail and date; and
h) instructor details.
The training organization should follow the general protocols for data management outlined in
ISO 15489-1 as far as possible.
5.5 Emergency procedures and equipment
For all locations where UAS are to be operated, the training organization shall ensure the availability of
the following:
a) a first aid kit suitable for the planned activities;
b) a communication system suitable for alerting emergency services;
c) firefighting equipment;
d) identification of an evacuation location for personnel; and
e) a means for contacting the appropriate air traffic control (ATC), e.g. telephone, radio.
5.6 Introductory information
The training organization shall provide the following information to trainees:
a) conditions regarding the responsibilities of each party related to commencement, delivery and
termination of the service;
b) consequences for the training organization and the trainee should either party choose to cancel the
service;
c) prerequisites and any qualification requirements in order to obtain the service (e.g. prerequisite
certifications);
d) equipment requirements;
e) costs;
f) insurance requirements;
g) any legislation and legal requirements relevant to the specific kind of service;
h) limitations of eventual qualification;
i) scope of the training course;
j) course procedures;
k) means and methods for assessment and criteria for successful completion;
l) that records of their personal data will be kept, and that these records may be passed on to a central
training authority or national aviation authority;
m) specification of duration, matters and contents delivered in the course; and
n) specification of language or languages of the course delivery.
6 Training resources
6.1 Teaching aids
The training organization shall provide the necessary resources for training such as instructors, trainee
reference materials, facility equipment.
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6.2 Instructor requirements
Instructors shall be competent to deliver the training in accordance with the specific requirements
detailed in Annex A.
6.3 Theoretical training
6.3.1 Theory knowledge delivery methods
Required theory knowledge can be introduced using instructor-delivered sessions, via internet, virtual
reality, applications or any similar mechanisms as long as the trainee can subsequently prove mastery
of the required information.
6.3.2 Theory presentations
In case theory teaching is conducted by training organization instructor-delivered sessions, it shall be
conducted in an environment such as a dedicated classroom that is free from significant distractions
to learning. This shall provide trainees with sufficient working facilities and training aids (e.g. writing
surfaces, reference materials, computers, visual or audio materials) to ensure that trainees are able to
understand the information being presented.
6.4 Flight training
6.4.1 Training environment
Where the training organization provides flight training, it shall secure an appropriate flight training
airspace. The training environment shall be suitably designated and equipped for trainees. The airspace
shall be designated as a reserved airspace for training, if possible.
The training organization shall ensure the training environment is appropriate and safe, including
taking reasonable steps to consider such factors as:
a) potential conflict with other aircraft;
b) risk to third parties, including to members of the public; and
c) ensuring the area is cleared of any unnecessary hazards to trainees, instructors and other
personnel involved in the training operations.
Electromagnetic interference including from other communications and sources in the environment
(e.g. other emitter, power lines) should be prevented as far as can be reasonably achieved.
NOTE Applicable radio interference assessment methods are described in Reference [3] and Reference [4].
6.4.2 Training aircraft
The training organization shall provide appropriate unmanned aircraft of an appropriate kind, number
and quality for the training courses being offered to trainees to ensure all trainees have sufficient
experience and airtime with the necessary aircraft types. Dual control systems for training aircraft
may be beneficial in some circumstances and may be used when appropriate.
6.4.3 Simulators
The training organization should use training simulators wherever possible and appropriate,
particularly when demonstrating serious emergency actions.
6.4.4 Risk management
The training organization shall ensure that a risk assessment is conducted before each flight training
activity and shall adopt procedures to ensure that all risks are controlled as far as is reasonably
possible. All relevant factors shall be considered as part of this assessment including the capability of
trainees, the weather conditions, likely air traffic movement and the available equipment.
7 Training content delivery
The training organization shall provide training covering the theoretical knowledge and practical skills
as defined in Annex A. The quality and effectiveness of the training content shall be evaluated and
maintained periodically.
Before a qualification is issued to a trainee, the training organization shall assess the trainee's
knowledge and practical competence to ensure all the required competencies defined in this document
have been met.
