ISO 25111:2009
(Main)Intelligent transport systems — Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) — General requirements for using public networks
Intelligent transport systems — Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) — General requirements for using public networks
ISO 25111:2009 specifies general requirements for the provision of ITS services, using the CALM architecture and protocols, via the use of public wireless networks [including cellular telephony and mobile wireless broadband (MWB) systems]. In particular, ISO 25111:2009 specifies protocols and parameters that public wireless networks shall include to support prolonged communication links in ITS environments where heterogeneous handovers or media independent handovers (MIH) are either necessary to maintain the link, or desirable as determined by media selection policies, and such handover is provided by the public wireless network. The requirements for the use of CALM via public wireless networks where there is no provision for heterogeneous cell/cell handover (i.e. so-called nomadic services) is not the central focus of ISO 25111:2009, but general requirements to enable the use of such systems, within the limits of the range of a single cell, are also provided. Wherever practicable, ISO 25111:2009 has been developed by reference to suitable extant standards, adopted by selection. Required regional variations are provided. Specifically, for ISO 25111:2009, extant national and International Standards for public wireless networks are adopted by reference and are not redefined herein. Application-specific upper layers are not included in ISO 25111:2009, but will be driven by application standards (which might not be technology specific).
Systèmes intelligents de transport — Accès aux communications des services mobiles terrestres (CALM) — Exigences générales pour l'usage des réseaux publics
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 25111
First edition
2009-11-15
Intelligent transport systems —
Communications access for land mobiles
(CALM) — General requirements for
using public networks
Systèmes intelligents de transport — Accès aux communications des
services mobiles terrestres (CALM) — Exigences générales pour
l'usage des réseaux publics
Reference number
ISO 25111:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Conformance .1
3 Normative references.2
4 Terms and definitions .2
5 Abbreviated terms.4
6 Requirements.4
7 Medium access control (MAC) .9
8 Service access point (SAP) .9
9 CALM public wireless network manager .10
10 Test and conformance requirements .10
11 Marking, labelling and packaging.10
12 Declaration of patents and intellectual property.11
Annex A (normative) System overview, sequence and state diagrams.12
Bibliography.17
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 25111 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems.
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
Introduction
This International Standard is part of a family of International Standards for communications access for land
mobiles (CALM) which specify a common architecture, network protocols and a set of air interface definitions
for wireless communications using a number of mobile (i.e. with horizontal or vertical cell/cell handover)
wireless media, including cellular 2nd generation, cellular 3rd generation, 5 GHz, millimetre wave, infrared
communications, and mobile wireless broadband (MWB), over packet-based networks. The CALM
architecture is also designed to include short-range, short-duration, low-latency communication systems such
as European dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and North American wireless access in vehicular
environments (WAVE) based on IEEE 802.11. It is anticipated that other air interfaces will be added in the
future. Generally speaking, the CALM architecture is designed to include air interfaces that provide some
subset of point-to-point, vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-point communications over packet-based networks
in the ITS sector. In particular, this Standard provides general specifications for air interfaces designed to
provide mobile access to packet-based networks.
The requirements for transmission of information over large distances using wireless technology are
functionally very different from the requirements for European DSRC. Large volumes of data are required for
purposes such as safety, traffic information and management, video downloads to vehicles for tourist
information and entertainment, and navigation system updates. In order to support such services, mobile units
need to be able to communicate over longer ranges with access points/base stations, and the system must be
able to hand over sessions from one access point/base station to another (horizontal or vertical). CALM
standards are explicitly designed to enable quasi-continuous data communications as well as data
communications of protracted duration between vehicles and service providers, and between vehicles. It is
important to note that the CALM architecture is specifically designed to support packet-based
communications; support for circuit-switched communications is not included.
The fundamental advantage of the CALM concept over traditional systems is the ability to support media
independent handover (MIH), also referred to as heterogeneous handover, between the various media that
can be included in a CALM system. Selection policies are supported that include user preferences and media
capabilities in making decisions as to which media to use for a particular session, and when to hand over
between media or between service providers on the same medium. These handover mechanisms are defined
within the CALM architecture International Standard (ISO 21217), the CALM IPv6 networking for internet
connectivity International Standard (ISO 21210), the CALM medium service access points International
Standard (ISO 21218) and the CALM communication and station management International Standard
(ISO 24102). Handovers between access points using the same technology and service provider use
mechanisms that are defined within the particular medium-specific CALM Standard.
