ISO 15156-3:2003
(Main)Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production — Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production — Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys
ISO 15156-3:2003 gives requirements and recommendations for the selection and qualification of CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys for service in equipment, used in oil and natural gas production and natural gas treatment plants in H2S-containing environments, whose failure could pose a risk to the health and safety of the public and personnel or to the environment. It can be applied to help to avoid costly corrosion damage to the equipment itself. It supplements, but does not replace, the materials' requirements of the appropriate design codes, standards or regulations. ISO 15156-3:2003 addresses the resistance of these materials to damage that may be caused by sulfide stress-cracking, stress-corrosion cracking and galvanically-induced hydrogen stress-cracking. ISO 15156-3:2003 is only concerned with cracking. Loss of material by general (mass loss) or localized corrosion is not addressed. Table 1 provides a non-exhaustive list of equipment to which ISO 15156-3:2003 is applicable, including permitted exclusions. ISO 15156-3:2003 applies to the qualification and selection of materials for equipment designed and constructed using conventional elastic design criteria. For designs utilizing plastic criteria (e.g. strain-based and limit-state designs) see ISO 15156-1:2001, Clause 5. ISO 15156-3:2003 is not necessarily suitable for application to equipment used in refining or downstream processes and equipment.
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Matériaux pour utilisation dans des environnements contenant de l'hydrogène sulfuré (H2S) dans la production de pétrole et de gaz — Partie 3: ARC (alliages résistants à la corrosion) et autres alliages résistants à la fissuration
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15156-3
First edition
2003-12-15
Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Materials for use in H S-containing
2
environments in oil and gas
production —
Part 3:
Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-
resistant alloys) and other alloys
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Matériaux pour utilisation
dans des environnements contenant de l'hydrogène sulfuré (H S) dans
2
la production de pétrole et de gaz —
Partie 3: ARC (alliages résistants à la corrosion) et autres alliages
résistants à la fissuration
Reference number
ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
©
ISO 2003
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
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ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions. 3
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 4
5 Factors affecting the cracking resistance of CRAs and other alloys in H S-containing
2
environments. 5
6 Qualification and selection of CRAs and other alloys with respect to SSC, SCC and GHSC
in H S-containing environments . 5
2
6.1 General. 5
6.2 Evaluation of materials properties . 6
6.3 PREN . 8
7 Purchasing information and marking . 8
7.1 Information to be supplied for material purchasing. 8
7.2 Marking. 9
Annex A (normative) Environmental cracking-resistant CRAs and other alloys . 10
Annex B (normative) Qualification of CRAs for H S-service by laboratory testing . 47
2
Annex C (informative) Information to be supplied for material purchasing. 57
Annex D (informative) Materials chemical compositions and other information . 59
Annex E (informative) Nominated sets of test conditions. 71
Bibliography . 72
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15156-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for petroleum and natural gas industries.
ISO 15156 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Materials for use in H S-containing environments in oil and gas production:
2
Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials
Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and the use of cast irons
Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
Introduction
The consequences of sudden failures of metallic oil and gas field components, associated with their exposure
to H S-containing production fluids, led to the preparation of the first edition of NACE MR0175, which was
2
published in 1975 by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers, now known as NACE International.
The original and subsequent editions of NACE MR0175 established limits of H S partial pressure above which
2
precautions against sulfide stress-cracking (SSC) were always considered necessary. They also provided
guidance for the selection and specification of SSC-resistant materials when the H S thresholds were
2
exceeded. In more recent editions, NACE MR0175 has also provided application limits for some corrosion-
resistant alloys, in terms of environmental composition and pH, temperature and H S partial pressures. NACE
2
MR0175 is complemented by NACE TM0177-96 and NACE TM0284 test methods.
In separate developments, the European Federation of Corrosion issued EFC Publication Number 16 in 1995
and EFC Publication Number 17 in 1996. These documents are generally complementary to those of NACE,
though they differ in scope and detail.
This part of ISO 15156 utilises the above sources to provide requirements and recommendations for materials
qualification and selection for application in environments containing wet H S in oil and gas production
2
systems.
