ISO 16505:2015

Road vehicles - Ergonomic and performance aspects of Camera Monitor Systems - Requirements and test procedures

ISO 16505:2015 gives minimum safety, ergonomic, and performance requirements for Camera Monitor Systems to replace mandatory inside and outside rearview mirrors for road vehicles. It addresses Camera Monitor Systems (CMS) that will be used in road vehicles to present the required outside information of a specific field of view inside the vehicle. These specifications are intended to be independent of different camera and display technologies unless otherwise stated explicitly. ADAS Systems (such as parking aid) are not part of ISO 16505:2015.

Véhicules routiers — Aspects ergonomiques et de performance des caméras embarquées — Exigences et procédures d'essai

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 22-Apr-2015
• Withdrawal Date: 22-Apr-2015
• ICS: 13.180 - Ergonomics
• ICS: 43.040.10 - Electrical and electronic equipment
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 22/SC 35 - Lighting and visibility
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 22/SC 35/WG 3 - Visibility
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 30-Jul-2019
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Relations

• Revised: ISO 16505:2019 - Road vehicles - Ergonomic and performance aspects of Camera Monitor Systems - Requirements and test procedures
• Effective Date: 23-Jul-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16505
First edition
2015-05-01
Road vehicles — Ergonomic and
performance aspects of Camera
Monitor Systems — Requirements and
test procedures
Véhicules routiers — Aspects ergonomiques et de performance des
caméras embarquées — Exigences et procédures d’essai
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Vehicle related terms and definitions . 2
3.2 Mirror related terms and definitions . 3
3.3 Camera related terms and definitions .12
3.4 Monitor related terms and definitions .15
3.5 Camera Monitor System based terms and definitions .23
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .32
5 General information and use case definitions.36
6 Requirements .40
6.1 Intended use .40
6.1.1 Default view .40
6.1.2 Adjusted default view .40
6.1.3 Temporary modified view .40
6.1.4 Luminance and contrast adjustment .41
6.1.5 Overlays .41
6.2 Operating readiness (system availability).41
6.3 Field of view .42
6.4 Magnification and resolution .42
6.4.1 Average magnification factor .42
6.4.2 Minimum magnification factor .42
6.4.3 Resolution (MTF) .43
6.5 Magnification aspect ratio .44
6.6 Monitor integration inside the vehicle .44
6.7 Image quality .45
6.7.1 Monitor isotropy .45
6.7.2 Luminance and contrast rendering .46
6.7.3 Colour rendering .46
6.7.4 Artefacts .47
6.7.5 Sharpness and depth of field .48
6.7.6 Geometric distortion .48
6.7.7 Further image quality requirements .48
6.8 Time behaviour .49
6.8.1 Frame rate.49
6.8.2 Image formation time .49
6.8.3 System latency .49
6.9 Failure behaviour .49
6.10 Quality and further ergonomic requirements . .49
6.10.1 Needs of older persons .49
6.11 Influences from weather and environment .50
7 Test methods .50
7.1 System documentation.50
7.2 Intended use .50
7.2.1 Default view .50
7.2.2 Adjusted default view .50
7.2.3 Temporary modified view .50
7.2.4 Luminance and contrast adjustment .50
7.2.5 Overlays .51
7.3 Operating readiness (system availability).51
7.4 Field of view .52
7.5 Magnification and resolution .52
7.5.1 Average magnification factor .52
7.5.2 Minimum magnification factor .53
7.5.3 Resolution (MTF) .55
7.6 Magnification aspect ratio .57
7.7 Monitor integration inside the vehicle .57
7.8 Image quality .58
7.8.1 Monitor isotropy .58
7.8.2 Luminance and contrast rendering .60
7.8.3 Colour rendering .69
7.8.4 Artefacts .72
7.8.5 Sharpness, resolution, and depth of field .73
7.8.6 Geometric distortion .75
7.8.7 Further Image quality requirements .75
7.9 Time behaviour .75
7.9.1 Frame rate.75
7.9.2 Image formation time .75
7.9.3 System latency .75
7.10 Failure behaviour .76
7.11 Quality and further ergonomic requirements . .77
7.11.1 Needs of older persons .77
7.12 Influences from weather and environment .77
8 Functional safety .77
Annex A (normative) Standard application on class II and IV mirrors in commercial vehicles .78
Annex B (informative) Formula applications, explanations, and guidelines .83
Annex C (informative) Calculation of the dimensional magnification and of a correction
factor to obtain the angular magnification .117
Annex D (informative) Complementary information for resolution measurement .122
Annex E (informative) Correlation between Resolution (MTF) and spatial frequency
measured using SFR method for depth of field evaluation or sharpness evaluation .131
Annex F (informative) Complementary charts and method for long distance measurements .136
Annex G (informative) Distortion measurement .139
Bibliography .146
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 35, Lighting
and visibility.