The training organization should meet the general requirements for learning services described in
ISO 29993:2017, Clause 12 “Assessment of learning” and ISO 29993:2017, Clause 13 “Monitoring and
evaluation of the learning service”, as far as possible.
8 Final qualification
The training organization shall issue diplomas, or other means of recognition, to certify when trainees
have met the requisite knowledge and practical skills as defined in Annex A. The diplomas shall include
the following data:
a) trainee name;
b) trainee birth date;
c) serial number of the diploma, given by the training organization issuing the diploma:
d) course name and version information;
e) UAS classification/category covered by course;
f) issue date;
g) expiration date (if applicable);
h) training organization name;
i) qualifying instructor’s name; and
j) any special endorsements, e.g. including night operations.
9 Evaluation protocols
Trainees shall be evaluated in their theoretical and practical skills to demonstrate their competency
according to this document before being issued with any qualification.
Prior to final evaluation, trainees shall either complete all the training described in Annex A or, in the
case of experienced but unqualified UAS pilots, demonstrate equivalent existing abilities.
6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Annex A
(normative)
VLOS UAS pilot course
A.1 Overview
This annex specifies requirements for UAS pilot training programs and the competencies that a training
organization is expected to deliver to a trainee in order to achieve a VLOS UAS pilot certification who is
able to act as remote pilot-in-command using VTOL UA in VLOS operations. The pilot shall be trained to
be able to operate a VTOL UA according to ISO 21895 Grade 2, 3 or 4, and their qualification shall state
which Grades of UA they can operate.
This document specifies two stages of pilot training:
a) theory knowledge (see A.4); and
b) practical skills (see A.5).
A.2 Competencies
A trainee who successfully completes the training course that satisfies the requirements of this
document shall be able to act as the pilot-in-command (remote PIC) of an unmanned aircraft that is
operated within their visual line-of-sight. If the training course is for a specific category or class of UA,
this shall be specified.
A.3 Fitness to act as remote pilot-in-command
In order to operate the UAS in a safe manner, the trainee shall not have any health issues that are likely
to impede their control of the aircraft. In particular, the trainee shall:
a) be able to clearly see with naked eyes or corrected vision the aircraft at all times and be able to
judge its orientation at any distance at which it is likely to be operated;
b) be able to identify any other air users or obstructions that can pose a collision risk for the UA;
c) be able to correctly interpret all safety critical data displayed on the UAS controller display unit;
d) be able to hear sufficiently to be aware of the approach of other aircraft or to be warned verbally of
a safety concern;
e) not have any known condition that could cause sudden loss of consciousness or concentration;
f) be able to handle the remote-control station and to manipulate the equipment installed therein; and
g) be able to communicate with other crew members, operators and stakeholders.
In the event that a trainee has a condition or disability that prevents them from meeting one or more
of these requirements, it can be possible to achieve a safe working protocol by using a visual observer,
back-up remote PIC or other additional crew member, in which case a risk assessment shall be carried
out to ensure that such a protocol is effective.
A.4 Theory knowledge
A.4.1 Air law/responsibilities
A.4.1.1 Terminology
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of the relevant
air law and regulatory terminology.
A.4.1.2 Legislation
A.4.1.2.1 Relevant articles and definitions
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the legal framework that governs airspace in the regulatory environment or jurisdiction of
operation; and
b) the legal articles or regulation relevant to UA flight in that jurisdiction.
A.4.1.2.2 Rules of the air
A.4.1.2.2.1 General
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of the rules of
the air relevant to UAS operation.
A.4.1.2.2.2 Avoidance of collisions ("see and avoid")
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the PIC’s responsibility for "see and avoid" and how this relates to avoidance of collisions with
manned/unmanned aircraft; and
b) the procedures aircraft should follow in a collision or conflict situation according to the information
provided by the manufacturer.
A.4.2 UAS guidance or implementing rules issued in the jurisdiction of operation
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) guidance and/or implementing rules and their relationship with regulation;
b) details of mass categories;
c) details of categories of operation; and
d) restrictions applicable in different operating environments or standardized risk-based scenarios.
