ISO 23016-1:2025

Fine bubble technology — Agricultural applications — Part 1: Test method for evaluating the growth promotion of hydroponically grown lettuce

This document specifies a test method for evaluating the effect of fine bubble water on the growth promotion of hydroponically grown lettuce by estimating the incremental gain in mass of the stems and leaves over a specified growth period.

Technologie des fines bulles — Applications agricoles — Partie 1: Titre manque

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 22-Jul-2025
• ICS: 07.030 - Physics. Chemistry
• ICS: 65.020.20 - Plant growing
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 281 - Fine bubble technology
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 281/WG 3 - Applications of fine bubble technology
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 23-Jul-2025
• Due Date: 27-Feb-2026
• Completion Date: 23-Jul-2025

Relations

• Revises: ISO/TS 23016-1:2019 - Fine bubble technology — Agricultural applications — Part 1: Test method for evaluating the growth promotion of hydroponically grown lettuce
• Effective Date: 02-Mar-2024

Standards Content (Sample)

International
Standard
ISO 23016-1
First edition
Fine bubble technology —
2025-07
Agricultural applications —
Part 1:
Test method for evaluating the
growth promotion of hydroponically
grown lettuce
Reference number
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test method for growth promotion performance on lettuce . 2
4.1 Conditions of test environment .2
4.2 Test system and related apparatus .2
4.3 Materials for test.4
4.4 Preparation for test .4
4.4.1 Confirmation of the working conditions of the fine bubble line system .4
4.4.2 Hydroponic bed system.4
4.4.3 Operator(s) and inspector(s) .4
4.4.4 Operation manual .4
4.5 Preliminary test for confirmation of reproducibility .4
4.5.1 General .4
4.5.2 Confirmation of reproducibility .4
4.5.3 Actions when there is a statistically significant difference .4
4.6 Test procedure .4
4.6.1 Preparation of lettuce seedling .4
4.6.2 Growth system .5
4.6.3 Sampling .5
4.6.4 Records .5
4.6.5 Number of tests .5
4.7 Calculation of degree of growth promotion .6
5 Test report . 6
Annex A (informative) Example of test results for lettuce growth promotion performance . 7
Annex B (informative) Example of recording format for measurement figures of environmental
parameters . 10
Annex C (informative) Example of confirmation test results .11
Bibliography .20

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 281, Fine bubble technology.
This first edition of ISO 23016-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 23016-1:2019, which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— a new Annex C has been added to give an example of confirmation test results.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
The recent progress in the application of fine bubble technology exhibits successes in the various technical
fields such as environmental technology in water and washing and cleaning technology for mechanical
engineering. The applications for agro- and aqua- farming and food industrial field also draw high interests
of markets in view of fine bubble enabled performance in enhancing growth of agro- and aqua- products,
improving their quality, saving resources for farming and ensuring safety of the food products. Various
industries engaged in such products are introducing the fine bubbles to their farming field by applying fine
bubble generating systems, eventually creating new market for the generating systems.
However, since technology transfer from fine bubble technology to technology fields of agro- and aqua-
farming and food industries is not well supported by common understanding of the fine bubbles or their
generating technology, results of evaluation on fine bubble enhanced performance cannot be accepted
commonly by both generating system suppliers and its users at the transaction scene. Furthermore, a
variety of agro- and aqua- farming products makes it difficult to adopt a systematic approach for selection
and application of generating systems.
The performance evaluation based on objective evidence resulting from standardized procedures is
intended to bridge the two technologies and facilitate diverse fields of applications for fine bubble technology
in the global market. In order to accelerate sound global market formation, development of test procedures
is urgently demanded by both technology stakeholders.
This document is intended to meet these needs by specifying the test procedure to be applied to the
generating system for agro- and aqua- farming and food industries uses. The evaluation is made by applying
fine bubble water generated by the object system to lettuce and by measuring its growth. The product,
lettuce, is globally accepted and the yielded test data represents the performance of the tested system over
other products in such major product family as, for example, leaf vegetable. The growth process of lettuce is
much simpler than other vegetables making the measuring process much easier in the test procedure. The
specified test conditions, namely the environment for growth, are also easy to be controlled allowing many
testing plants globally available. The parameter measured is the change in the harvested mass of lettuces
with application of fine bubbles compared to that without application in a specified period of growth.
Since the performance in terms of parameters is improving rapidly as the technology evolves, the
quantitative criteria for the testing are not specified in this document.

