ISO/IEC TR 16088:2025
(Main)Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and environmental representation — Constructs for visual positioning systems in mixed and augmented reality (MAR)
Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and environmental representation — Constructs for visual positioning systems in mixed and augmented reality (MAR)
This document specifies the concept of visual positioning system (VPS) in the context of mixed and augmented reality (MAR) and describes a reference model for it in terms of the essential system components and information constructs.
Technologies de l'information — Infographie, traitement de l'image et représentation des données environnementales — Constructions pour les systèmes de positionnement visuel en réalité mixte et augmentée
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ISO/IEC TR 16088
First edition
Information technology —
2025-08
Computer graphics, image
processing and environmental
representation — Constructs for
visual positioning systems in mixed
and augmented reality (MAR)
Technologies de l'information — Infographie, traitement de
l'image et représentation des données environnementales —
Constructions pour les systèmes de positionnement visuel en
réalité mixte et augmentée
Reference number
© ISO/IEC 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions .1
3.2 Abbreviated terms .2
4 Concept: Visual positioning system in mixed and augmented reality . 2
4.1 VPS and MR .2
4.2 System architecture of VPS .4
4.2.1 Image data base and map construction .4
4.2.2 Localization.6
4.2.3 Scene understanding .7
4.2.4 Overall system architecture .8
5 Standardization opportunities . . 9
5.1 Data representation and interoperability among major VPS components .9
5.2 Image/Data set for map and image DB .9
5.2.1 General .9
5.2.2 Images .9
5.2.3 GNSS coordinate (from which the image was taken) .9
5.2.4 Inertial data .9
5.2.5 Camera parameters .9
5.3 Image based 2D/3D map .10
5.4 Pre-existing map .10
5.5 Integrated 2D/3D image based and registered map .10
5.6 Features characterization and descriptor .10
5.7 Image/object characterization and descriptor .10
5.8 Semantics (labels) .10
6 Use cases . 10
6.1 Indoor MAR guidance/service (navigation/advertisement/games/tourism) .10
6.2 Accurate outdoor MAR services (navigation/advertisement/games/tourism) .11
6.3 MAR based tele-assistance . 12
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had not
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 24, Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
Introduction
Mixed and augmented reality (MAR) refers to the contents and the underlying technology that can overlay/
insert (or augment) and display information over/in the real world. The augmentation means certain
“virtual” or “artificial” information is spatially registered in a proper position and orientation within
the 3D real world. To realize this “spatial” registration, the MAR system includes a functionality, called
“positioning”, that can recognize and understand the real world in 3D, track the position and orientation of
the user so that the mixed reality scene can be composed and displayed to the user in the right way. When
the positioning function implementation is based primarily on the camera images, it is referred to as the
“Visual” positioning system (VPS).
This document outlines the basic reference MAR architecture, especially the detailed system components for
the VPS and relevant informational constructs. Such a reference model can serve as a basis for discovering
opportunities for future MAR standardization.
The focus is given to the system components and information constructs for image (visual) based scene
recognition and tracking. The document also provides definitions for terms as related to pertaining domains,
and illustrate typical VPS/MAR use cases. Note that the detailed processes or algorithms for different
system components are out of scope.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
Technical Report ISO/IEC TR 16088:2025(en)
Information technology — Computer graphics, image
processing and environmental representation — Constructs
for visual positioning systems in mixed and augmented
reality (MAR)
1 Scope
This document specifies the concept of visual positioning system (VPS) in the context of mixed and
augmented reality (MAR) and describes a reference model for it in terms of the essential system components
and information constructs.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 18039:2019, Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data
representation — Mixed and augmented reality (MAR) reference model
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 18039 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
image based map
map which is created from only images without pre-existing map
3.1.2
image registered map
map annotated with camera images taken from key locations in it
3.1.3
pre-existing metric map
conventional geographical map in standard distance unit and scale
3.1.4
positioning system
mixed and augmented reality subsystem that tracks the location and orientation of the user/client or specific
designated object
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
3.2 Abbreviated terms
AI artificial intelligence
GNSS global navigational satellite system
IMU inertial measurement unit
MAR mixed and augmented reality
SfM structure from motion
SLAM simultaneous localization and mapping
VPS visual positioning system
4 Concept: Visual positioning system in mixed and augmented reality
4.1 VPS and MR
MAR refers to a spatially coordinated combination of media/information components that represent on the
one hand the real world and its objects, and on the other those that are virtual, synthetic and computer
generated. In other words, MAR content overlays/inserts (or augments) and displays information over/in
the real world (see Figure 1). The term overlaying in effect means certain “virtual” or “artificial” information
(e.g. a virtual sofa in Figure 1) is spatially registered and placed in a proper position and orientation in the
real space (e.g. corner of the living room in Figure 1) with respect to the user’s view and display. This makes
MAR distinguished from e.g. a close captioned system where certain information is overlaid on a designated
location on the display screen, and n
...