Introduction
The purpose of this International Standard is to give minimum safety, ergonomic, and performance
requirements and test methods for Camera Monitor Systems (CMS) to replace mandatory inside and
outside rearview mirrors for road vehicles (e.g. classes I to IV as defined in UN REGULATION NO. 46).
This International Standard can follow updates of referred national regulations that influence the
included contents.
Where possible, the requirements established for a CMS providing a specific legally prescribed field of
view are based on the properties of conventional state of the art mirror systems providing that field of
view.
The CMS is treated as a functional system in regards to requirement definitions and performance tests.
This International Standard outlines general requirements and test methods regarding the basic aspects
of CMS; e.g. intended use, operating readiness, field of view, magnification, etc.
Furthermore, this International Standard outlines requirements and test methods regarding the
necessary object size and resolution provided by the CMS. Besides the properties of the mirror system
to be replaced, those requirements are also based on physical aspects of the human operator (e.g. visual
acuity).
The given requirements follow the assumption, that the CMS provides an ideal mapping of the real
world scene. To correspond to reality, this International Standard also provides requirements and test
methods for all relevant parameters that worsen the ideal mapping (e.g. isotropy or artefacts).
Finally, this International Standard gives requirements and test methods regarding the aspects of time
behaviour and failure behaviour.
All requirements are established to be as generic as possible, i.e. that these are possible to apply to any of
the covered rearview mirrors. If additional or specific information is required for certain mirrors, these
are provided in separate annexes.
This International Standard declares that CMS replacing legally prescribed mirrors have to be
considered as safety-relevant systems and therefore, relevant safety standards (e.g. ISO 26262) have to
be considered.
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16505:2015(E)
Road vehicles — Ergonomic and performance aspects
of Camera Monitor Systems — Requirements and test
procedures
1 Scope
This International Standard gives minimum safety, ergonomic, and performance requirements for
Camera Monitor Systems to replace mandatory inside and outside rearview mirrors for road vehicles
(e.g. classes I to IV as defined in UN REGULATION NO. 46). It addresses Camera Monitor Systems (CMS)
that will be used in road vehicles to present the required outside information of a specific field of view
inside the vehicle. These specifications are intended to be independent of different camera and display
technologies unless otherwise stated explicitly. ADAS Systems (such as parking aid) are not part of this
International Standard.
NOTE 1 Mirror classes V and VI (as defined in UN REGULATION NO. 46) are not in scope of this International
Standard since the requirements are already defined in UN REGULATION NO. 46.
NOTE 2 The definitions and requirements in this International Standard are formulated with regard to a
system structure, where one camera captures one legally prescribed field of view and one monitor displays one
legally prescribed field of view. Of course, also other system structures (e. g. with one monitor displaying two
legally prescribed fields of view) are within the scope of this International Standard. For those systems, either the
system supplier or the vehicle manufacturer has to prove that the resulting system fulfils the requirements given
in Clause 6.