Changes will be incorporated into this International Standard by amendments or revisions in accordance with
Interpretation and maintenance of ISO 15156 by ISO/TC 67/WG 7, copies of which can be obtained from the
ISO/TC 67 Secretariat. Experts from both NACE and EFC are members of ISO/TC 67/WG 7.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in
H S-containing environments in oil and gas production —
2
Part 3:
Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other
alloys
WARNING — CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys selected using this part of ISO 15156
are resistant to cracking in defined H S-containing environments in oil and gas production but not
2
necessarily immune to cracking under all service conditions. It is the equipment user's responsibility
to select the CRAs and other alloys suitable for the intended service.
1 Scope
This part of ISO 15156 gives requirements and recommendations for the selection and qualification of CRAs
(corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys for service in equipment, used in oil and natural gas production
and natural gas treatment plants in H S-containing environments, whose failure could pose a risk to the health
2
and safety of the public and personnel or to the environment. It can be applied to help to avoid costly
corrosion damage to the equipment itself. It supplements, but does not replace, the materials’ requirements of
the appropriate design codes, standards or regulations.
This part of ISO 15156 addresses the resistance of these materials to damage that may be caused by sulfide
stress-cracking (SSC), stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and galvanically-induced hydrogen stress-cracking
(GHSC).
This part of ISO 15156 is only concerned with cracking. Loss of material by general (mass loss) or localized
corrosion is not addressed.
Table 1 provides a non-exhaustive list of equipment to which this part of ISO 15156 is applicable, including
permitted exclusions.
This part of ISO 15156 applies to the qualification and selection of materials for equipment designed and
constructed using conventional elastic design criteria. For designs utilizing plastic criteria (e.g. strain-based
and limit-state designs), see ISO 15156-1:2001, Clause 5.
This part of ISO 15156 is not necessarily suitable for application to equipment used in refining or downstream
processes and equipment.
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
Table 1 — List of equipment
ISO 15156 is applicable to materials used for the Permitted exclusions
following equipment
Drilling, well construction and well-servicing equipment Equipment only exposed to drilling fluids of controlled
a
composition
Drill bits
b
Blowout Preventer (BOP) shear blades
Drilling riser systems
Work strings
c
Wireline and wireline equipment
Surface and intermediate casing
d
Wells, including subsurface equipment, gas lift equipment, Sucker rod pumps and sucker rods
wellheads and christmas trees
Electric submersible pumps
Other artificial lift equipment
Slips
Flow-lines, gathering lines, field facilities and field Crude oil storage and handling facilities operating at a total
processing plants absolute pressure below 0,45 MPa (65 psi)
Water-handling equipment Water-handling facilities operating at a total absolute
pressure below 0,45 MPa (65 psi)
Natural gas treatment plants
Transportation pipelines for liquids, gases and multiphase Lines handling gas prepared for general commercial and
fluids domestic use
For all equipment above Components loaded only in compression
a
See ISO 15156-2:2003, A.2.3.2.3 for more information.
b
See ISO 15156-2:2003, A.2.3.2.1 for more information.
c
Wireline lubricators and lubricator connecting devices are not permitted exclusions.
d
For sucker rod pumps and sucker rods, reference can be made to NACE MR0176.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6507-1, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test —Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K,
N, T)
ISO 6892, Metallic materials — Tensile testing at ambient temperature
ISO 10423, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and production equipment — Wellhead and
christmas tree equipment
ISO 11960, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells
ISO 15156-1:2001, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H S-containing environments
2
in oil and gas production — Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
ISO 15156-2:2003, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H S-containing environments
2
in oil and gas production — Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and the use of cast irons
1)
ASTM A 747/A 747M , Standard specification for steel castings, stainless, precipitation hardening
2)
EFC Publications Number 17 , Corrosion resistant alloys for oil and gas production: guidelines on general
requirements and test methods for H S in service
2
3)
NACE CORROSION/95 , Paper 47, (Houston), 1995, Test methodology for elemental sulfur-resistant
advanced materials for oil and gas field equipment, by G. Steinbeck, W. Bruckhoff, M. Köhler, H. Schlerkmann,
G. Schmitt
NACE TM0177-96, Laboratory testing of metals for resistance to sulfide stress cracking and stress corrosion
cracking in H S environments
2
4)
SAE – ASTM, Metals and alloys in the Unified Numbering System, ISBN 0-7680-04074
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 15156-1 and ISO 15156-2 and the
following apply.