FINAL DRAFT
Technical
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ISO/IEC DTR 16088
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24
Information technology —
Secretariat: BSI
Computer graphics, image
Voting begins on:
processing and environmental
2025-04-25
representation — Constructs for
Voting terminates on:
visual positioning systems in mixed
2025-06-20
and augmented reality (MAR)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
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MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025
FINAL DRAFT
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:2025(en)
Technical
Report
ISO/IEC DTR 16088
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24
Information technology —
Secretariat: BSI
Computer graphics, image
Voting begins on:
processing and environmental
representation — Constructs for
Voting terminates on:
visual positioning systems in mixed
and augmented reality (MAR)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO/IEC 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:2025(en) © ISO/IEC 2025
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions .1
3.2 Abbreviated terms .2
4 Concept: Visual positioning system in mixed and augmented reality . 2
4.1 VPS and MR .2
4.2 System architecture of VPS .4
4.2.1 Image data base and map construction .4
4.2.2 Localization.6
4.2.3 Scene understanding .7
4.2.4 Overall system architecture .8
5 Standardization opportunities . . 9
5.1 Data representation and interoperability among major VPS components .9
5.2 Image/Data set for map and image DB .9
5.2.1 General .9
5.2.2 Images .9
5.2.3 GNSS coordinate (from which the image was taken) .9
5.2.4 Inertial data .9
5.2.5 Camera parameters .9
5.3 Image based 2D/3D map .10
5.4 Pre-existing map .10
5.5 Integrated 2D/3D image based and registered map .10
5.6 Features characterization and descriptor .10
5.7 Image/object characterization and descriptor .10
5.8 Semantics (labels) .10
6 Use cases . 10
6.1 Indoor MAR guidance/service (navigation/advertisement/games/tourism) .10
6.2 Accurate outdoor MAR services (navigation/advertisement/games/tourism) .11
6.3 MAR based tele-assistance . 12
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had not
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 24, Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:2025(en)
Introduction
Mixed and augmented reality (MAR) refers to the contents and the underlying technology that can overlay/
insert (or augment) and display information over/in the real world. The augmentation means certain
“virtual” or “artificial” information is spatially registered in a proper position and orientation within
the 3D real world. To realize this “spatial” registration, the MAR system includes a functionality, called
“positioning”, that can recognize and understand the real world in 3D, track the position and orientation of
the user so that the mixed reality scene can be composed and displayed to the user in the right way. When
the positioning function implementation is based primarily on the camera images, it is referred to as the
“Visual” positioning system (VPS).
This document outlines the basic reference MAR architecture, especially the detailed system components for
the VPS and relevant informational constructs. Such a reference model can serve as a basis for discovering
opportunities for future MAR standardization.
The focus is given to the system components and information constructs for image (visual) based scene
recognition and tracking. The document also provides definitions for terms as related to pertaining domains,
and illustrate typical VPS/MAR use cases. Note that the detailed processes or algorithms for different
system components are out of scope.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
FINAL DRAFT Technical Report ISO/IEC DTR 16088:2025(en)
Information technology — Computer graphics, image
processing and environmental representation — Constructs
for visual positioning systems in mixed and augmented
reality (MAR)
1 Scope
This document specifies the concept of visual positioning system (VPS) in the context of mixed and
augmented reality (MAR) and proposes a reference model for it in terms of the essential system components
and information constructs.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 18039:2019, Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data
representation — Mixed and augmented reality (MAR) reference model
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 18039 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
image based map
map which is created from only images without pre-existing map
3.1.2
image registered map
map annotated with camera images taken from key locations in it
3.1.3
pre-existing metric map
conventional geographical map in standard distance unit and scale
3.1.4
positioning system
mixed and augmented reality subsystem that tracks the location and orientation of the user/client or specific
designated object
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights re
...
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ISO/IEC DTR 16088
...
Formatted: zzCover large, Left
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24/WG 9
Secretariat: BSI
Date: 2025-02-1904-11
Formatted: zzCover, Left, Space After: 0 pt
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Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing
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and environmental representation — Constructs for visual
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positioning systems in mixed and augmented reality (MAR)
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Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
A model manuscript of a draft International Standard (known as “The Rice Model”) is available at
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ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Formatted: French (France)
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
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Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Formatted: French (France)
Published in Switzerland
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Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:(en)
Contents
Foreword . vi
Introduction . vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
4 Concept: Visual positioning system in mixed and augmented reality . 2
4.1 VPS and MR . 2
4.2 System architecture of VPS . 6
5 Standardization opportunities . 15
5.1 Data representation and interoperability among major VPS components . 15
5.2 Image/Data set for map and image DB . 15
5.3 Image based 2D/3D map . 16
5.4 Pre-existing map . 16
5.5 Integrated 2D/3D image based and registered map . 16
5.6 Features characterization and descriptor . 16
5.7 Image/object characterization and descriptor . 16
5.8 Semantics (labels) . 16
6 Use cases . 16
6.1 Indoor MAR guidance/service (navigation/advertisement/games/tourism) . 16
6.2 Accurate outdoor MAR services (navigation/advertisement/games/tourism) . 17
6.3 MAR based tele-assistance . 19
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
v
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members
of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of
(a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database
available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 24, Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data representation.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and www.iec.ch/national-
committees.