A.4.3 Incident and accident reporting
A.4.3.1 General
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the definition of "accident" as regards aviation;
b) the definition of "incident" as regards aviation;
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c) the responsibility of the PIC as regards reporting incidents and accidents;
d) ensuring personnel can report incidents and aircraft proximity situations without fear of reprisals;
e) the relevant agencies for different types of reports;
f) the time limits on reporting;
g) the mechanisms for reporting;
h) the types of reportable incidents and accidents; and
i) the concepts of "hazard" and "risk".
A.4.3.2 Aircraft proximity reporting
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the definition of an aircraft proximity situation (airprox); and
b) the reporting process for aircraft proximity incidents if relevant (e.g. according to ICAO
requirements in the country where the incident occurred).
A.4.3.3 Investigation handling/assistance
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of how to
assist agencies with any investigation as regards presentation of logs, records and documentation.
A.4.4 Insurance
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of the need for
insurance and be able to reference any specific national requirements or international recommendations
relevant to UAS operations.
A.4.5 UAS airspace operating principles
A.4.5.1 Flight information region (FIR)
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of the relevance
of the following with respect to UAS:
a) overall airspace designations;
b) airspace sovereignty;
c) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) definitions; and
d) national or host nation definitions.
A.4.5.2 Airspace classifications
A.4.5.2.1 General
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) airspace structure and limits;
b) difference between controlled and non-controlled airspace;
c) classes of airspace;
d) airspace restrictions;
e) likely vertical extent;
f) 3D nature of airspace;
g) IFR and VFR rules; and
h) ATS units.
A.4.5.2.2 Differing considerations
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) operating restrictions in different classes of airspace;
b) likely traffic considerations for the UAS pilot to be concerned about; and
c) responsibility of other visual flight rules (VFR) traffic.
A.4.5.2.3 Controlled airspace
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
— how airspace ownership is assigned; and
— when liaison with air traffic control is appropriate for specific airspace types.
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of the key
features of the following airspace types.
a) Aerodrome traffic zone (ATZ):
1) factors to be considered when operating in liaison with airspace owners;
2) typical or likely traffic flow or operations close to airfields; and
3) how to recognize ATZs on airspace charts.
b) Control zone (CTR):
1) how to act in high-traffic areas;
2) likely traffic flow in high-traffic areas; and
3) how to recognize CTR zones on airspace charts.
c) Gliding/parachuting/ultra-light sites:
1) how to integrate with VFR traffic according to local protocols;
2) UAS handling in uncontrolled airspace, traffic flow and yielding; and
3) the importance of a good look-out given that gliders, parachutes and ultra-light emit
minimal sound.
A.4.6 Airspace reservations
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the definitions, avoidance criteria and risks associated with danger areas and where to find
information on them;
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b) the definition of prohibited areas, their meaning for UAS pilots and where to find information
on them;
c) the definition of restricted areas, their meaning for UAS pilots and where to find information on them;
d) when temporary airspace reservations can be applied, their purpose and interpretation; and
e) the significance of special activities (e.g. parachute jumps, aerobatic flights).
A.4.7 Obtaining information/approvals
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the interpretation and use of the aeronautical information publication (AIP) of the country where
the flight will be operated;
b) the purpose, interpretation and use of aeronautical information circulars (AICs) of the country
where the flight will be operated;
c) notices to airmen (NOTAMs):
1) how to obtain and interpret NOTAMs; and
2) how to request the addition of information regarding a UAS flight plan into a NOTAM;
d) chart interpretation:
1) how to interpret aeronautical charts;
2) how to interpret surface maps; and
3) how charts and maps are amended;
e) when it is appropriate to contact other parties and the information needed, for example:
1) air traffic control (ATC);
2) national aviation authority;
3) police;
4) landowner;
5) neighbouring property owners; and
6) bystanders.
