ISO 1496-2:2008
(Main)Series 1 freight containers — Specification and testing — Part 2: Thermal containers
Series 1 freight containers — Specification and testing — Part 2: Thermal containers
ISO 1496-2:2008 gives the basic specifications and testing requirements for ISO series 1 thermal containers for international exchange and for conveyance of goods by road, rail and sea, including interchange between these forms of transport.
Conteneurs de la série 1 — Spécifications et essais — Partie 2: Conteneurs à caractéristiques thermiques
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 1496-2
Fifth edition
2008-07-15
Series 1 freight containers —
Specification and testing —
Part 2:
Thermal containers
Conteneurs de la série 1 — Spécifications et essais —
Partie 2: Conteneurs à caractéristiques thermiques
Reference number
ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Classification. 3
5 Marking . 3
6 Dimensions and ratings . 3
7 Design requirements . 5
8 Testing . 9
9 Electrical aspects of thermal containers. 24
Annex A (normative) Diagrammatic representation of capabilities appropriate to all types and
sizes of thermal containers, except where otherwise stated. 27
Annex B (normative) Details of requirements for load-transfer areas in base structures of
containers. 33
Annex C (normative) Dimensions of fork-lift pockets (where provided). 40
Annex D (normative) Dimensions of gooseneck tunnels (where provided) . 42
Annex E (normative) Cooling water connections . 43
Annex F (normative) Air inlets and outlets. 46
Annex G (normative) Mounting of clip-on units. 51
Annex H (normative) Air temperature measurement points. 54
Annex I (normative) Steady-state conditions for heat leakage test (Test No. 14) . 56
Annex J (normative) Phase connections to container plugs and sockets . 57
Annex K (normative) Electric plug and socket, four-pin, 380/440 V, 50/60 Hz, 32 A . 58
Annex L (normative) Electrical power supplies for thermal containers (9.2) . 62
Annex M (normative) General requirements for 220 volt and dual voltage equipment . 63
Annex N (informative) Conversion of SI units to non-SI units. 64
Bibliography . 65
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 1496-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 104, Freight containers, Subcommittee SC 2,
Specific purpose containers.
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (1996) which has been technically revised. It also
incorporates the Amendment ISO 1496-2:1996/Amd. 1:2006 and the Technical Corrigendum
ISO 1496-2:1996/Cor. 1:1997. The main changes are:
⎯ ISO 1496-2:1996/Amd. 1:2006 has been incorporated;
⎯ 1EE and 1EEE containers have been added to Table 1;
⎯ ventilation control and humidity control have been added as 7.9.9 and 7.9.10;
⎯ a new test, 8.17 Test No. 15 b) Functional test of a thermal container at high ambient temperatures while
being cooled by a mechanical refrigeration unit (MRU), has been added and the following tests have been
renumbered;
3
⎯ in 8.14.3, the air leakage rate requirement has been revised to not exceed 5 m /h;
⎯ clarification has been given in 8.16.1.1, 8.16.2.1, 8.12.1 and in a note to 9.4;
⎯ the requirements given in Table 4 have been corrected.
The opportunity was also taken for an editorial revision to update the style.
ISO 1496 consists of the following parts, under the general title Series 1 freight containers — Specification
and testing:
⎯ Part 1: General cargo containers for general purposes
⎯ Part 2: Thermal containers
⎯ Part 3: Tank containers for liquids, gases and pressurized dry bulk
⎯ Part 4: Non-pressurized containers for dry bulk
⎯ Part 5: Platform and platform-based containers
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
Introduction
The following grouping of container types is used for specification purposes in ISO 1496:
Part 1
General purpose 00 to 09
Specific purpose
closed, vented/ventilated 10 to 19
open top 50 to 59
Part 2
Thermal 30 to 49
Part 3
Tank 70 to 79
Bulk, pressurized 85 to 89
Part 4
Bulk, non-pressurized (box type) 20 to 24
Bulk, non-pressurized (hopper type) 80 to 84
Part 5
Platform (container) 60
Platform-based, with incomplete superstructure
and fixed ends 61 and 62
Platform-based, with incomplete superstructure
and folding ends 63 and 64
Platform-based, with complete superstructure 65 to 69
NOTE Container groupings for parts 1 and 3 to 5 inclusive are described in detail in the relevant parts of ISO 1496.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
Series 1 freight containers — Specification and testing —
Part 2:
Thermal containers
1 Scope
This part of ISO 1496 gives the basic specifications and testing requirements for ISO series 1 thermal
containers for international exchange and for conveyance of goods by road, rail and sea, including
interchange between these forms of transport.