.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
vi
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:(en)
Introduction
Mixed and augmented reality (MAR) refers to the contents and the underlying technology that can
overlay/insert (or augment) and display information over/in the real world. The augmentation means certain
“virtual” or “artificial” information is spatially registered in a proper position and orientation within the 3D
real world. To realize this “spatial” registration, the MAR system includes a functionality, called “positioning”,
that can recognize and understand the real world in 3D, track the position and orientation of the user so that
the mixed reality scene can be composed and displayed to the user in the right way. When the positioning
function implementation is based primarily on the camera images, it is referred to as the “Visual” positioning
system (VPS).
In thisThis document, we outline outlines the basic reference MAR architecture, especially the detailed system
components for the VPS and relevant informational constructs. Such a reference model can serve as a basis
for discovering opportunities for future MAR standardization.
The focus is given to the system components and information constructs for image (visual) based scene
recognition and tracking. The document will also provideprovides definitions for terms as related to
pertaining domains, and illustrate typical VPS/MAR use cases. Note that the detailed processes or algorithms
for different system components are out of scope.
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
vii
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:(en)
Formatted: Font: Pattern: Clear
Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and
Formatted: Main Title 1, Space After: 0 pt
environmental representation — Constructs for visual positioning
Formatted: Font: Pattern: Clear
systems in mixed and augmented reality (MAR)
1 Scope
This document specifies the concept of visual positioning system (VPS) in the context of mixed and augmented
Formatted: Body Text, Space After: 0 pt, Tab stops:
reality (MAR) and proposes a reference model for it in terms of the essential system components and
Not at 8.55 pt + 28.35 pt
information constructs.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 18039,ISO/IEC 18039:2019, Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and
Formatted: RefNorm
environmental data representation — Mixed and augmented reality (MAR) reference model
Formatted: Font: Italic
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 18039 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: Font: Cambria, 11 pt, English (United
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
Kingdom)
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
—
Formatted: Font: Cambria, English (United Kingdom)
3.1.1 3.1.1
Formatted: TermNum3
image based map
map which is created from only images without pre-existing map
3.1.2 3.1.2
Formatted: TermNum3
image registered map
map annotated with camera images taken from key locations in it.
3.1.3 3.1.3
Formatted: TermNum3
pre-existing metric map
conventional geographical map in standard distance unit and scale.
3.1.4 3.1.4
Formatted: TermNum3
positioning system
MARmixed and augmented reality subsystem that tracks the location and orientation of the user/client or
specific designated object
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC DTR 16088:(en)
3.2 Abbreviated terms
AI artificial intelligence
Formatted: Table header
GNSS global navigational satellite system Formatted Table
Formatted: Table body (+)
IMU inertial measurement unit
Formatted: Table body (+)
MAR mixed and augmented reality
Formatted: Table body (+)
SfM structure from motion
Formatted: Table body (+)
SLAM simultaneous localization and mapping
Formatted: Table body (+)
VPS visual positioning system
Formatted: Table body (+)
4 Concept: Visual positioning system in mixed and augmented reality
4.1 VPS and MR
Mixed and augmented reality (MAR)MAR refers to a spatially coordinated combination of media/information
components that represent on the one hand the real world and its objects, and on the other those that are
virtual, synthetic and computer generated. In other words, MAR contents overlays/inserts (or augments) and
displays information over/in the real world (see Figure 1Figure 1). ). The term overlaying in effect means
certain “virtual” or “artificial” information (e.g. a virtual sofa in Figure 1Figure 1)) is spatially registered and
placed in a proper position and orientation in the real space (e.g. corner of the living room in Figure 1Figure
1)) with respect to the user’s view and display. This makes MAR distinguished from e.g. a close captioned
system where certain information is overlaid on a designated location on the display screen, and not in relation
to the content.
Thus, any MAR system includes, as one of its system functionalities, a way to recognize the target object of
interest which is to be augmented, and at the least be able to track its location and orientation relative to the
user. In this case, the MAR system would offer an “object” centric service – that is, augment a particular object
at the relative location from the user (usually in a small local space). See the example in Figure 1Figure 1.
a) an object (marker) b) landmark (corner of the room)
Key
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