NOTE 3 Whenever the phrases “field of view” or “field of vision” are used, then both have the same meaning
and are to be used in parallel.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2813, Paints and varnishes — Determination of gloss value at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees
ISO 9241-302:2008, Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 302: Terminology for electronic visual
displays
ISO 9241-305:2008, Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 305: Optical laboratory test methods
for electronic visual displays
ISO 9241-307:2008, Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 307: Analysis and compliance test
methods for electronic visual displays
ISO 12233:2014, Photography — Electronic still picture imaging — Resolution and spatial frequency
responses
UN REGULATION NO. 46, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of devices for indirect vision and of
motor vehicles with regards to the installation of these devices (ECE homologation)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Vehicle related terms and definitions
3.1.1
vehicle
vehicle with a combustion engine and/or electric driving motor, intended for use on the road, with or
without external body components added, having a permissible maximum mass of at least 400 kg and a
maximum design speed equal to or exceeding 50 km/h
Note 1 to entry: Vehicles of categories M1, M2, M3, N1, N2 and N3 (see UN-ECE REGULATION NO. 46).
[SOURCE: ISO 13043, definition 3.1]
3.1.2
vehicle coordinate system
positive x-axis pointing into the opposite of the forward movement direction of the vehicle, the z-axis
being orthogonal to the ground plane pointing upwards and the y-axis pointing to the right seen in
forward movement direction thus forming a right handed coordinate system
3.1.3
driver’s ocular points
points that are uniquely defined for each vehicle
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: These points are related to data given by the vehicle manufacturer following definitions of the
responsible national body.
EXAMPLE “The driver’s ocular points” means two points 65 mm apart and 635 mm vertically above point R
of the driver’s seat as defined in Annex 8. The straight line joining these points runs perpendicular to the vertical
longitudinal median plane of the vehicle. The centre of the segment joining the two ocular points is in a vertical
longitudinal plane which has to pass through the centre of the driver’s designated seating position, as specified
by the vehicle manufacturer.”
3.1.4
driver’s ocular reference point
middle point between the two ocular points of the driver
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: The abbreviation ORP can be used for this point.
Key
a
ocular points
b
ocular reference point
Figure 1 — Driver’s ocular reference point
EXAMPLE The two ocular points of the driver uses 635 mm vertically above point R as shown in the example
given in 3.1.3.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

3.2 Mirror related terms and definitions
3.2.1
mirror
device with a reflective surface mounted to the bodywork of a vehicle
Note 1 to entry: It is used to see the required outside information of a specific field of view by indirect vision.
Note 2 to entry: The definitions in the subclauses from 3.2.2 to 3.2.28 assume an ideal mirror and do not deal with
artefacts like low quality surface, dirt, etc.
3.2.2
mirror distance to driver ocular reference point
distance from the driver’s ocular reference point to the centre of the mirror
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: It is denoted as a and is measured in metres.
mirror
Note 3 to entry: The mirror distance to driver ocular reference point influences the resolution and the magnification
requirements for a CMS replacing a mirror. The designed resolution and magnification of a CMS should take into
account that this distance is usually lower than the maximum values given in the following subclauses.
3.2.3
maximum mirror distance to driver ocular reference point (driver side)
maximum value for a as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given mirror class on the
mirror
driver side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as a and is measured in metres:
mirror/driver/max
— for class I UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as a = 1,05 m;
mirror/driver/max
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as a = 1,7 m;
mirror/driver/max
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as a = 1,2 m;
mirror/driver/max
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as a = 1,7 m.
mirror/driver/max
Note 2 to entry: The above values represent the maximum distances for MY 2013 mass produced vehicles (based
upon 2013 survey).
Note 3 to entry: See B.6.2 for more information on the values for class II and class IV mirrors.
3.2.4
maximum mirror distance to driver ocular reference point (passenger side)
maximum value for a as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given mirror class on the
mirror
passenger side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as a and is measured in metres:
mirror/passenger/max
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as a = 2,6 m;
mirror/passenger/max
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as a = 1,9 m;
mirror/passenger/max
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as a = 2,6 m;
mirror/passenger/max
— for main mirrors on cab-over-engine type trucks according to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44, this value is
defined as a = 2,5 m;
mirror/passenger/max
— for main mirrors on motor vehicles with a passenger capacity of 11 persons or more according to the Japanese
REGULATION NO. 44, this value is defined as a = 2,5 m.
mirror/passenger/max
— for vehicle category of Japanese REGULATION refer to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44.
Note 2 to entry: The above values represent the maximum distances for MY 2013 mass produced vehicles (based
upon 2013 survey).
