ISO 1213-2:2016
(Main)Solid mineral fuels -- Vocabulary
Solid mineral fuels -- Vocabulary
ISO 1213-2:2016 defines terms commonly employed in the sampling, testing and analysis of solid mineral fuels. Alternative names are given for several terms. In some cases, however, the use of the alternative name is deprecated (as indicated). An alphabetical index, with numerical cross reference is provided.
Combustibles minéraux solides -- Vocabulaire
General Information
RELATIONS
Standards Content (sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 1213-2
Second edition
2016-12-15
Solid mineral fuels — Vocabulary —
Part 2:
Terms relating to sampling, testing
and analysis
Combustibles minéraux solides — Vocabulaire —
Partie 2: Termes relatifs à l’échantillonnage, l’essai et l’analyse
Reference number
ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
ISO 2016
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Alphabetical index .............................................................................................................................................................................................................28
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommittee SC 1, Coal
preparation: Terminology and performance.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 1213-2:1992), which has been technically
revised.A list of all parts in the ISO 1213 series can be found on the ISO website.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
Solid mineral fuels — Vocabulary —
Part 2:
Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis
1 Scope
This document defines terms commonly employed in the sampling, testing and analysis of solid
mineral fuels.Alternative names are given for several terms. In some cases, however, the use of the alternative name
is deprecated (as indicated).An alphabetical index, with numerical cross reference is provided.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from particle surfaces of a solid mineral fuel, or from other surfaces in contact with the
particles, caused by friction between contacting surfaces3.2
abrasion index
total mass lost by the abrasion (3.1) of four carbon steel blades when rotated in a specified mass of a
solid mineral fuel under specified conditionsNote 1 to entry: Expressed in milligrams of metal lost per kilogram of solid mineral fuel.
3.3abrasion value
resistance to abrasion (3.1) of the coke (3.42) after reaction with carbon dioxide in the CRI test, measured
as the percentage of a sample passing through a 0,5 mm sieve after tumbling under conditions specified
3.4adiabatic calorimeter
calorimeter that adjusts its jacket temperature constantly to be identical to bomb temperature, thereby
preventing heat lossesNote 1 to entry: The inner calorimeter chamber and the jacket exchange no energy because the water temperature
in both is identical during the test. The water in the external jacket is heated or cooled to match the temperature
change in the calorimeter proper.© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.5
accuracy
closeness of agreement between an observation and the “true” value
Note 1 to entry: The accuracy of a result should not be confused with its precision. A result may be precise but it
is only accurate when it is free of bias (3.18).3.6
adventitious ash
DEPRECATED: extraneous ash
ash arising from mineral matter (3.136) associated with, but not inherent in, a solid mineral fuel
3.7air-dried basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on the condition in which a solid mineral fuel is in
equilibrium with atmospheric humidity3.8
air-drying
process of bringing the moisture content of the sample near to equilibrium with the atmosphere, in the
area in which further reduction of the sample are to take placeNote 1 to entry: The solid mineral fuel in this state is composed of absorbed moisture, mineral matter and
organic matter.3.9
anthracite
coal (3.39) of high rank (3.174), with a low volatile matter (3.239) content and a semi-metallic lustre,
and which does not soften or swell when heated3.10
apparent relative density
ratio of the mass of a fuel (lump sample) to the mass of an equal volume of water (at the same
temperature), inclusive of any voids within the fuel subjected to the testNote 1 to entry: The apparent relative density should not be confused with the bulk density (3.25).
3.11ash
residue obtained by incineration of a solid mineral fuel under specified conditions
3.12ash analysis
analysis of ash (3.11) for its elemental composition
Note 1 to entry: The elements usually determined are silicon, aluminium, iron, magnesium, manganese, titanium,
calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and sulfur, and these are usually expressed as oxides.
3.13ash fusibility
characteristic physical state of the ash (3.11) obtained by heating under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Ash fusibility is determined under either oxidizing or reducing atmosphere (3.176) conditions.