NOTE For the convenience of users of this part of ISO 1496, the conversion of values expressed in SI units to values
expressed in non-SI units is given in Annex N.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 668:1995, Series 1 freight containers — Classification, dimensions and ratings
ISO 830:1981, Freight containers — Vocabulary
ISO 1161:1984, Series 1 freight containers — Corner fittings — Specification
ISO 6346:1995, Freight containers — Coding, identification and marking
ISO 10368:2006, Freight thermal containers — Remote condition monitoring
IEC 60947-1, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear — Part 1: General rules
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the general terms and definitions given in ISO 830 and the following apply.
3.1
thermal container
freight container having insulating walls, doors, floor and roof designed to retard the rate of heat transmission
between the inside and the outside of the container
3.2
insulated container
thermal container having no devices for cooling and/or heating, either permanently installed or attached
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
3.3
refrigerated container (expendable refrigerant)
thermal container using a means of cooling such as liquefied gases, with or without evaporation control
NOTE It is implicit in this definition that such a container requires no external power or fuel supply.
3.4
mechanically refrigerated container
thermal container served by a refrigerating appliance (mechanical compressor unit, absorption unit, etc.)
3.5
heated container
thermal container served by a heat-producing appliance
3.6
refrigerated and heated container
thermal container served by a refrigerating appliance (mechanical or using expendable refrigerant) and a
heat-producing appliance
3.7
refrigerated and heated container with controlled or modified atmosphere
thermal container served by a refrigerating and heat-producing appliance, initially loaded with a modified
atmosphere and/or capable of generating and/or maintaining a modified atmosphere
3.8
removable equipment
refrigerating and/or heating appliance, power-generating unit or other equipment designed to be attached or
detached from a freight container
3.9
located internally
totally within the external dimensional envelope of the freight container as defined in ISO 668
3.10
located externally
partially or totally outside the external dimensional envelope of the container as defined in ISO 668
NOTE It is implicit in this definition that an appliance located externally has to be removable or retractable to facilitate
transport in certain modes.
3.11
batten
member protruding from the inside walls of the container to hold the cargo away from the wall to provide an air
passage
NOTE The member may be integral with the wall, fastened to the wall or added during cargo loading.
3.12
bulkhead
partition providing a plenum chamber and/or air passage for either return or supply air
NOTE The partition may be an integral part of the appliance or a separate member.
3.13
ceiling air duct
passage or passages located in proximity to the ceiling to direct air flow
3.14
floor air duct
passage or passages located beneath the cargo support surface to direct air flow
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
3.15
pin mounting
mounting system using two vertical pins engaging mating sockets built into the top end transverse member
such that the entire mass of the removable equipment is supported by the top end transverse member
3.16
lower mounting points
threaded receptacles to which the lower two corners of the removable equipment are fastened
4 Classification
The container types covered by this part of ISO 1496 are classified as shown in Table 1, in which the
maximum allowable heat-leakage rates are specified.
A conversion table for kelvins to degrees Celsius is given for convenience in Table 2.
5 Marking
The marking of thermal containers shall be in accordance with ISO 6346.
In addition, thermal containers intended to carry hanging cargo and thermal containers given a modified
atmosphere shall be marked in accordance with 7.9.7 and 7.9.8.
6 Dimensions and ratings
6.1 External dimensions
The overall external dimensions and tolerances of the freight containers covered by this part of ISO 1496 shall
be in accordance with ISO 668. No part of the container shall project beyond these specified overall external
dimensions.
6.2 Internal dimensions
Internal dimensions of thermal containers shall be measured from inner faces of battens, bulkheads, ceiling air
ducts, floor air ducts, etc., where fitted.