Note 3 to entry: See B.6.3 for more information on the values for class II and class IV mirrors.
Note 4 to entry: Japanese REGULATION main mirror means “Those mirrors used mainly for observing obstacles
showing up around the rear portion on the left side of the vehicle”.
3.2.5
mirror viewing angle
total angle between the ray leaving the eye-point and reaching an object after being reflected from the
mirror surface, i.e. two times the angle between the driver’s line of sight and the surface normal of the
mirror
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
Note 2 to entry: It is denoted as β and is measured in degrees.
mirror
3.2.6
minimum mirror viewing angle (driver side)
minimum value for β as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given mirror class on the
mirror
driver side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as β and is measured in degrees:
mirror/driver/min
— for class I UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 20 °;
mirror/driver/min
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 55 °;
mirror/driver/min
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 30 °;
mirror/driver/min
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 55 °.
mirror/driver/min
Note 2 to entry: The above values represent the minimum angles for MY 2013 mass produced vehicles (based
upon 2013 survey) regarding the required field of view.
3.2.7
maximum mirror viewing angle (driver side)
maximum value for β as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given mirror class on the
mirror
driver side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as β and is measured in degrees:
mirror/driver/max
— for class I UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 65 °;
mirror/driver/max
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 75 °;
mirror/driver/max
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 65 °;
mirror/driver/max
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 125 °.
mirror/driver/max
Note 2 to entry: The above values represent the maximum angles for today’s vehicles in the market based on the
required field of view.
3.2.8
minimum mirror viewing angle (passenger side)
minimum value for β as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given mirror class on the
mirror
passenger side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as β and is measured in degrees:
mirror/passenger/min
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 80 °;
mirror/passenger/min
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 55 °;
mirror/passenger/min
4 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 80 °;
mirror/passenger/min
— for main mirrors on cab-over-engine type trucks according to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44, this value is
defined as β = 54 °;
mirror/passenger/min
— for main mirrors on motor vehicles with a passenger capacity of 11 persons or more according to Japanese
REGULATION NO. 44, this value is defined as β = 50,5 °.
mirror/passenger/min
— for vehicle category of Japanese REGULATION refer to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44.
Note 2 to entry: The above values represent the minimum angles for MY 2013 mass produced vehicles (based
upon 2013 survey) regarding the required field of view.
Note 3 to entry: Japanese REGULATION main mirror means “Those mirrors used mainly for observing obstacles
showing up around the rear portion on the left side of the vehicle”.
3.2.9
maximum mirror viewing angle (passenger side)
maximum value for β as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given mirror class on the
mirror
passenger side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as β and is measured in degrees:
mirror/passenger/max
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 95 °;
mirror/passenger/max
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 85 °;
mirror/passenger/max
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as β = 150 °;
mirror/passenger/max
— for main mirrors on cab-over-engine type trucks according to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44, this value is
defined as β = 111 °;
mirror/passenger/max
— for main mirrors on motor vehicles with a passenger capacity of 11 persons or more according to Japanese
REGULATION NO. 44, this value is defined as β = 64 °.
mirror/passenger/max
— for vehicle category of Japanese REGULATION refer to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44.
Note 2 to entry: The above values represent the maximum angles for MY 2013 mass produced vehicles (based
upon 2013 survey) regarding the required field of view.
Note 3 to entry: Japanese REGULATION main mirror means “Those mirrors used mainly for observing obstacles
showing up around the rear portion on the left side of the vehicle”.
3.2.10
distance from mirror to object
distance from the mirror to an object being viewed by the driver
Note 1 to entry: See Figure B.14.
Note 2 to entry: It is denoted as d and is measured in meters.
object
3.2.11
mirror radius of curvature
radius of the sphere that specifies the shape of a spherical mirror surface
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: For convex spherical mirrors with the reflective layer on the convex surface, this value is positive.