Note 2 to entry: See also deformation temperature, sphere temperature (3.215), hemisphere temperature (3.98)
and flow temperature (3.75).3.14
ash viscosity
measure of the resistance to flow of ash (3.11) in the fused state
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.15
as received basis
as sampled basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on the condition where total moisture (3.232) is included
3.16base/acid ratio
ratio of the mass of basic oxides (iron(III) oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, disodium oxide and
dipotassium oxide) to the mass of acidic oxides (silica, aluminium oxide and titanium (IV) oxide) in
ash (3.11)Note 1 to entry: This ratio can be used in the determination of the fouling factor (3.81) and the slagging factor.
3.17batch
quantity of a solid mineral fuel produced at one time under relatively uniform conditions
3.18bias
systematic error (3.68) which leads to the average value of a series of results being persistently higher
or persistently lower than those obtained using a reference sampling methodNote 1 to entry: Bias is the total systematic error as contrasted to random error. There may be one or more
systematic error components contributing to the bias. A larger systematic difference from the accepted reference
value is reflected by a larger bias value.3.19
bias of scale
bias (3.18) that is constant and independent of the range of values measured
3.20
bituminous coal
general descriptive term for coal (3.39) of rank (3.174) between anthracite (3.9) and brown coal and
lignite (3.24)Note 1 to entry: The vitrinites in all coals in the bituminous range melt and form a coke when the coal is heated
above 400 °C in the absence of air.Note 2 to entry: In some countries, coals of rank immediately below that of bituminous coal are referred to as
sub-bituminous coals.3.21
blast furnace coke
strong, large coke (3.116) for use in blast furnaces
Note 1 to entry: Blast furnace coke is generally produced from blends of bituminous coals (3.20), which may
incorporate additives.Note 2 to entry: Blast furnace coke usually has a low reactivity to carbon dioxide.
3.22breakage
particle size reduction (3.155) resulting from impact and/or compression
3.23
breeze
undersize after separating the smallest size of graded coke (3.91)
Note 1 to entry: Breeze is usually less than 10 mm in size.
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.24
brown coal and lignite
coals (3.39) of low rank (3.174) characterized by high inherent moisture, high volatile matter (3.239)
and low calorific valueNote 1 to entry: In some countries, the terms are used to describe all low-rank coals up to bituminous coals (3.20).
In other countries, the coals at the higher end of the range are referred to as sub-bituminous coals.
3.25bulk density
mass of a portion of a solid mineral fuel divided by the volume of the container which is filled by that
portion under specified conditionsNote 1 to entry: Bulk density values can have range and may depend on previous handling, time and weather.
The values on stockpiles can also vary from loose free fall situations to compacted filled by that portion under
specified conditions.3.26
bulk sample
sample of large mass, taken in a particular operation for a specific reason such as for float sink
analysis (3.78)3.27
caking of coal
property of coal (3.39) when heating without access of air to a plastic condition with formation of the
connected non-volatile residue3.28
caking index
measure of the caking power of a coal in terms of the mechanical strength (3.132) of the coke (3.42)
obtained by carbonization, under specified conditions, of an intimate mixture of the coal (3.39) and
standard anthracite (3.9)3.29
calorific value gross at constant volume
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in joules, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in
oxygen in a calorimetric bomb under the conditions specifiedNote 1 to entry: The products of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
and sulfur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under the
conditions of the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature.
Note 2 to entry: Equipment such as Adiabatic and or Isothermal bomb calorimeters are used to determine
this result.3.30
calorific value net at constant volume
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, in joules, for unit mass of the fuel burned in oxygen
under conditions of constant volume and such that all the water of the reaction remains as water vapour
(in a hypothetical state at 0,1 Mpa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value all at the
reference temperatureNote 1 to entry: The net calorific value at constant volume is the negative value of the net specific energy of
combustion.3.31
calorific value net at constant pressure
absolute value of the specific heat (enthalpy) of combustion in joules, for unit mass of the fuel burned in
oxygen at constant pressure under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains
as water vapour (at 0,1 Mpa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference
temperature4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.32
carbominerite
collective term for inter growths of minerals and macerals (3.121)
Note 1 to entry: The various types of carbominerite with their compositions are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Types and compositions of carbomineriteType Volume percentage of minerals
Carbargilite 20 to 60, clay minerals
Carbopyrite 5 to 20, sulfides
Carbankerite 20 to 60, carbonates
Carbosilicite 20 to 60, quartz
Carbopolyminerite 20 to 60, various minerals
The term is used also for carbopolyminerite containing a maximum
of 5 % of mineral matter, provided that sulfides form a substantial part of
the mineral matter.