3.1
ageing
change in metallurgical properties that generally occurs slowly at room temperature (natural ageing) and more
rapidly at higher temperature (artificial ageing)
3.2
anneal
heat to and hold at a temperature appropriate for the specific material and then cool at a suitable rate, for such
purposes as reducing hardness, improving machineability, or obtaining desired properties
3.3
austenite
face-centred cubic crystalline phase of iron-base alloys
3.4
duplex stainless steel
austenitic/ferritic stainless steel
stainless steel whose microstructure at room temperature consists primarily of a mixture of austenite and
ferrite
3.5
ferrite
body-centred cubic crystalline phase of iron-base alloys
1) ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
2) European Federation for Corrosion, available from The Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y
5DB, UK [ISBN 0-901716-95-2]
3) NACE International, P.O. Box 2183140, Houston, TX 77218-8340, USA
4) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 USA
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
3.6
ferritic stainless steel
stainless steel whose microstructure, at room temperature, consists predominantly of ferrite
3.7
galvanically-induced hydrogen stress-cracking
GHSC
cracking that results due to the presence of hydrogen in a metal, induced in the cathode of a galvanic couple,
and tensile stress (residual and/or applied)
3.8
martensite
hard, supersaturated solid solution of carbon in iron characterized by an acicular (needle-like) microstructure
3.9
martensitic steel
steel in which a microstructure of martensite can be attained by quenching at a cooling rate fast enough to
avoid the formation of other microstructures
3.10
pitting resistance equivalent number
PREN
F
PREN
number, developed to reflect and predict the pitting resistance of a CRA, based upon the proportions of Cr,
Mo, W and N in the chemical composition of the alloy
NOTE See 6.3 for further information.
3.11
solid solution
single crystalline phase containing two or more elements
3.12
stainless steel
steel containing 10,5 % or more chromium, possibly with other elements added to secure special properties
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviated terms shown in ISO 15156-1 and
ISO 15156-2 apply, some of which are repeated for the purpose of convenience, together with the following:
AYS actual yield strength
CRA corrosion-resistant alloy
HBW Brinell hardness
HRB Rockwell hardness (scale B)
HRC Rockwell hardness (scale C)
p partial pressure of CO
CO
2 2
p partial pressure of H S
H S
2 2
PWHT post-weld heat treatment
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
0
S elemental sulfur
RSRT rippled strain rate test
SSRT slow strain rate test
UNS unified (alloy) numbering system
5 Factors affecting the cracking resistance of CRAs and other alloys in
H S-containing environments
2
The cracking behavior of CRAs and other alloys in H S-containing environments can be affected by complex
2
interactions of parameters, including the following:
chemical composition, strength, heat treatment, microstructure, method of manufacture and finished
condition of the material;
H S partial pressure or equivalent dissolved concentration in the water phase;
2
acidity (in situ pH) of the water phase;
chloride or other halide ion concentration;
presence of oxygen, sulfur or other oxidants;
exposure temperature;
pitting resistance of the material in the service environment;
galvanic effects;
total tensile stress (applied plus residual);
exposure time.
These factors shall be considered when using this part of ISO 15156 for the selection of materials suitable for
environments containing H S in oil and gas production systems.
2
6 Qualification and selection of CRAs and other alloys with respect to SSC, SCC
and GHSC in H S-containing environments
2
6.1 General
CRAs and other alloys shall be selected for their resistance to SSC, SCC and/or GHSC as required by the
intended service.
Compliance of a CRA or other alloy with this part of ISO 15156 implies cracking resistance within defined
environmental service limits. These limits are dependent on the material type or the individual alloy.