ITS applications that can be enhanced or are enabled by the CALM architecture include car-to-car and point-
to-multipoint safety messaging, collision avoidance, update of roadside telemetry and messaging, probe data
collection, general internet access, image and video transfer, infotainment, multimedia multicast, traffic
management, monitoring and enforcement in mobile situations, and route guidance, just to mention a few.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 25111:2009(E)
Intelligent transport systems — Communications access for
land mobiles (CALM) — General requirements for using public
networks
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies general requirements for the provision of ITS services, using the CALM
architecture and protocols, via the use of public wireless networks [including cellular telephony and mobile
wireless broadband (MWB) systems].
In particular, this International Standard specifies protocols and parameters that public wireless networks shall
include to support prolonged communication links in ITS environments where heterogeneous handovers or
media independent handovers (MIH) are either necessary to maintain the link, or desirable as determined by
media selection policies, and such handover is provided by the public wireless network.
The requirements for the use of CALM via public wireless networks where there is no provision for
heterogeneous cell/cell handover (i.e. so-called nomadic services) is not the central focus of this International
Standard, but general requirements to enable the use of such systems, within the limits of the range of a
single cell, are also provided.
Wherever practicable, this International Standard has been developed by reference to suitable extant
standards, adopted by selection. Required regional variations are provided.
Specifically, for this International Standard, extant national and International Standards for public wireless
networks are adopted by reference and are not redefined herein.
Application-specific upper layers are not included in this International Standard, but will be driven by
application standards (which might not be technology specific).
2 Conformance
In order to claim conformance with this International Standard, communication shall be established in full
compliance with procedures and protocols for the appropriate public wireless networks standards, and shall
comply with the requirements of
⎯ ISO 21210 (CALM IPv6 networking),
⎯ ISO 21217 (CALM system architecture),
⎯ ISO 21218 (CALM medium service access points), and
⎯ ISO 24102 (CALM management).
Local area public wireless networks that support nomadic wireless systems, without cell/cell handover, cannot
claim compliance with this International Standard.
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 21210, Intelligent transport systems — Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) — IPv6
Networking
ISO 21217, Intelligent transport systems — Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) — Architecture
ISO 21218, Intelligent transport systems — Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) — Medium
service access points
ISO 24102, Intelligent transport systems — Communications access for land mobiles (CALM) — Management
4 Terms and definitions
1)
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
broadband
characteristic of systems that support information transmission rates greater than the primary rate (4.12)
NOTE The definition given here is consistent with that given in ITU-R F.1399.
4.2
CALM application session
association of two or more parties for the provision of CALM application service and which, until its
termination, can involve more than one communication session in order to exchange information (i.e. are involved
in a transaction)
NOTE 1 A CALM application session is not possible unless a communication session (4.4) is first established.
NOTE 2 An application session will normally involve multiple bidirectional transfers of data, but can be a unidirectional
transfer of data.
4.3
cell
communication zone/service area of a wireless access point (AP) or base station
4.4
communication session
association of two or more wireless communication devices between which a functional wireless
communication link is available for mutual exchange of data/information
NOTE Application sessions (see 4.2) engage in and complete transactions using communication sessions.
4.5
fixed wireless broadband system
wireless broadband system including communication between user terminals and wireless access points in
which the locations of the user terminals and the wireless access points are stationary
NOTE The definition given here is consistent with that given in ITU-R F.1399.
1) Reference should also be made to ISO 21217.
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
4.6
handover
process of switching a communications transaction in progress from one communication cell to another or
between radio channels in the same cell
NOTE Handover is used to allow established sessions to continue when mobile stations move from one cell/AP to
another and as a method for minimizing co-channel interference.
4.7
local area wireless broadband system
wireless broadband system including communication between user terminals and wireless access points in
which the user terminals may move within the communication zones of the wireless access points during
communication sessions, but session handover between wireless access points is not supported
4.8
media independent handover
handover in which a change of media may or may not be involved
4.9
mobile wireless broadband system
wireless broadband system including communication between user terminals and wireless access points in
which the user terminals may move within and between the communication zones of the wireless access
points during communication sessions, and session handover between wireless access points is supported
4.10
nomadic wireless broadband system
wireless broadband system including communication between user terminals and wireless access points in
which the location of the user terminals and the wireless access points may change, but are stationary during
communication sessions
NOTE The definition given here is consistent with that given in ITU-R F.1399.
4.11
on-board equipment
equipment or device installed or put on-board implementing CALM functionalities
4.12
primary rate
data transmission rate of either 1 544 kbps or 2 048 kbps (depending on the network)
NOTE The primary rate is not necessarily the end-user data rate.
4.13
public service
wireless services available to the public and non-ITS-specific which can support connection between or
among registered subscribers and may provide access to the internet
4.14
public wireless network
wireless communications network which supports public services (4.13) such as cellular telephony, mobile
wireless broadband systems (4.10) and satellite systems
4.15
wireless broadband system
wireless communication system supporting broadband transmission rates over an air interface
NOTE Wireless broadband systems can be fixed, nomadic, local area or mobile.