3.33
carbon in mineral matter
carbon in the mineral matter carbonates of a solid mineral fuel
3.34
carboxyreactivity
rate of reaction of a solid mineral fuel with carbon dioxide under specified conditions
3.35channel sample
sample of raw coal (3.39) and associated inorganic material taken by removing a channel of even cross-
section from the seamNote 1 to entry: Where the full section of the seam is not accessible or not required, this term may refer to a
sample taken either from a specifically defined portion of the seam, or from the floor to roof as mined or exposed.
3.36char
solid, partially or non-agglomerated carbonaceous material produced by the pyrolysis of solid
mineral fuels3.37
chute
inclined trough for conveying solid mineral fuel to a lower level
3.38
clinkering
aggregation of particles of ash (3.11) after it has melted during the course of combustion of a solid
mineral fuel or during gasificationNote 1 to entry: The aggregated particles may include small amounts of unburnt solid mineral fuel.
3.39coal
combustible sedimentary rock formed from altered plant remains consolidated under superimposed
strataNote 1 to entry: The characteristics of different coals are due to differences in source plant material, in
the conditions and the degree of change that the material has undergone in its geological history, and in the
range of impurities present. Coals can be characterized macroscopically by their lithotype composition and
microscopically by their maceral and microlithotype (3.123) compositions.© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 5
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.40
coalification
process by which accumulated plant matter is compacted and transformed into coal (3.39)
3.41coefficient of variation
standard deviation (3.216), expressed as a percentage of the absolute value of the arithmetic mean
CV =×100%where CV is normally denoted as v.
3.42
coke
solid, agglomerated carbonaceous residue produced by the pyrolysis of coal (3.39) in the absence of air
3.43coke reactivity index
CRI
percentage weight loss of coke (3.42) after reaction with carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide under
specified conditions3.44
coke strength after reaction
CSR
strength of coke (3.42) after reaction with carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the CRI test,
measured as the percentage retained on either a 10,0 mm or a 9,5 mm sieve after tumbling under
specified conditions3.45
combustible matter
theoretical state of a solid mineral fuel without moisture and mineral matter (3.136) other than pyritic
sulfur (3.170) and sulfidic sulfur3.46
combustible sulfur
sulfur which reacts with oxygen when a solid mineral fuel is burnt under specified controlled conditions
Note 1 to entry: Most of the reacted sulfur reports as SO in the chimney gas, but under certain conditions, some
of the sulfur is captured by alkaline minerals in the ash3.47
common sample
sample collected for more than one intended use
3.48
complete seam profile sample for each bench
collective designation of the coal samples taken separately from each coal bench and band of the tested
seam or a part of it which is a section of a thick seam3.49
constant mass division
method of increment or sample division (3.194) in which the portions retained from individual
increments (3.106), partial samples (3.153) or gross samples (3.94) are of uniform mass
3.50continuous sampling
taking of a sample from each consecutive sub-lot (3.221) so that increments (3.106) are taken at uniform
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.51
correlation coefficient
measure of the degree of correlation between the members of paired sets
3.52
core sample
cylindrical sample of the whole or part of a coal seam obtained from drilling using a coring barrel
Note 1 to entry: The diameter of the core may vary from 50 mm to 1000 mm depending on the reason for which
the sample is required. However, 50 mm to 200 mm is the most common core diameter range.
3.53crucible swelling number
CSN
number which defines, by reference to a series of standard profiles, the size and shape of the residue
obtained when a specified mass of coal (3.39) is heated in a covered crucible under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: ASTM Standards use the term free swelling index (FSI) for this test.
3.54crush (verb)
action of reducing the particle size of a sample to produce particles at the required nominal top size
(3.144) requiredNote 1 to entry: See also grind (3.93).
