ISO 18605:2013
(Main)Packaging and the environment — Energy recovery
Packaging and the environment — Energy recovery
ISO 18605:2013 specifies the requirements for packaging to be classified as recoverable in the form of energy recovery and sets out assessment procedures for fulfilling the requirements. ISO 18605:2013 is a part of a series of International Standards. The procedure for applying it is contained in ISO 18601.
Emballage et environnement — Récupération d'énergie
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18605
First edition
2013-01-15
Packaging and the environment —
Energy recovery
Emballage et environnement — Récupération d’énergie
Reference number
©
ISO 2013
© ISO 2013
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ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Specification of minimum net calorific value . 2
5 Requirements . 2
6 Procedures . 3
6.1 Application . 3
6.2 Assessment . 3
6.3 Demonstration of meeting the requirements . 3
Annex A (informative) Determination of calorific gain and specification of the theoretical
minimum net calorific value . 4
Annex B (informative) Derivation of a minimum net calorific value for packaging to allow
optimization of energy recovery in a real industrial system .6
Annex C (informative) Packaging not suitable for the energy recovery process .11
Annex D (informative) Example of format for the statement of meeting the requirements of this
International Standard .12
Annex E (informative) Completed example of format for the statement of meeting the
requirements of this International Standard .14
Bibliography .16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 18605 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 122, Packaging, Subcommittee SC 4, Packaging
and environment.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Packaging plays a critical role in almost every industry, every sector and every supply chain. Appropriate
packaging is essential to prevent loss of goods and, as a result, decrease impact on the environment.
Effective packaging makes a positive contribution towards achieving a sustainable society by, (e.g.):
a) meeting consumers’ needs and expectation for the protection of goods, safety, handling and information;
b) efficiently using resources and limiting environmental impact;
c) saving costs in the distribution and merchandising of goods.
An environmental assessment of packaging may include the manufacturing and distribution system,
the wastage of packaging material and goods, the relevant collection systems, as well as recovery or
disposal operations. This group of ISO standards and supporting reports provides a set of procedures
which aim to:
d) reduce environmental impact;
e) support innovation in products, packaging and the supply chain;
f) avoid undue restrictions on the use of packaging;
g) prevent barriers and restrictions to trade.
Packaging is designed to provide a number of functions for users and producers such as: containment,
protection, information, convenience, unitization, handling, delivery or presentation of goods. A major
role of packaging is prevention of damage to or loss of goods. (See ISO 18601:2012, Annex A for a list of
the functions of packaging.)
ISO 18601 defines the interrelationships within the family of ISO standards which cover the environmental
impact of packaging throughout its life cycle (see Figure 1). These standards will help define whether
the selected packaging can be optimized and whether the packaging needs to be modified to ensure it
can be reused or recovered after use.
Demonstration that the requirements of these standards are met can be performed by a first party
(manufacturer or supplier), a second party (user or purchaser), or by the support of a third party
(independent body).
Public claims on the environmental attributes of packaging may be addressed by different methods.
Some of these are technical aspects on reuse or recovery, others relate to access by the population to
reuse or recovery systems or the amount of packaging placed on the market for recovery. This series
of standards addresses the technical aspects of the packaging. It does not address the requirements of
ISO 14021 needed to support a claim or label.
This International Standard does not use the term “and/or” but, instead, the term “or” is used as an
inclusive disjunction, meaning one or the other or both.
ISO 18601
Packaging and the environment - General
requirements for the use of ISO standards in
the ield of packaging and the environment
ISO 18602
Packaging and the environment - Optimization
of the packaging system
OPTIMIZE
Annex C
Assessment and minimization of substances or
mixtures hazardous to the environment
REUSE
ISO 18603
Packaging and the Reuse
Decision
environment - Reuse
End of functional life
RECOVERY
ISO 18604 ISO 18605 ISO 18606
Packaging and the Packaging and the Packaging and the
environment - environment - environment -
Material recycling Energy recovery Organic recycling
Figure 1 — Relationship of the Packaging and environment standards
vi © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
Recovery
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18605:2013(E)
Packaging and the environment — Energy recovery
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the requirements for packaging to be classified as recoverable in
the form of energy recovery and sets out assessment procedures for fulfilling the requirements of this
International Standard.
This International Standard is a part of a series of International Standards. The procedure for applying
it is contained in ISO 18601.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 18601:2012, Packaging and the environment — General requirements for the use of ISO standards in
the field of packaging and the environment
ISO 21067:2007, Packaging — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 18601, ISO 21067 and the
following apply.
3.1
net calorific value at constant volume
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in oxygen under
conditions of constant volume and such that all the water of the reaction products remains as water
vapour (in a hypothetical state at 0,1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all
at the reference temperature
Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this document, ‘fuel’ as indicated above means used packaging.
[SOURCE: ISO 1928:2009, definition 3.1.3]
3.2
required energy
H
a
energy necessary to adiabatically heat the post combustion substances of a material and excess air from
ambient temperature to a specified final temperature
3.3
calorific gain
positive difference between the energy released on combustion of a material and H
a
3.4
theoretical minimum net calorific value
q
net, min,theor
fraction of the energy released on combustion sufficient to adiabatically heat the post-combustion
substances of a material or product and excess air from a specified ambient temperature to a specified
final temperature
3.5
available thermal energy
fraction of the energy released on combustion in a real industrial system which is transferred for
example to the steam cycle of a boiler, i.e. the total released energy minus the thermal losses
3.6
combustion
incineration
oxidation reaction covering both organic materials and metals
Note 1 to entry: Modern incineration plants are able to decouple energy efficiently and use it in the form of
energy recovery. The term “incineration” in normal usage means the process of reducing solid waste volume by
combustion with or without energy recovery. For the purpose of this International Standard, they refer only to
the incineration process with energy recovery.