Note 3 to entry: It is denoted as r and is measured in metres.
mirror
Key
1 a
mirror
2 r
mirror
Figure 2 — Mirror radius of curvature
3.2.12
mirror minimum allowed radius of curvature
minimum allowed value for r as defined by the responsible national body
mirror
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as r and is measured in metres.
mirror/min
Note 2 to entry: The values given below are examples:
— for class I UN REGULATION NO. 46 spherical convex mirrors, this value is defined as r = 1,2 m;
mirror/min
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 spherical convex mirrors, this value is defined as r = 1,2 m;
mirror/min
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 spherical convex mirrors, this value is defined as r = 1,2 m;
mirror/min
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 spherical convex mirrors, this value is defined as r = 0,3 m;
mirror/min
— for main mirrors on cab-over-engine type trucks according to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44, this value is
defined as r = 0,6 m;
mirror/min
— for main mirrors on motor vehicles with a passenger capacity of 11 persons or more according to Japanese
REGULATION NO. 44, this value is defined as r = 0,6 m;
mirror/min
— for vehicle category of Japanese REGULATION refer to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44;
— FMVSS 111 only allows for plane mirrors where r is infinite on the driver side; however, on the
mirror/min
passenger side of the vehicle, FMVSS 111 defines a spherical convex mirror with a minimum radius of
r = 0,889 m.
mirror/min
Note 3 to entry: Japanese REGULATION main mirror means “Those mirrors used mainly for observing obstacles
showing up around the rear portion on the left side of the vehicle”.
3.2.13
mirror angular size
angle under which the driver perceives the mirror
Note 1 to entry: See 3.2.14 and 3.2.15 for details and differentiation between horizontal and vertical direction.
6 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

3.2.14
mirror horizontal angular size
angle between the lines from the ORP to the left and right edge (in y-direction) of the reflective mirror
surface
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
Note 2 to entry: It is denoted as α’ and is measured in degrees.
mirror/hor
Key
1 mirror
Figure 3 — Mirror horizontal angular size (bird’s eye view)
3.2.15
mirror vertical angular size
angle between the lines from the ORP to the top and bottom edge in (z-direction) of the reflective mirror
surface
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.
Note 2 to entry: It is denoted as α’ and is measured in degrees.
mirror/ver
Key
1 mirror
Figure 4 — Mirror vertical angular size (side view)
3.2.16
field of view
space defined by all rays of light (lines from object points to the reflective mirror surface) that are still
reflected into the driver’s imaginary monocular eye point at the ORP
Note 1 to entry: This space can be approximated by a pyramid with its base lying in the y-z-plane.
3.2.17
horizontal field of view
angle between the leftmost and the rightmost ray of the field of view projected to the x-y-plane
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as α and is measured in degrees.
mirror/hor
3.2.18
minimum horizontal field of view
minimum allowed value for α as defined by the responsible national body
mirror/hor
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as α and is measured in degrees.
mirror/hor/min
Note 2 to entry: Information on α for different mirror classes is given in B.2.1.
mirror/hor/min
3.2.19
vertical field of view
angle between the topmost and the bottommost ray of the field of view projected to the x-z-plane
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as α and is measured in degrees.
mirror/ver
3.2.20
minimum vertical field of view
minimum allowed value for α as defined by the responsible national body
mirror/ver
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as α and is measured in degrees.
mirror/ver/min
Note 2 to entry: Information on α for different mirror classes is given in B.2.2.
mirror/ver/min
3.2.21
mirror magnification factor
relationship between the correct size of an object and its perceived size when seen through the mirror
Note 1 to entry: It is dependent on the distance from the ORP to the mirror a (see 3.2.2), the radius of the
mirror
mirror r (see 3.2.11), the distance to the object d (see 3.2.10), and the mirror viewing angle β (see
mirror object mirror
3.2.5). It is denoted as M
mirror.
Note 2 to entry: For convex spherical rearview mirrors, the magnification factor is below 1, i.e. objects in a rearview
mirror appear smaller than they really are. For plane mirrors with unit magnification, the magnification factor is
equal to 1, i.e. there is no magnification.
Note 3 to entry: For a formula describing the magnification factor variation over the mirror, refer to B.3.