3.55
cut coke
screened coke (3.42) from which the oversize has been reduced by mechanical means and rescreened
3.56cutter
mechanical sampling device which extracts increments (3.106)
3.57
deformation interval
softening interval
interval between the deformation temperature (3.58) and the hemisphere temperature (3.98)
3.58deformation temperature
temperature at which deformation of a test piece prepared from ash (3.11), by a specified procedure,
occursNote 1 to entry: When using cylindrical (or cubicoidal) test pieces, a change of the surface and the rounding of the
edges at the rim or corner.Note 2 to entry: When using pyramidal test pieces, the rounding of the tip of the test piece. Shrinkage or distortion
of the test piece, or rounding of cracks and fins, are not criteria for deformation and should be ignored if the tip
and edges remain sharp.3.59
dial divisions per minute
ddpm
measure of stirrer rotation rate, in the Gieseler Plastometer method
Note 1 to entry: There are 100 dial divisions for each full 360° rotation of the stirrer. The fluidity (3.77) result is
expressed as total dial division turned by the stirrer in a one-minute time period
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.60
dilatation
measure of the volume change produced by heating a coal (3.39) through its plastic range (3.162) under
specified conditionsNote 1 to entry: Similar tests with their own specified conditions have been developed historically, including
Audibert-Arnu and the Ruhr Coal test.3.61
dirt band
DEPRECATED: shale band
layer of mineral matter (3.136) lying parallel to the bedding plane in a seam of coal (3.39)
3.62divided increment
part obtained from the division of the increment (3.106) in order to decrease its mass
Note 1 to entry: Such division may be done with or without prior size reduction.3.63
dry ash-free basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on a hypothetical condition in which the solid mineral
fuel is considered to be free from both moisture and ash (3.11)3.64
dry basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on the condition in which the solid mineral fuel is free
from moisture3.65
dry mineral-matter-free basis
means of expressing an analytical result based on a hypothetical condition in which the solid mineral
fuel is considered to be free from both moisture and mineral matter (3.136)3.66
duplicate determination
determination of a characteristic on two portions of the same test sample (3.226) carried out by the
same operator using the same apparatus but at different times3.67
duplicate sampling
particular case of replicate sampling (3.185) with only two replicate samples
3.68
error
difference between the observation and the accepted reference value as defined in ISO 5725-1:1994
3.69falling stream
stream of solid mineral fuel in free fall, for example, from the end of a conveyor
3.70final fluidity temperature
temperature at which stirrer rotation rate reached 1 ddpm in the Gieseler Plastometer test
3.71fixed carbon
remainder after the percentages of the moisture in the analysis sample, ash (3.11) and volatile matter
(3.239) are subtracted from 100 reported on an air-dried basisNote 1 to entry: Fixed carbon may also be calculated to different bases.
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3.72
fixed mass division
method of sample division (3.194) in which the mass retained is predetermined and independent of the
mass of the feed3.73
fixed rate division
method of increment or sample division (3.194) in which the portions retained from individual
increments (3.106), partial samples (3.153) or gross samples (3.94) have a mass proportional to the mass
of the increment, partial sample or gross sampleNote 1 to entry: In fixed rate division, the mass of sample retained is a fixed proportion of the mass of the feed.
3.74fixed sulfur
sulfur which is present in the solid residue (non-volatile) after the pyrolysis of a solid mineral fuel at a
particular temperature3.75
flow temperature
temperature at which a test piece, prepared from ash (3.11) by a specified procedure, loses its profile
and flows to the extent that its height is one third of its height at the hemisphere temperature (3.98)
3.76flattened-heap method
method of sample division (3.194) in which a sample is flattened and divided into identical rectangles
and from each rectangle, one increment (3.106) is taken using a scoop and bump plate and combined
into a divided sample3.77
fluidity
measure of the viscosity of a coal (3.39) in its plastic state determined under specified conditions
3.78float sink analysis
laboratory procedure for analysing raw coal samples, using organic and/or other high specific gravity
solutions adjusted to various gravities to predict ash (3.11) levels and yield for coal product(s) and
reject(s) in a coal preparation plant3.79
formed coke
coke (3.42) specially prepared from coal (3.39) by processes involving the compaction of particles into
a regularly shaped artefact3.80
forms of sulfur
collective term for the pyritic sulphur (3.170), sulfate sulfur (3.222) and organic sulfur (3.149) in a solid
mineral fuelNote 1 to entry: For the purposes of this definition, elemental sulfur and monosulfides, which may be present in
certain solid mineral fuels, are disregarded.3.81
fouling factor
measure of the tendency of ash (3.11) to form sintered deposits in the convective zone of a furnace
3.82fouling index
empirical estimate of the fouling propensity of coal ash
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.83
foundry coke
very strong, very large, dense coke (3.42) for use in foundry cupola furnaces
Note 1 to entry: It is prepared in coke ovens from selected coking coal blends, and may incorporate additives.