To enable qualification and/or selection of CRAs and other alloys, the equipment purchaser may be required
to provide information on the proposed conditions of exposure to the equipment supplier.
In defining the severity of H S-containing environments, exposures that might occur during system upsets or
2
shutdowns, etc. shall also be considered. Such exposures can include unbuffered, low pH, condensed water
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
and acids used for well stimulation. In the case of stimulation acids, conditions occurring during backflow shall
be considered.
CRAs and other alloys shall be selected using Annex A or following qualification by successful laboratory
testing in accordance with Annex B. Qualification based on satisfactory field experience is also acceptable.
Such qualification shall comply with ISO 15156-1.
In Annex A, materials are identified by materials groups. Within each group alloys are identified by materials
type (within compositional limits) or as individual alloys. Acceptable metallurgical conditions and
environmental limits are given, for which alloys are expected to resist cracking. Environmental limits are given
for H S partial pressure, temperature, chloride concentration and elemental sulfur.
2
A CRA or other alloy may be qualified by testing for use under operating conditions that are more severe than
the environmental limits given in Annex A. Similarly, a CRA or other alloy may be qualified for use in different
metallurgical conditions (higher strength, alternative heat treatment, etc.) to those given in Annex A.
The documentation of qualifications performed in accordance with Annex B shall meet the requirements in
Clause 9 of ISO 15156-1:2001.
The equipment user shall verify qualifications (see B.2.2) and retain documentation supporting the materials
selections made.
6.2 Evaluation of materials properties
6.2.1 Hardness of parent metals
If hardness measurements on parent metal are specified, sufficient hardness tests shall be made to establish
the actual hardness of the CRA or other alloy being examined. Individual HRC readings exceeding the value
permitted by this part of ISO 15156 may be considered acceptable if the average of several readings taken
within close proximity does not exceed the value permitted by this part of ISO 15156 and no individual reading
is greater than 2 HRC above the specified value. Equivalent requirements shall apply to other methods of
hardness measurement when specified in this part of ISO 15156 or referenced in a manufacturing
specification.
The conversion of hardness readings to or from other scales is material-dependent; the user may establish
the required conversion tables.
NOTE The number and location of hardness tests on parent metal are not specified in ISO 15156.
6.2.2 Cracking-resistance properties of welds
6.2.2.1 General
The metallurgical changes that occur when welding CRAs and other alloys can affect their susceptibility to
SSC, SCC and/or GHSC. Welded joints may have a greater susceptibility to cracking than the parent
material(s) joined.
The equipment user may allow the cracking susceptibility of weldments to govern the limits of safe service
conditions for a fabricated system.
Processes and consumables used in welding should be selected in accordance with good practice and to
achieve the required corrosion and cracking resistances.
Welding shall be carried out in compliance with appropriate codes and standards as agreed between the
supplier and the purchaser. Welding procedure specifications (WPSs) and procedure qualification records
(PQRs) shall be available for inspection by the equipment user.
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
Welding PQRs shall include documented evidence demonstrating satisfactory cracking resistance under
conditions at least as severe as those of the proposed application. Such evidence shall be based upon one or
more of the following:
compliance with the requirements and recommendations for the specific materials group of Annex A
(6.2.2.2 and 6.2.2.3);
weld cracking-resistance qualification testing in accordance with Annex B;
documented field experience, modelled upon that specified for parent materials in ISO 15156-1.
The requirements and recommendations given in Annex A may not be appropriate for all combinations of
parent and weld metals used in the fabrication of equipment and components. The equipment user may
require evidence of successful cracking-resistance testing, as part of the welding procedure qualification, to
ensure the weldment produced provides adequate resistance to SSC, SCC and GHSC for the application.
6.2.2.2 Qualification of welding procedures in accordance with Annex A, based upon hardness
6.2.2.2.1 General
The qualification of welding procedures for sour service shall, if specified in Annex A, include hardness testing
in accordance with 6.2.2.2.2, 6.2.2.2.3 and 6.2.2.2.4.