A.4.8 UAS operations
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the meaning of each of these terms and their operating limitations:
1) visual line-of-sight (VLOS);
2) extended visual line-of-sight (EVLOS);
3) beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS);
4) other terms, e.g. VFR, as defined in ISO 21384-4; and
b) how segregated airspace is established and managed.
A.4.9 Airmanship and aviation safety
A sound acquaintance with the principles of flight, the ability to operate an aircraft with competence
and precision both on the ground and in the air, and the exercise of sound judgment that results in
optimal operational safety and efficiency.
A.4.9.1 Good airmanship principles
A.4.9.1.1 General
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) how airmanship is a range of skills, knowledge and disciplines and is not limited to the motor skills
of flying an aircraft;
b) how airmanship principles can contribute to aviation safety and risk management in the unmanned
aircraft environment;
c) how to put into practice good airmanship principles in real operational situations; and
d) how concepts such as threat and error management (TEM) and crew resource management (CRM)
can form a part of good airmanship.
A.4.9.1.2 Aircraft safe to operate
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the requirement to conduct appropriate maintenance checks on the aircraft;
b) the requirement to develop a maintenance schedule to ensure the aircraft is properly maintained
and safe to operate;
c) the appropriate action when an aircraft requires repairs or maintenance;
d) the recording of maintenance and repairs; and
e) the need to stop the operation if the aircraft is not safe to operate at any point in the operation (go/
no go decision).
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate how to conduct pre-flight
checks to ensure the aircraft is safe to operate and airworthy before each flight.
A.4.9.1.3 Remote pilot fit to operate aircraft
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) how remote pilot fitness is a key part of operational safety;
b) appropriate medical fitness levels for the remote pilot;
c) self-check of remote pilot medical fitness before each flight and methods of accomplishing this; and
d) monitoring of remote pilot fitness.
A.4.9.1.4 Planning
The training organization shall ensure that the trainee is able to demonstrate the basic principles of the
following:
a) planning and preparation to identify operational hazards, risks and, where appropriate, mitigating
measures to perform the UAS flight successfully;
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b) building situational awareness using thorough planning prior to the UAS flight;
c) determining the workload of a particular operation prior to the flight and allocating correct
resources; and
d) conducting effective briefing of normal and emergency actions immediately prior to the flight to
help perform the UAS flight successfully.
A.4.9.1.5 Hazard identification
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to:
a) identify hazards and risks at the planning stage;
b) put into place appropriate mitigating safety measures prior to the UAS flight;
c) use and generate risk assessments at an appropriate level of detail; and
d) continually assess hazards and take appropriate actions throughout the operation as the operating
environment changes.
A.4.9.2 Flight safety
A.4.9.2.1 Avoiding collisions
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) maintaining situational awareness of the operating environment so that collisions with people,
vehicles, vessels, structures and any obstacles are avoided; and
b) maintaining a good lookout and effective scanning technique for detecting potential conflicts.
A.4.9.2.2 "See and avoid" with respect to manned aircraft
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate how to maintain an effective
lookout to avoid unplanned conflicts with other aircraft.
A.4.9.2.3 Perception
A.4.9.2.3.1 Distance
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the operational difficulties with assessing distance with the eye alone;
b) using onboard sensors or other means to assess distance; and
c) making effective use of remote flight crew members, e.g. visual observer.
A.4.9.2.3.2 Height
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the operational difficulties with assessing height with the eye alone;
b) using onboard sensors to assess height; and
c) making effective use of remote flight crew members.
A.4.9.2.3.3 Speed
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the operational difficulties with assessing speed with the eye alone;
b) correctly using onboard sensors to assess speed; and
c) making effective use of remote flight crew members to determine speed and rates of closure
A.4.9.2.4 Awareness
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) maintaining situational awareness and perception of changes in a dynamic operating environment;
b) conducting a safe operation by maintaining a high state of situational awareness of all aspects of
the operating environment;
c) the difficulties in the perception of change in the operating environment;
d) the dangers of focusing all attention on one task only;
e) the concept of confirmation bias; and
f) effective use of remote flight crew members to improve awareness of the entire team.