3.2.22
mirror average magnification factor
average value for the magnification based on a mirror with minimum radius r and maximum
mirror/min
distance to the ORP a
mirror/max
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as M .
mirror/avg
Note 2 to entry: It is derived as the average over the relevant range of viewing angles β at the horizontal
mirror
centre line of the mirror and distances d .
object
Note 3 to entry: See 3.2.23 and 3.2.24 for details and differentiation between driver and passenger side.
8 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

3.2.23
mirror average magnification factor (driver side)
average magnification factor for M as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given mirror
mirror
class on the driver side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as M :
mirror/driver/avg
— for class I UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,33;
mirror/driver/avg
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,23;
mirror/driver/avg
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,31;
mirror/driver/avg
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,065;
mirror/driver/avg
— for an FMVSS 111 plane driver mirror, this value is M = 1.
mirror/driver/avg
Note 2 to entry: The above values were derived from MY 2013 mass produced vehicles (based upon 2013 survey).
Note 3 to entry: For detailed information how these values were derived, refer to B.3.
Note 4 to entry: For additional recommendations concerning commercial vehicles, refer to A.3.3.
3.2.24
mirror average magnification factor (passenger side)
average magnification factor for M as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given class on
mirror
the passenger side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as M :
mirror/passenger/avg
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,15;
mirror/passenger/avg
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,20;
mirror/passenger/avg
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,036;
mirror/passenger/avg
— for an FMVSS 111 passenger mirror, this value is defined as M = 0,17;
mirror/passenger/avg
— for main mirrors on cab-over-engine type trucks according to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44, this value is
M = 0,088;
mirror/passenger/avg
— for main mirrors on motor vehicles with a passenger capacity of 11 persons or more according to Japanese
REGULATION NO. 44, this value is M = 0,10;
mirror/passenger/avg
— for vehicle category of Japanese REGULATION refer to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44.
Note 2 to entry: The above values were derived from MY 2013 mass produced vehicles (based upon 2013 survey).
Note 3 to entry: For detailed information how these values were derived, refer to B.3.
Note 4 to entry: For additional recommendations concerning commercial vehicles, refer to A.3.3.
Note 5 to entry: Japanese REGULATION main mirror means “Those mirrors used mainly for observing obstacles
showing up around the rear portion on the left side of the vehicle”.
3.2.25
mirror minimum magnification factor
minimum value for the magnification based on a mirror with minimum radius r and maximum
mirror/min
distance to the ORP a ; it is derived from the maximum viewing angle β at the
mirror/max mirror/max
horizontal centre line of the mirror within the relevant range and the distance d = ∞
object
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as M .
mirror/min
Note 2 to entry: See 3.2.26 and 3.2.27 for details and differentiation between driver and passenger side.
3.2.26
mirror minimum magnification factor (driver side)
minimum magnification factor for M as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given class
mirror
on the driver side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as M :
mirror/driver/min
— for class I UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,31;
mirror/driver/min
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,21;
mirror/driver/min
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,29;
mirror/driver/min
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,037;
mirror/driver/min
— for an FMVSS 111 plane driver mirror, this value is M = 1.
mirror/driver/min
Note 2 to entry: The above values were derived from MY 2013 mass produced vehicles (based upon 2013 survey).
Note 3 to entry: For detailed information how these values were derived, refer to B.3.
Note 4 to entry: For additional recommendations concerning commercial vehicles, refer to A.3.3.2.
3.2.27
mirror minimum magnification factor (passenger side)
minimum magnification factor for M as found in existing homologated vehicles for the given class
mirror
on the passenger side
Note 1 to entry: It is denoted as M :
mirror/passenger/min
— for class II UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,13,
mirror/passenger/min
— for class III UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,19;
mirror/passenger/min
— for class IV UN REGULATION NO. 46 mirrors, this value is defined as M = 0,014;
mirror/passenger/min
— for an FMVSS 111 passenger mirror, this value is defined as M = 0,17;
mirror/passenger/min
— for main mirrors on cab-over-engine type trucks according to Japanese REGULATION NO. 44, this value is
M = 0,061;
mirror/passenger/min
— for main mirrors on motor vehicles with a passenger capacity of 11 persons or more according to Japanese
REGULATION NO. 44, this value is M = 0,094.
mirror/passenger/min
Note 2
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