6.2.2.2.2 Hardness testing methods for welding procedure qualification
Hardness testing for welding procedure qualification shall be carried out using Vickers HV 10 or HV 5 methods
in accordance with ISO 6507-1 or the Rockwell 15N method in accordance with ISO 6508-1.
The use of other methods shall require explicit user approval.
6.2.2.2.3 Hardness surveys for welding procedure qualification
Hardness surveys for butt welds, fillet welds, and repair and partial penetration welds shall be carried out as
described in 7.3.3.3 of ISO 15156-2:2003.
6.2.2.2.4 Hardness acceptance criteria for welds
Weld hardness acceptance criteria for CRAs or other alloys given in Annex A shall apply to alloys selected
using Annex A.
Hardness acceptance criteria may also be established from successful cracking-resistance testing of welded
samples. Testing shall be in accordance with Annex B.
6.2.2.3 Qualification of welding procedures in accordance with Annex A, by other means of testing
Where appropriate, requirements and recommendations to ensure adequate cracking-resistance of welds,
using other means of testing, are provided in the materials groups of Annex A.
6.2.3 Cracking-resistance properties associated with other fabrication methods
For CRAs and other alloys that are subject to metallurgical changes caused by fabrication methods other than
welding, cracking-resistance qualification testing of the material affected by fabrication shall be specified as
part of the qualification of the fabrication process.
Qualification testing shall be specified as part of the qualification of burning and cutting processes if any HAZ
remains in the final product.
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
The requirements and acceptance criteria of 6.2.2 shall apply to the qualification testing of both fabrication
methods and burning/cutting processes, subject to the suitable interpretation of the hardness survey
requirements of 6.2.2.2.3 for the fabrication method or burning/cutting process.
The form and location of the samples used for evaluation and testing shall be acceptable to the equipment
user.
6.3 PREN
The PREN (F ) shall be calculated as follows:
PREN
F =+ww3,3 + 0,5w + 16w
( )
PREN Cr Mo W N
where
w is the mass fraction of chromium in the alloy, expressed as a percentage of the total composition;
Cr
w is the mass fraction of molybdenum in the alloy, expressed as a percentage of the total composition;
Mo
w is the mass fraction of tungsten in the alloy, expressed as a percentage of the total composition;
W
w is the mass fraction of nitrogen in the alloy, expressed as a percentage of the total composition.
N
NOTE There are several variations of the PREN. All were developed to reflect and predict the pitting resistance of
Fe/Ni/Cr/Mo CRAs in the presence of dissolved chlorides and oxygen. e.g. in sea water. Though useful, these indices are
not directly indicative of corrosion resistance in H S-containing oil field environments.
2
7 Purchasing information and marking
7.1 Information to be supplied for material purchasing
7.1.1 The preparation of material purchasing specifications might require co-operation and exchange of
data between the equipment user, the equipment supplier and the material manufacturer to ensure that the
material purchased complies with ISO 15156-1 and this part of ISO 15156.
7.1.2 The following information shall be provided:
preferred materials types and/or grades (if known);
equipment type (if known);
reference to this part of ISO 15156;
acceptable bases for selection of materials for cracking resistance (see Clause 6).
7.1.3 The equipment user and the equipment supplier/material manufacturer may agree that CRAs and
other alloys other than those described and or listed in Annex A may be selected subject to suitable
qualification testing.
If the purchaser intends to make use of such agreements, extensions and qualifications, the appropriate
additional information shall be clearly indicated in the materials purchasing specification. This information
includes:
requirements for SSC, SCC and/or GHSC testing (see Clause 6 and Annex B);
service conditions for the specific sour service application.
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
7.1.4 The information required for material purchasing shall be entered on suitable data sheets. Suggested
formats are given in Annex C.
7.2 Marking
Materials complying with this part of ISO 15156 shall be made traceable, preferably by marking, before
delivery. Suitable labelling or documentation is also acceptable.
For materials qualified and selected for a special application in accordance with Annex B, traceability shall
include reference to the environmental conditions of the special application.
The tables in Annex C provide designations that may be used to identify materials.
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ISO 15156-3:2003(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Environ
...
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