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
5 Abbreviated terms
AP access point
CALM communications access for land mobiles
CME CALM management entity
DSRC dedicated short-range communication
HC-SDMA high capacity–spatial division multiple access (ANSI/ATIS 0700004-2007)
IEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ITU International Telecommunications Union
ITU-R ITU-Radiocommunications sector
MIH media independent handover
2)
(mobile) WiMAX (mobile) worldwide interoperability for microwave access
MWB mobile wireless broadband
OBE on-board equipment
6 Requirements
6.1 Establishment of a medium-specific session
6.1.1 Public mobile network
The CALM architecture will support two types of air-interface media:
⎯ those that are purpose-designed to provide ITS services (non-public media), and
⎯ those that use public mobile network media.
Some ITS service provision can only be supported using “non-public” purpose designed media, such as those
defined in ISO 21214 (CALM using infrared), ISO 21215 (CALM using 5 GHz), and ISO 21216 (CALM using
millimetre wave). These services are primarily, but not exclusively, those requiring time critical dialogues and
transactions (measured in milliseconds). Some ITS services may be provided using either type of media, and
some commercial services may only be available from a particular type of public land mobile network.
This International Standard provides the general requirements for the provision of ITS services, via the CALM
architecture, using public land mobile network media.
6.1.2 Continuous and time controlled sessions
The principal difference between continuous and time controlled sessions to the communications architecture
lies in the sequence of events, i.e. whether the CALM session is established before the medium session or
whether the medium session is established prior to the CALM session.
2) WiMax is a commercial instantiation of IEEE 802.16e.
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
A continuous communication system shall attempt to establish a session as soon as the vehicle is switched
on, and shall maintain that session, so long as it is possible, for as long as the vehicle is operating. If it loses
the connection, it shall immediately, and at regular intervals, try to establish a new session and restore a
quasi-continuous session, regardless of whether there is an immediate need to transact an exchange of data
or not. This means that the communications sequence is that at engine start CALM management seeks to
determine which media are available (See ISO 24102), as soon as the medium possibility is detected a
communication session is established, and that session is then quasi-instantaneously available to the CALM
manager.
In contrast, with a time controlled system, at engine start the CALM manager seeks to determine which media
are available (See CIC-wl2 and CIAC-2 in ISO 24102), the communications equipment will identify itself to the
medium and the medium may or may not establish a background session providing the location of the in-
vehicle equipment, but does not establish an active communication session. An active communication session
shall only be created when the in-vehicle (CALM) equipment chooses to initialise a time controlled session in
order to send a message/exchange data, or it receives an inbound call, such as receipt of a safety message
from the infrastructure. There may well be situational variations as systems evolve. However, the architectural
consequence is as determined below.
Provided that the appropriate equipment is fitted in the vehicle, the CALM concept can create and maintain
sessions with many different communication media. However, there is a fundamental difference between the
sequencing of session establishment procedures for sessions with media that, so long as they are present,
are continuously connected, and those that are connected only when it is required to send a message.
Further, for those that are connected only when it is required to send a message, there are media types (for
example, 2G GSM) which, so long as the equipment is switched on, will establish a background link and non-
charged connection in order to be able to locate a user for incoming calls, and those (such as some satellite
systems, or “aircraft mode locked” equipment) which remain totally disconnected unless a session is initiated.
Finally, the user may, for whatever reason, elect only to connect upon the user’s instruction and disconnect
immediately when instructed to do so by the user. Clearly, in such an environment, ITS services via CALM
can only be available when the system is connected.
NOTE 1 The user might also wish to control access to sessions with media. This can be for a number of reasons,
including privacy and cost, but in some circumstances and countries, regulations for safety or national security might forbid
such user controlled override options for certain types of transactions.
NOTE 2 This International Standard, and related International Standards, neither prescribe nor proscribe any of these
session types or options within the session types, but simply enable them. Clearly, a session that is continuously
connected can respond more quickly than one which has first to establish the communication session at the time of the
request to send that message, and might therefore be better suited to support a greater range of services. However, there
are a number of reasons (see Note 3) for each of the described types of communication session. This International
Standard simply provides general procedures for all types of public wireless networks in order to function within the CALM
environment.