The minimum internal dimensions for ISO series 1 thermal freight containers are specified in Table 3.
Internal dimensions of thermal containers should be as large as possible.
6.3 Ratings
The values of the rating R, where R is the maximum gross mass of the container, are those given in ISO 668.
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
Table 1 — Classification of thermal containers
1)
Design
Maximum heat-leakage rate , U , for freight
max
2)
Type, code
temperatures
containers
Description
designation
Inside Outside
W/K
1C, 1B, 1A,
1D 1BBB 1AAA 1EE 1EEE K ∞C K ∞C
1CC 1BB 1AA
Refrigerated
30 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46 255 318 +45
−18
(expendable refrigerant)
Mechanically
31 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46 255 −18 318 +45
refrigerated
289 +16 253 −20
Refrigerated and
32 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46
heated
255 −18 318
+45
33 Heated 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46 289 +16 253 −20
34, 35 Unassigned
Mechanically
36 refrigerated, self- 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46 255 −18 318 +45
powered
289 +16 253
−20
Refrigerated and
37 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46
heated, self-powered
255 −18 318 +45
38 Heated, self-powered 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46 289 +16 253 −20
39 Unassigned
Refrigerated and/or
heated, with removable
40 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46
equipment, appliance
located externally
Refrigerated and/or
heated, with removable
41 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46
equipment, appliance
located internally
Refrigerated and/or
heated, with removable
42 26 46 66 71 86 92
equipment, appliance
located externally
43, 44 Unassigned
3) 4)
45 13 22 31 33 40 42 44 46
Insulated
3) 4)
46 Insulated 26 46 66 71 86 92
47, 48, 49 Unassigned
1)
The values of U for heavily insulated containers (types 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 40, 41 and 45) are better than a
max
2
coefficient of heat transfer, K, of 0,4 W/(m ⋅K). The values of U for lightly insulated containers (types 42 and 46) are related
max
2
to an approximate coefficient of heat transfer, K, of 0,7 W/(m ⋅K).
2)
See Table 2.
3)
This category does not have design temperatures; the actual performance is dependent on the capability of the equipment
attached in any transport mode.
4)
Types 42, 45 and 46 are included for information but are no longer produced.
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
Table 2 — Kelvins to degrees Celsius conversion table
Degree Celsius
Kelvin
K ∞C
0 −273,15
273,15 0
253
−20
255
−18
285 +12
288 +15
289 +16
293 +20
298 +25
305 +32
311 +38
318 +45
323 +50
NOTE For the purposes of temperature differences, 1 K = 1 ∞C.
Table 3 — Minimum internal dimensions
Dimensions in millimetres
a a a
Type code Minimum width
Minimum length Minimum height Minimum height
designation
(no gooseneck tunnel) (with gooseneck tunnel)
= Nominal container
= Nominal container = Nominal container = Nominal container
external width minus
external length minus external height minus external height minus
30, 31, 32, 33 690
36, 37, 38, 41 990 220 345 385
40 440
42 390 180 310 350
45 340 220 285 340
46 290 180 250 290
NOTE Some thermal containers built to conform with earlier editions of this part of ISO 1496 are significantly smaller, particularly
if a diesel generator is fitted.
a
Some of the length and height dimensions specified will necessarily be used for air circulation.
7 Design requirements
7.1 General
All thermal containers shall comply with the following requirements.
The strength requirements for containers are given in diagrammatic form in Annex A (these requirements are
applicable to all thermal containers except where otherwise stated). They apply to containers as complete
units, except as envisaged in 8.1.
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
The strength requirements for corner fittings (see also 7.2) are specified in ISO 1161.
The thermal container shall be capable of withstanding the loads and loadings specified in Clause 8.
As the effects of loads encountered under any dynamic operating condition should only approach, but not
exceed, the effects of the corresponding test loads, it is implicit that the capabilities of thermal containers as
indicated in Annex A and demonstrated by the tests described in Clause 8 shall not be exceeded in any mode
of operation.