3.7
energy recovery
production of useful energy through direct and controlled combustion
Note 1 to entry: Solid-waste incinerators producing hot water, steam or electricity are a common form of
energy recovery.
[SOURCE: ISO 15270:2008, definition 3.11]
4 Specification of minimum net calorific value
The theoretical minimum net calorific value, q , is material specific. It depends on the
net,min,theor.
temperature and other conditions required by the combustion process. In this International Standard it
is identified as H and may be determined by the method described in Annex A. This Annex specifies the
a
theoretical minimum net calorific value through the technical concept of calorific gain.
The real minimum net calorific value, q is set to allow optimization of energy recovery in a
net,min,real.
real industrial system and is defined in Annex B.
5 Requirements
To allow optimization of energy recovery in a real industrial system, the theoretical calorific gain shall
be well above zero. To claim energy recovery q shall be equal to or greater than q , as defined
net net,min,real
for various incineration conditions listed in Table B.2 in Annex B.
NOTE 1 Packaging composed of at least 50 % (by weight) of organic content, e.g. wood, cardboard, paper and
other organic fibres, starch, plastics, provides calorific gain and meets the requirement of q equal to or greater
net
than q , as defined for various incineration conditions listed in Table B.2 in Annex B.
net,min,real.
NOTE 2 Packaging consisting of more than 50 % by weight of inorganic constituents, e.g. inorganic fillers and
layers, is recoverable in the form of energy, provided q is equal to or greater than q , as defined for
net net,min,real.
various incineration conditions listed in Table B.2 in Annex B.
NOTE 3 Packaging consisting of more than 50 % by weight of inorganic components, of which the primary
constituent is not energy recoverable, e.g. glass or rigid metal containers with a plastic closure, is not deemed to
be energy recoverable.
NOTE 4 Thin gauge aluminium (typically up to 50 μm thick) contributes to q of the packaging and is deemed
net
to be energy recoverable. Aluminium over 50 μm is not deemed to be energy recoverable.
NOTE 5 Substances hazardous to the environment are addressed in ISO 18602. Other aspects regarding
packaging not suitable for energy recovery are also discussed in Annex C.
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
6 Procedures
6.1 Application
The application of this International Standard to any particular packaging shall be as specified in ISO 18601.
6.2 Assessment
Packaging may be assessed for energy recoverability by calculation from data given in Annex B or use
of the methodology in Annex A.
6.3 Demonstration of meeting the requirements
In order to demonstrate that the requirements stated in Clause 5 in ISO 18601:2012 have been met, a
written statement shall be prepared. Annex D in this International Standard may be used as guidance.
Annex A
(informative)
Determination of calorific gain and specification of the theoretical
minimum net calorific value
The determination of calorific gain is based on standard procedures for calculating the adiabatic final
temperature in combustion chemistry and thermodynamics.
The net calorific value, q , of a material is the amount of heat released when it burns and when all water
net
remains in the gas phase. In order to be recoverable in the form of energy, packaging should provide a
calorific gain in the energy recovery process. For the purpose of this International Standard, this is
assumed to be fulfilled when q exceeds the amount of required energy, H , to raise adiabatically the
net a
temperature of the post-combustion substances (including excess air) from ambient temperature to the
specified final temperature. A calorific gain is obtained when Formula (1) is fulfilled:
qH−>0 (1)
neta
The net calorific value of a packaging consisting of different components or constituents can be calculated
according to Formula (2):
n
qf= q (2)
neti net,i
∑
i=1
where
q net calorific value of the packaging;
net
f mass fraction of component or constituent ”i” in the packaging;
i
q net calorific value of component or constituent ”i” in the packaging.
net,i
A combustible packaging may contain non-combustible components or constituents of inert or reactive
nature, which may have a negative effect on calorific gain.
The theoretical minimum net calorific value specified as H can be determined by the application of
a
Formulae (3) and (4):
n
qH== fH (3)
net,min,theor. ai∑ a,i
i=1
where
H the energy required to heat adiabatically combustion products, residues and excess air from
a
T to T ;
0 a
H the energy required to heat adiabatically combustion products, residues and excess air from
a.i
T to T of component or constituent ”i” of the packaging.
0 a
4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
m
Hg=−CT()T (4)
a,ij∑ pj a0
j=1
where
g the ratio of combustion products and residues (flue gas and ashes) and excess air (j) resulting
j
from the amount of component or constituent “i” in the packaging;
C the specific heat capacity of post combustion product ”j” at constant pressure;
pj
T the adiabatic final temperature;
a
T the ambient temperature.
Formula (4) is valid for an adiabatic situation. For the purpose of this International Standard, H should
a
be calculated for specified incineration conditions. Since the incineration condition differs, H should be
a
calculated based on T without prejudice to the requirements of existing national legislation.
a
EXAMPLE 1 For EU countries, H shall be calculated for specified conditions, presently as given in Directive
a
2000/76/EC, i.e. a final temperature T of 850 °C. T is set at 25 °C at 6 % O .
a 0 2
EXAMPLE 2 For Canada, H shall be calculated for specified conditions, presently as given in report
a
CCME-TS/WM-TRE003, i.e. a final temperature T of 1000 °C. T is set at 25 °C at 7 ~11 % O .
a 0 2
EXAMPLE 3 For Japan, H shall be calculated for specified conditions, presently as given in national regulation,
a
i.e. a final temperature T of 800 °C. T is set at 25 °C.
a 0
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