Many cokes including foundry and blast furnace cokes (3.21) have several functions, provide carbon for reduction,
heat to melt the metal, support the burden and finally aid permeability for passage of CO and CO.
3.84free moisture
moisture which is lost by the solid mineral fuel sample in attaining approximate equilibrium with the
atmosphere to which it is exposedNote 1 to entry: This term sometimes called surface moisture.
3.85
froth flotation laboratory test
laboratory procedure for the froth flotation testing of fine coal (3.39) less than 0,5 mm under specified
conditions3.86
fuel
energy carriers intended for energy conversion such as coal (3.39) or coke (3.42)
3.87fuel ratio
ratio of fixed carbon (3.71) to volatile matter (3.239) on the same basis of analysis
3.88gas coke
coke (3.42)usually made from high volatile bituminous coal (3.20) at high temperature in gas making
carbonization plants3.89
general analysis
determination of the chemical and physical characteristics of a solid mineral fuel, other than the
determination of total moisture (3.232)3.90
general analysis test sample
sample, crushed to pass a sieve, of nominal size of 212 μm, complying with ISO 3310-1, used for the
determination of most chemical and some physical characteristics of a solid mineral fuel
3.91graded coke
coke (3.42) which has been screened between two specified sizes
3.92
Gray-King coke type
type, denoted by a letter, with a subscript in certain cases, which defines, by reference to a series of
standard profiles, the size, strength and texture of the coke (3.42) residue obtained when a specified
mass of coal (3.39) is heated in a retort tube under specified conditions3.93
grind (verb)
DEPRECATED: mill (verb)
action of reducing the particle size of a sample to produce fine particles
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.94
gross sample
quantity of a solid mineral fuel consisting of all the increments (3.106) or partial samples (3.153) taken
from a sub-lot (3.221), either in the condition as taken or after the increments have been individually
reduced and/or divided3.95
hand placing
operation by which an attempt is made to pass each particle of solid mineral fuel through a stationary
sieve by presenting it to the sieve in all possible orientations but without the use of force
3.96hand shaking
manual shaking
operation in which a sieve is held in the hands and is given a gentle horizontal oscillatory motion
3.97hardgrove grindability index
measure of the grindability of a coal (3.39) determined by testing a specially prepared sample in
standard apparatus3.98
hemisphere temperature
temperature at which the height of a test piece, prepared from ash (3.11) by a specified procedure, is
equal to half the width of the base, and its shape becomes approximately hemispherical
3.99high temperature coke
solid, agglomerated carbonaceous residue of the pyrolysis of coal (3.39) at temperatures above 850 °C
3.100humic acid
group of complex organic, amorphous compounds of high relative molecular mass occurring as free
acids and as metal salts (humates) in coal (3.39), which can be extracted by a sodium hydroxide solution
3.101huminite
group of medium grey macerals (3.121) having reflectances (3.177) generally between those of the
associated darker liptinites (3.117) and the lighter inertinites (3.109)3.102
hydrogen in mineral matter
hydrogen in the water of constitution (3.243) in the mineral matter (3.136) of a solid mineral fuel
3.103hydroreactivity
rate of reaction of a solid mineral fuel with water vapour under specified conditions
3.104hygroscopic moisture of brown coals and lignites
part of total moisture (3.232) which is retained by a brown coal or lignite after exposing it to the
atmosphere and allowing it to attain a constant mass, at 20 °C ± 2 °C and (70 ± 5) % relative humidity
3.105ignition temperature
minimum temperature at which a solid mineral fuel liberates enough volatile matter (3.239) to form,
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ISO 1213-2:2016(E)
3.106
increment
portion of fuel (3.86) extracted in a single operation of the sampling device
Note 1 to entry:
...
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