v
International Standard ISO 23016-1:2025(en)
Fine bubble technology — Agricultural applications —
Part 1:
Test method for evaluating the growth promotion of
hydroponically grown lettuce
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method for evaluating the effect of fine bubble water on the growth promotion
of hydroponically grown lettuce by estimating the incremental gain in mass of the stems and leaves over a
specified growth period.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 20480-1, Fine bubble technology — General principles for usage and measurement of fine bubbles — Part 1:
Terminology
ISO 20480-2, Fine bubble technology — General principles for usage and measurement of fine bubbles — Part 2:
Categorization of the attributes of fine bubbles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20480-1, ISO 20480-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
plant factory
facilities which allow systematic growth and production of plants where the internal environment
conditions, e.g. temperature, carbon dioxide, and liquid fertilizer are controlled
3.2
fine bubble generating system
system which mechanically generates fine bubbles (bubbles less than 100 μm in diameter) using water and air
3.3
fine bubble water
water including fine bubbles and used in plant factories (3.1)
3.4
raw water
tap water or water with equivalent quality level provided to produce fine bubble water (3.3) and used as the
control water for the reference

3.5
...

International
Standard
ISO 23016-1
First edition
Fine bubble technology —
Agricultural applications —
Part 1:
Test method for evaluating the
growth promotion of hydroponically
grown lettuce
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test method for growth promotion performance on lettuce . 2
4.1 Conditions of test environment .2
4.2 Test system and related apparatus .2
4.3 Materials for test.4
4.4 Preparation for test .4
4.4.1 Confirmation of the working conditions of the fine bubble line system .4
4.4.2 Hydroponic bed system.4
4.4.3 Operator(s) and inspector(s) .4
4.4.4 Operation manual .4
4.5 Preliminary test for confirmation of reproducibility .4
4.5.1 General .4
4.5.2 Confirmation of reproducibility .4
4.5.3 Actions when there is a statistically significant difference .4
4.6 Test procedure .4
4.6.1 Preparation of lettuce seedling .4
4.6.2 Growth system .5
4.6.3 Sampling .5
4.6.4 Records .5
4.6.5 Number of tests .5
4.7 Calculation of degree of growth promotion .6
5 Test report . 6
Annex A (informative) Example of test results for lettuce growth promotion performance . 7
Annex B (informative) Example of recording format for measurement figures of environmental
parameters . 10
Annex C (informative) Example of confirmation test results .11
Bibliography .20
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 281, Fine bubble technology.
This first edition of ISO 23016-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 23016-1:2019, which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— a new Annex C has been added to give an example of confirmation test results.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
iv
Introduction
The recent progress in the application of fine bubble technology exhibits successes in the various technical
fields such as environmental technology in water and washing and cleaning technology for mechanical
engineering. The applications for agro- and aqua- farming and food industrial field also draw high interests
of markets in view of fine bubble enabled performance in enhancing growth of agro- and aqua- products,
improving their quality, saving resources for farming and ensuring safety of the food products. Various
industries engaged in such products are introducing the fine bubbles to their farming field by applying fine
bubble generating systems, eventually creating new market for the generating systems.
However, since technology transfer from fine bubble technology to technology fields of agro- and aqua-
farming and food industries is not well supported by common understanding of the fine bubbles or their
generating technology, results of evaluation on fine bubble enhanced performance cannot be accepted
commonly by both generating system suppliers and its users at the transaction scene. Furthermore, a
variety of agro- and aqua- farming products makes it difficult to adopt a systematic approach for selection
and application of generating systems.
The performance evaluation based on objective evidence resulting from standardized procedures is
intended to bridge the two technologies and facilitate diverse fields of applications for fine bubble technology
in the global market. In order to accelerate sound global market formation, development of test procedures
is urgently demanded by both technology stakeholders.
This document is intended to meet these needs by specifying the test procedure to be applied to the
generating system for agro- and aqua- farming and food industries uses. The evaluation is made by applying
fine bubble water generated by the object system to lettuce and by measuring its growth. The product,
lettuce, is globally accepted and the yielded test data represents the performance of the tested system over
other products in such major product family as, for example, leaf vegetable. The growth process of lettuce is
much simpler than other vegetables making the measuring process much easier in the test procedure. The
specified test conditions, namely the environment for growth, are also easy to be controlled allowing many
testing plants globally available. The parameter measured is the change in the harvested mass of lettuces
with application of fine bubbles compared to that without application in a specified period of growth.
Since the performance in terms of parameters is improving rapidly as the technology evolves, the
quantitative criteria for the testing are not specified in this document.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
v
International Standard ISO 23016-1:2025(en)
Fine bubble technology — Agricultural applications —
Part 1:
Test method for evaluating the growth promotion of
hydroponically grown lettuce
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method for evaluating the effect of fine bubble water on the growth promotion
of hydroponically grown lettuce by estimating the incremental gain in mass of the stems and leaves over a
specified growth period.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 20480-1, Fine bubble technology — General principles for usage and measurement of fine bubbles — Part 1:
Terminology
ISO 20480-2, Fine bubble technology — General principles for usage and measurement of fine bubbles — Part 2:
Categorization of the attributes of fine bubbles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20480-1, ISO 20480-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
plant factory
facilities which allow systematic growth and production of plants where the internal environment
conditions, e.g. temperature, carbon dioxide, and liquid fertilizer are controlled
3.2
fine bubble generating system
system which mechanically generates fine bubbles (bubbles less than 100 μm in diameter) using water and air
3.3
fine bubble water
water including fine bubbles and used in plant factories (3.1)
3.4
raw water
tap water or water with equivalent quality level provided to produce fine bubble water (3.3) and used as the
control water for the reference
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
--------------
...