Any closure in a container, which if unsecured could lead to a hazardous situation, shall be provided with an
adequate securing system having external indication of the positive securement of that closure in the
appropriate operation position. In particular, doors should be capable of being securely fastened in the open
or closed position.
The walls, doors, floors and roof of the thermal container shall be insulated in such a manner as to balance,
as far as is practicable, the heat transfer through each of them, although the roof insulation may be increased
to compensate for solar radiation.
7.2 Corner fittings
All containers shall be equipped with top and bottom corner fittings. The requirements and positioning of the
corner fittings shall be in accordance with ISO 1161. The upper faces of the top corner fittings shall protrude
above the top of the container by a minimum of 6 mm (see 7.3.4). The “top of the container” means the
highest level of the cover of the container.
However, if reinforced zones or doubler plates are provided to afford protection to the roof in the vicinity of the
top corner fittings, such plates and their securements shall not protrude above the upper faces of the top
corner fittings. These plates shall not extend more than 750 mm from either end of the container but may
extend the full width.
7.3 Base structure
7.3.1 All containers shall be capable of being supported by their bottom corner fittings only.
7.3.2 All containers, other than 1D, shall also be capable of being supported only by load-transfer areas in
their base structure.
Consequently, these containers shall have end transverse members and sufficient intermediate load-transfer
areas (or a flat underside) of sufficient strength to enable vertical load transfer to or from the longitudinal
members of a carrying vehicle. Such longitudinal members are assumed to lie within the two 250 mm wide
zones defined by the dashed lines in Figure B.1.
The lower faces of the load-transfer areas, including those of the end transverse members, shall be in one
+5,0
plane located 12,5 mm mmabove the plane of the lower faces of the bottom corner fittings and bottom
−1,5
side rail. Apart from the bottom corner fittings and bottom side rails, no part of the container shall project
below this plane. However, doubler plates may be provided in the vicinity of the bottom corner fittings to afford
protection to the understructure.
Such plates shall not extend more than 550 mm from the outer end and not more than 470 mm from the side
faces of the bottom corner fittings, and their lower faces shall be at least 5 mm above the lower faces of the
bottom corner fittings of the container.
Containers having all their intermediate transverse members spaced 1 000 mm apart or less (or having a flat
underside) shall be deemed to comply with the requirements given in the second paragraph of this sub-clause.
Requirements for containers not having transverse members spaced 1 000 mm apart or less (and not having
a flat underside) are given in Annex B.
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
7.3.3 For 1D containers, the level of the underside of the base structure is not specified, except as implied
in 7.3.4.
7.3.4 For all containers under dynamic conditions, or the static equivalent thereof, with the container having
a load uniformly distributed over the floor in such a way that the combined mass of the container and test load
is equal to 1,8R, no part of the base of the container shall deflect more than 6 mm below the base plane (lower
faces of the bottom corner fittings).
7.3.5 The base structure shall be designed to withstand all forces, particularly lateral forces, induced by the
cargo in service. This is particularly important where provisions are made for securing the cargo to the base
structure of the container.
7.4 End structure
For all thermal containers other than 1D, the sideways deflection of the top of the container with respect to the
bottom of the container, at the time it is under full transverse rigidity test conditions, shall not cause the sum of
the changes in length of the two diagonals to exceed 60 mm.
NOTE It should be noted that the rigidity of the end structure of a container fitted with an internally located
refrigeration unit is not necessarily equal to the sum of rigidities of container and unit, but is also dependent on the way in
which the unit is fitted.
7.5 Side wall structure
For all thermal containers other than 1D, the longitudinal deflection of the top of the container with respect to
the bottom of the container when under full longitudinal-rigidity test conditions shall not exceed 25 mm.
7.6 Walls
Where openings are provided in end or side walls, the ability of these walls to withstand tests Nos. 5 and 6
shall not be impaired.
7.7 Door opening
Each thermal container shall be provided with a door opening at least at one end.
All door openings and end openings shall be as large as possible.
The usable width shall correspond with the appropriate minimum internal dimension given in Table 3.
The usable height shall be as close as practicable to the appropriate minimum internal dimension given in
Table 3.