NOTE 3 The reasons for continuous or time controlled communications sessions are commercial, technical and
political. Some media might be available more commonly than others (such as satellite, 2G GSM, 3G) but be based on
commercial models that only use call-time controlled charging, or have volume limitations that for technical reasons need
to minimise actual connection time. Other media (such as many instantiations of MWB) are subscription based, and work
on the principle of quasi-continuous connection to the medium (for example, for immediate internet access) on a non-
session-time controlled subscription, and, in the case of use within the CALM context, to establish a connection, so long
as it is possible, during the whole period that the vehicle engine is running. However, it is not possible to say that one
medium will always use time controlled charging while another will always use subscription based charging. For example,
there are instantiations of 2G and 3G that use “free call” subscription based charging and there examples of MWB that use
session-time controlled charging. These models can vary according to location and service provider, and in any event can
change over time. This International Standard provides technical provision to deal with all of these options, and to ensure
that where permitted they function effectively; it does not concern commercial or political preferences.
The overall procedures for these options are described in 6.1.3 to 6.1.6. However, while the overall procedure
in respect of CALM can be determined in this International Standard, the specific procedures for each medium
are determined in the relevant CALM International Standard for that medium (e.g. ISO 21212, ISO 21213,
ISO 25112, ISO 25113, ISO 29282 or ISO 29283), and these International Standards provide an ITS-CALM
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
operational environment that will itself operate within the International Standards which govern the
management of the particular medium.
6.1.3 User controlled sessions
User controlled sessions, where they are permitted, regardless of whether the medium is continuous or time
controlled, will operate according to the sequence of a time controlled session, except that the instruction to
enable CALM to commence a session (with any specific or all media) is determined by the user. The means
by which such user control is effected by the in-vehicle equipment is not determined within this International
Standard. The instruction to terminate may originate from the user, or from the CALM Management
International Standard (ISO 24102). Within the concept of user controlled sessions it is envisioned that there
may be vendor/equipment based options and it is not the intention of this International Standard to propose or
standardise such options.
6.1.4 Establishment and termination of a continuous session
In a continuous system, the session using the medium is connected at the earliest opportunity (i.e. when the
CALM manager seeks to identify which media options are possible at ignition turn-on). The operational
sequence is determined as follows.
a) Establish session with medium in accordance with the relevant CALM International Standard for that
medium (e.g. ISO 21212, ISO 21213, ISO 25112, ISO 25113, ISO 29282, ISO 29283).
b) Subsequently establish CALM session as determined by the CALM management (ISO 24102) and CALM
IPv6 networking (ISO 21210) International Standards.
c) A session with medium shall be terminated when ignition is switched off, i.e. the communication interface
state “not-existent” (see ISO 21218) is reached.
6.1.5 Establishment and termination of a time controlled session
In a time controlled system the operational sequence is as follows.
a) CALM management (ISO 24102) identifies if the communication interface is available.
b) A CALM session is established as determined by CALM management (ISO 24102) and CALM IPv6
networking (ISO 21210) International Standards (with all media possibilities).
c) The CALM management (ISO 24102) monitors the continuing availability of the communication interface.
d) Each time that the CALM LL-SAP (ISO 21218) wishes to use the specific communication interface, a
session with the communication interface is established in accordance with the procedures in ISO 24102
and the standards within which the specific public wireless network operates.
e) When the transaction is completed the CALM management (ISO 24102) instructs using CALM IPv6
networking (ISO 21210) to terminate the session with the medium, which is achieved by deletion of all
virtual communication interfaces (ISO 21218). As a result the communication interface shall return to the
state “registered”.
6.1.6 Establishment and termination of a user controlled session
The system shall establish a communication session only upon instruction by the user of the vehicle and shall
disconnect a communication session immediately upon instruction from the user regardless of whether the
system is of a continuous or time controlled type. Such systems shall operate in accordance with the
procedures determined in 6.1.4.
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ISO 25111:2009(E)
6.2 Adoption of other standards and internationally adopted practices
Equipment and systems complying with this International Standard shall operate in the environment of, and to
the parameters defined for, public wireless networks in one of the standards and internationally adopted
practices referenced/specified in the CALM International Standard for the particular public wireless network.
6.3 Operational context
6.3.1 Horizontal handover capability
Systems claiming compliance with this International Standard would ideally be public mobile wireless
networks, i.e. wireless broadband systems supporting communication sessions between user terminals and
land mobile network points in which handover of sessions as the user terminals move between access points
is supported.
NOTE ITS-specific services at 5,9 GHz are within the scope of ISO 21215, millimetre wave systems are within the
scope of ISO 21216, and infrared systems are within the scope of ISO 21214.
6.3.2 Nomadic networks
Local area public wireless networks that support nomadic wireless systems, without heterogeneous or
homogeneous handover [e.g. IEEE 802.11 variants, non-IEEE 802.16e variants of IEEE 802.16 (i.e. those
variants that do not support heterogeneous handover, etc.)] cannot claim compliance to this International
Standard. However, in-vehicle equipment that is able to connect to and use these networks, within the
limitation of the range of the supported cell, may use the provisions of this International Standard to provide a
CALM connection to these networks while operating within their read zone.
EXA
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