A.4.9.2.5 Go/no go decisions
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding that:
a) the remote pilot-in-command has responsibility to determine for when it is safe to operate;
b) the remote pilot-in-command’s assessment of whether to operate or not cannot be overruled; and
c) the remote pilot-in-command holds ultimate responsibility for the flight.
A.4.9.3 Remote pilot logbooks
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of effective
logging of pilot records using traditional or electronic methods.
A.4.9.4 Overflight of people, crowds and gatherings
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the safety case requirements for overflights of people by a UA;
b) any national or other regulatory restrictions for overflight of people; and
c) how to obtain information regarding expected people movement, crowds, gatherings or sensitive
structure and events.
A.4.9.5 Third-party liability
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of the
consequences of UAS operations damaging third-party property or injuring persons and the
requirement for insurance.
14 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

A.4.10  Human factors
A.4.10.1 Human factors and good airmanship
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate:
a) knowledge of human factors and the threats human factors can introduce to an operation; and
b) how knowledge of human factors contributes to aviation safety and good airmanship.
A.4.10.2 Medical fitness
A.4.10.2.1 General
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate:
a) appropriate medical fitness for the operation;
b) assessment of medical fitness and record keeping; and
c) awareness of regulatory requirements relating to medical fitness.
A.4.10.2.2 Crew health precautions
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of relevant
health precautions regarding maintaining a safe operating environment.
A.4.10.2.3 Alcohol, drugs, medication
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) appropriate organization policies regarding alcohol and drugs;
b) the incompatibility of alcohol and drugs with UAS operations;
c) regulatory requirements regarding alcohol and drugs; and
d) unwanted side effects of medications and their impact on performance.
A.4.10.2.4 Medical restrictions
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) how to create organization medical restrictions; and
b) regulatory requirements regarding medical conditions and restrictions.
A.4.10.3 Fatigue
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the definition of fatigue and its serious effects on remote flight crew performance;
b) how to manage flight duration and number of flights to avoid fatigue;
c) how to manage workload through correct planning of resources prior to the flight;
d) workload management during the flight;
e) the effect of time of day on alertness (circadian rhythm);
f) appropriate limitations on working and flying hours; and
g) differences between acute and chronic fatigue and the strategies to mitigate them.
A.4.10.4 Pilot currency
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of the
importance of maintaining currency through:
a) recent UAS flying experience;
b) experience with the UAS used for training;
c) responses to potential emergencies;
d) experience with the anticipated task/environment; and
e) remote flight crew experience, recency, and interactions.
A.4.10.5 Effects of weather
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the effects of cold weather on the remote flight crew and on aircraft performance;
b) the effects of hot weather on the remote flight crew and on aircraft performance; and
c) the effects of humidity on the remote flight crew and on aircraft performance.
A.4.10.6 Remote and lone working
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) remote working and the associated hazards;
b) remote working and the associated safety mitigations;
c) lone working and the associated hazards; and
d) lone working and the associated safety mitigations.
A.4.10.7 Crew/colleague management
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) effective team working with colleagues, including effective briefing;
b) the content of briefing, including normal operation and emergency situations;
c) how effective team working can be developed into crew resource management;
d) effective briefing prior to the UAS flight; and
e) management of multiple crew/colleagues; appointing a person to oversee this and defining
their duties.
A.4.10.8 Depth perception
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) depth perception difficulties using the eye alone;
b) using all available data to maintain an accurate mental model of the operating environment; and
16 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

c) the benefit of using observers.
A.4.10.9 Blind spot
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the need to be aware of any part of the operating environment that the remote pilot cannot see
from their present position;
b) techniques to ensure the pilot's blind spot is checked; and
c) the benefit of using observers.
A.4.10.10 Training organization decision process
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) the need for effective decisions in the operation;
b) different types of decision making; and
c) useful tools to aid the decision-making process in the operating environment.
A.4.10.11 Public/third parties
The training organization shall ensure the trainee is able to demonstrate understanding of:
a) how to recognize the hazards and threats that the public and third parties can bring to an
operation; and
b) the need for assertiveness to
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