7.8 Sanitary and taint-free requirements
Attention is drawn to the need for the proper choice of materials for the thermal container and any
refrigerator/heating appliances to prevent adverse effects in cargo, especially foodstuffs. Any relevant national
or international requirements should also be considered.
The interior surface and container structure shall be so constructed as to facilitate cleaning, and the structure
and the insulation shall not be functionally affected by cleaning methods, for example steam cleaning and
detergents normally used.
No pockets shall exist inside the container that cannot be reached by conventional cleaning methods.
If drains are fitted, provision shall be made to ensure that cleaning water can drain from the inside of the
container.
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
7.9 Requirements for optional features
7.9.1 Fork-lift pockets
7.9.1.1 Fork-lift pockets used for handling 1CC, 1C and 1D thermal containers in the loaded or unloaded
condition may be provided as optional features.
Fork-lift pockets shall not be provided on 1AAA, 1AA, 1A, 1BBB, 1BB and 1B thermal containers.
7.9.1.2 Where a set of fork-lift pockets has been fitted as in 7.9.1.1, a second set of fork-lift pockets may,
in addition, be provided on 1CC and 1C containers for empty handling only.
The(se) additional pocket(s) which may in fact be one pocket paired with an existing pocket, provided in
accordance with 7.9.1.1, should be centred as closely as possible about the centre of gravity of the empty
container.
7.9.1.3 The fork-lift pockets, where provided, shall meet the dimensional requirements specified in
Annex C and shall pass completely through the base structure of the container so that lifting devices may be
inserted from either side. It is not necessary for the base of the fork-lift pockets to be the full width of the
container, but it shall be located in the vicinity of each end of the fork pockets.
7.9.2 Gooseneck tunnels
Gooseneck tunnels shall be provided as mandatory features in 1AAA thermal containers and may be provided
as optional features in thermal containers 1AA, 1A, 1BB and 1B. The dimensional requirements are specified
in Annex D and, in addition, all other parts of the base structure shall be as specified in 7.3.
7.9.3 Drains
Cargo space drains which operate when carrying cargo, shall be protected by fittings which open
automatically above normal internal operating pressure. Drains required for cleaning of the interior of the
container shall be provided with manual closures.
Local customs and health requirements may place additional requirements on drains, which should be
adhered to.
7.9.4 Water connections
For appliances requiring water connections, the inlet and outlet interfaces shall be in accordance with Annex E.
Water-cooled appliances shall either be self-draining or incorporate the facility to drain the unit to prevent the
water from freezing.
The water inlet and outlet connections shall be so located at the machinery end of the container that, to an
observer facing that end, they appear in the lower right-hand quarter.
7.9.5 Air inlets and outlets
Where series 1AA, 1CC and 1C containers are designed for ducted air systems and for use with externally
located removable equipment, the air inlet and outlet openings shall conform to the requirements given in
Annex F.
7.9.6 Intermediate sockets for clip-on units
Where intermediate sockets are provided for use of clip-on units, they shall be located and designed in
accordance with Annex G.
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ISO 1496-2:2008(E)
7.9.7 Hanging cargo facilities
The roof of containers may be designed to carry hanging cargo. Such containers shall meet the test
requirements specified in 8.8. Specific marking shall be placed on the inside of the container to indicate the
maximum hanging load.
7.9.8 Modified atmospheres
Thermal containers that are manufactured to operate with a modified atmosphere, which could be injurious to
health until appropriately vented, shall be so marked alongside each point of access.
7.9.9 Ventilation control
Where automated ventilation control is provided, this fact shall be clearly marked near the ventilation inlet(s).
7.9.10 Humidity control
Where humidity control to provide reduced humidity is provided by means of reheating only, there are no
additional requirements. Where humidity control incorporates addition of water as liquid or vapour, instructions
shall be provided for cleaning and disinfecting all water reservoirs.
8 Testing
8.1 General
8.1.1 Unless otherwise stated, thermal containers conforming to the design requirements specified in
Clause 7 shall, in addition, be capable of withstanding the tests specified in 8.2 to 8.19 inclusive, as applicable.
The refrigeration and/or heating equipment (for example components, framework, pane
...
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