ISO/DIS PRF 23016-1:2024(en)
ISO/TC 281/WG 3
Date: 2024-09-10
Secretariat: JISC
Date: 2025-05-23
Fine bubble technology — Agricultural applications — —
Part 1:
Test method for evaluating the growth promotion of hydroponically
grown lettuce
PROOF
ISO/DIS PRF 23016-1:2024(E2025(en)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO'sISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: E-mail: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii
ISO/DIS PRF 23016-1:20242025(en)
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test method for growth promotion performance on lettuce . 2
4.1 Conditions of test environment . 2
4.2 Test system and related apparatus . 3
4.3 Materials for test . 5
4.4 Preparation for test . 5
4.5 Preliminary test for confirmation of reproducibility . 5
4.6 Test procedure . 6
4.7 Calculation of degree of growth promotion . 8
5 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Example of test results for lettuce growth promotion performance . 10
Annex B (informative) Example of recording format for measurement figures of environmental
parameters . 14
Annex C (informative) Example of confirmation test results . 15
Bibliography . 30

iii
ISO/DIS PRF 23016-1:2024(E2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 281, Fine bubble technology.
This first edition of ISO 23016-1 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 23016-1:2019, which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— — a new Annex CAnnex C has been added to give an example of confirmation test results.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
ISO/DIS PRF 23016-1:20242025(en)
Introduction
The recent progress in the application of fine bubble technology exhibits successes in the various technical
fields such as environmental technology in water and washing and cleaning technology for mechanical
engineering. The applications for agro- and aqua- farming and food industrial field also draw high interests of
markets in view of fine bubble enabled performance in enhancing growth of agro- and aqua- products,
improving their quality, saving resources for farming and ensuring safety of the food products. Various
industries engaged in such products are introducing the fine bubbles to their farming field by applying fine
bubble generating systems, eventually creating new market for the generating systems.
However, since technology transfer from fine bubble technology to technology fields of agro- and aqua-
farming and food industries is not well supported by common understanding of the fine bubbles or their
generating technology, results of evaluation on fine bubble enhanced performance cannot be accepted
commonly by both generating system suppliers and its users at the transaction scene. Furthermore, a variety
of agro- and aqua- farming products makes it difficult to adopt a systematic approach for selection and
application of generating systems.
The performance evaluation based on objective evidence resulting from standardized procedures is intended
to bridge the two technologies and facilitate diverse fields of applications for fine bubble technology in the
global market. In order to accelerate sound global market formation, development of test procedures is
urgently demanded by both technology stakeholders.
This document is intended to meet these needs by specifying the test procedure to be applied to the generating
system for agro- and aqua- farming and food industries uses. The evaluation is made by applying fine bubble
water generated by the object system to lettuce and by measuring its growth. The product, lettuce, is globally
accepted and the yielded test data represents the performance of the tested system over other products in
such major product family as, for example, leaf vegetable. The growth process of lettuce is much simpler than
other vegetables making the measuring process much easier in the test procedure. The specified test
conditions, namely the environment for growth, are also easy to be controlled allowing many testing plants
globally available. The parameter measured is the change in the harvested mass of lettuces with application
of fine bubbles compared to that without application in a specified period of growth.
Since the performance in terms of parameters is improving rapidly as the technology evolves, the quantitative
criteria for the testing are not specified in this document.
