ISO/TS 11937:2012
(Main)Nanotechnologies — Nanoscale titanium dioxide in powder form — Characteristics and measurement
Nanotechnologies — Nanoscale titanium dioxide in powder form — Characteristics and measurement
ISO/TS 11937 provides requirements to describe the basic characteristics of titanium dioxide in powder form relevant for applications in nanotechnology. It is intended to detail the materials specification necessary to use titanium dioxide in the applications related to nanotechonology. It is limited to dry powders and does not include materials dispersed or suspended in water or solvents. It does not cover characteristics for health and safety issue, and for specific application of titanium dioxide or for surface modification, if coated.
Nanotechnologies — Dioxyde de titane à la nano-échelle sous forme de poudre — Caractéristiques et mesurage
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 11937
First edition
2012-12-15
Nanotechnologies — Nanoscale
titanium dioxide in powder form —
Characteristics and measurement
Nanotechnologies — Dioxyde de titane à la nano-échelle sous forme
de poudre — Caractéristiques et mesurage
Reference number
ISO/TS 11937:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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ISO/TS 11937:2012(E)
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ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TS 11937:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of document:
an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical
experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 %
of the members of the parent committee casting a vote;
an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a
technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the
committee casting a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for
a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or
ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be
transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 11937 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/TS 11937:2012(E)
Introduction
Titanium dioxide, TiO , has been used extensively for circa 90 years as the main white pigment in paints,
2
plastics, printing inks and many other products due to its ability to scatter visible light and provide
white opacity to the products in which it is used. More recently, nanoscale titanium dioxide has been
developed, here the smaller particle size does not provide pigmentary properties but gives a transparent
product which can be used in different applications such as sunscreens or catalysis where the small
particle size can enhance the activity. Accordingly, there is a need to better define the characteristics of
the nanoscale material providing these alternative properties. This technical specification provides the
methods to evaluate mass fraction of the rutile and anatase titanium dioxide as well as to measure four
key parameters: crystal structure, average crystallite size, average primary particle size and specific
surface area, which are commonly used to indicate characteristics of nanoscale materials.
Most of the manufactured nanoscale titanium dioxides are synthesized by the sulfate process, the
chloride process or the sol-gel process, and the crystal structures of the products are almost entirely
rutile and anatase. Therefore, brookite and amorphous forms are not specified in this Technical
Specification. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) method is used to measure the crystal structure and the ratio
of anatase to rutile.
Commonly, some of the nanoscale titanium dioxide products are coated with silica or alumina for specific
applications. Alternatively, some of the nanoscale titanium dioxide products may include a dopant of
another metal within their crystal lattice for other specific applications. These coatings and dopants are
permanent. Buyer, seller and regulator should be aware the presence of any coatings. The XRD method
and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to measure crystal size and primary particle
size/shape, respectively. The Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) method is widely used for the evaluation
of specific surface area. Theoretically, XRD just measures the core size of the coated nanoscale titanium
dioxide but not the surface coating. TEM is used to measure the physical primary particle size including
surface coatings.
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing and evolving field. Users of this document should maintain an
awareness of the legislative environment and latest developments in Environmental Health and Safety
[1-12]
regarding nanotechnology. These references may be of interest . Responsibilities of users of this
document include the following: the seller is obliged to provide the buyer with such environmental health
and safety information as required by law. If the seller or buyer wishes to assess the environmental,
[8]
safety or health risks of the material, they may refer to ISO/TR 12885:2008 for further guidance.
This document may be used in conjunction with other application specific standards developed either
by ISO or other standards development bodies.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 11937:2012(E)
Nanotechnologies — Nanoscale titanium dioxide in powder
form — Characteristics and measurement
WARNING — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice, if
applicable. This document does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices
and to ensure compliance with any regulatory requirements.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification provides requirements to describe the basic characteristics of titanium
dioxide in powder form relevant for applications in nanotechnology. It is intended to detail the materials
specification necessary to use titanium dioxide in the applications related to nanotechonology.
It is limited to dry powders and does not include materials dispersed or suspended in water or solvents.
It does not cover characteristics for
...
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