v
ISO/DIS 23016-1:2024(en)
DRAFT International Standard
Fine bubble technology - — Agricultural applications - —
Part 1:
Test method for evaluating the growth promotion performance of
hydroponically grown lettuce
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method for evaluating the effect of fine bubble water on the growth promotion
of hydroponically grown lettuce by estimating the incremental gain in mass of the stems and leaves over a
specified growth period.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 20480--1, Fine bubble technology — General principles for usage and measurement of fine bubbles — Part
1: Terminology
ISO 20480--2, Fine bubble technology — General principles for usage and measurement of fine bubbles — Part
2: Categorization of the attributes of fine bubbles
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20480-1, ISO 20480-2 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 3.1
plant factory
facilities which allow systematic growth and production of plants where the internal environment conditions,
e.g. temperature, carbon dioxide, and liquid fertilizer are controlled
3.2 3.2
fine bubble generating system
system which mechanically generates fine bubbles (bubbles less than 100 μm in diameter) using water and
air
3.3 3.3
fine bubble water
water including fine bubbles and used in plant factories (3.1(3.1))
ISO/DIS PRF 23016-1:2024(E2025(en)
3.4 3.4
raw water
tap water or water with equivalent quality level provided to produce fine bubble water (3.3(3.3)) and used as
the control water for the reference
3.5 3.5
fine bubble section
area to grow plants using fine bubble water (3.3(3.3))
Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this document, plants grown are lettuces.
3.6 3.6
control section
area to grow plants using raw water (3.4(3.4)) as a reference for fine bubble section (3.6(3.6))
Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this document, plants grown are lettuces.
3.7 3.7
liquid fertilizer
liquid used as nutrient to grow plants
3.8 3.8
culture solution
solution containing liquid fertilizer (3.7(3.7)) supplied to hydroponic cultivation system
3.9 3.9
photosynthetic photon flux density
PPFD
number of photons per unit of time and area, which are contained in 400 nm – 700 nm of wave length needed
for photosynthesis
4 Test method for growth promotion performance on lettuce
4.1 Conditions of test environment
4.1.1 4.1.1 Water supply. Sufficient water supply shall be provided to circulate the water in the piping of
the hydroponic bed and the tank.
4.1.2 4.1.2 Air quality. There shall be no significantly abnormal values that would have impact on lettuce
growth, compared with normal air composition.
4.1.3 4.1.3 Operation of growth promotion system. Continuous operation shall be available for the
whole period of the test. The test method shall be applied to the growth promotion system and continuous
operation shall be maintained for the whole period of the test. Each operation parameter related to stable fine
bubble generation shall allow monitoring.
4.1.4 4.1.4 Performance of fine bubbles Each operation parameter related to stable fine bubble
generation shall allow monitoring. Sizes and number concentrations of fine bubble water can be measured by
the user own test or system supplier’s data may be provided. However, when measurement is carried by the
user, it is not necessary after mixing the liquid fertilizer.
4.1.5 4.1.5 Measuring systems. Measuring devices are required to monitor environmental parameters
such as atmospheric temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, relative humidity, water temperature,
dissolved oxygen, pH, electric conductivity and PPFD, as well as sample performance through measurement
of the mass of stems and leaves.
ISO/DIS PRF 23016-1:20242025(en)
4.2 Test system and related apparatus
The test system shall consist of the following (see Figure 1Figure 1).).
4.2.1 4.2.1 Configuration of test system. Two-line systems are used. One is for fine bubble water that is
generated when the raw water is supplied to the fine bubble generating system, and is supplied to the fine
bubble section of the plant factory for promoting the growth of lettuce. In the fine bubble section, two or more
sections can be used for the test. Meanwhile, another one is for the raw water without fine bubbles as a
reference for the fine bubble sec
...