ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018

Information technology - Office equipment - Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment - Part 1: Using-consumables

This document (all parts) specifies methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from ICT & CE equipment during intended operation in an Emission Test Chamber (ETC). This document (all parts) includes specific methods for equipment using consumables, such as printers, and equipment not using consumables, such as monitors and PC's. Part 1 specifies the methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from electronic equipment using consumables. The methods comprise preparation, sampling (or monitoring) in a controlled ETC, storage and analysis, calculation and reporting of emission rates. Emission rates from EUT may also be determined according to additional requirements identified by "RAL‑UZ 205 Option". Annex A specifies monochrome and colour print patterns for use in the operating phase of EUT using consumables. The operational readiness of AMS is confirmed according to Annex B. Calculations use the generalised model and approximations thereof as developed in Annex C. The emission rates determined with this method may be used to compare equipment in the same class. Predictions of "real indoor" concentrations from the determined emission rates are outside the scope of this document.

Technologies de l'information — Équipement de bureau — Détermination des taux d'émission chimique d'un équipement électronique — Partie 1: Titre manque

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 02-Sep-2018
• Withdrawal Date: 02-Sep-2018
• ICS: 37.100.10 - Reproduction equipment
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1 - Information technology
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1 - Information technology
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 28-Oct-2021
• Completion Date: 30-Oct-2025

Relations

• Consolidated By: ISO 13297:2020/Amd 1:2022 - Small craft - Electrical systems - Alternating and direct current installations - Amendment 1
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022
• Revised: ISO/IEC 28360-1:2021 - Information technology - Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment - Part 1: Using consumables
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2021
• Revises: ISO/IEC 28360:2015 - Information technology - Office equipment - Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment
• Effective Date: 14-Oct-2017

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 28360-1
First edition
2018-09
Information technology — Office
equipment — Determination of
chemical emission rates from
electronic equipment —
Part 1:
Using-consumables
Technologies de l'information — Équipement de bureau —
Détermination des taux d'émission chimique d'un équipement
électronique —
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2018
© ISO/IEC 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 5
4.2 Symbols . 5
5 Conformance . 7
6 Method overview . 7
7 ETC requirements . 8
7.1 Construction materials . 8
7.2 Air tightness . 8
7.3 Air mixing efficiency . 9
8 Determination method . 9
8.1 Test conditions . 9
8.1.1 General. 9
8.1.2 Operating temperature and relative humidity (RH) . 9
8.1.3 Air exchange rate (n) . 9
8.1.4 Air velocity . 9
8.1.5 Sampled air flow . 9
8.2 Handling of EUT and ETC . 9
8.2.1 Selection and storage of EUT . 9
8.2.2 Loading Factor . 9
8.2.3 ETC purging . 9
8.2.4 Background concentrations (C ) .10
bg
8.2.5 EUT unpacking.10
8.2.6 Preparation of the EUT before testing .10
8.2.7 EUT installation .10
8.2.8 EUT operation during test .11
8.3 VOC, carbonyl compounds .12
8.3.1 Sorbents . . .12
8.3.2 Sample collection .12
8.3.3 Emission rate calculation .13
8.4 Ozone .14
8.4.1 Analyser and sampling line requirements .15
8.4.2 Monitoring .15
8.4.3 Emission rate calculation .15
8.5 Particulate matter.16
8.5.1 Weighing and Filter conditioning .17
8.5.2 Sampling.17
8.5.3 Emission rate calculation .17
8.6 Fine and Ultrafine Particles (FP and UFP) .18
8.6.1 General Requirements for Aerosol Measuring Systems (AMS) .19
8.6.2 Measurement .20
8.6.3 Calculation .20
9 Test report .24
Annex A (normative) Print Patterns .26
Annex B (normative) Preparatory AMS Test Procedures .28
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved iii

Annex C (informative) Emission rate model .32
Bibliography .40
iv © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
ISO/IEC 28360-1 was prepared by Ecma International (as ECMA-328 Part 1) and was adopted, under a
special “fast-track procedure”, by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, in
parallel with its approval by national bodies of ISO and IEC.
This first edition of ISO/IEC 28360-1, together with ISO/IEC 28360-2, cancels and replaces ISO/
IEC 28360: 2015, which has been technically revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum
ISO/IEC 28360: 2015/Cor.1:2016. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— This edition was divided into a part for electronic equipment using consumables and a part for
electronic equipment not using consumables as follows:
— Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment — Part 1 (using-
consumables)
— Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment — Part 2 (not using-
consumables)
The purpose of the split was to make the description of test procedures simpler (they included
considerable differences between the two equipment categories) and to facilitate users’
understanding.
— This edition is fully aligned with “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy
Devices” (RAL-UZ 205).
A list of all parts in the ISO 28360 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved v

Introduction
Globally, governmental agencies, academic institutions, environmental organizations and
manufacturers have started to develop methods to determine chemical emissions from electronic
equipment. These attempts however, initially resulted in a range of tests from which the results were
not necessarily comparable, either qualitatively or quantitatively.
Following the publications of the 1st edition of ECMA-328 in 2001 and the “Test method for the
determination of emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the BAM and Ecma
have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the chemical emission rates from ICT & CE
equipment in the 2nd edition.
In addition to stricter test procedures, the 2nd edition used generalised emission formulae, and their
derivations developed in Annex C, to calculate emission rates from concentrations of analytes that are
measured in Emission Test Chambers.
The 3rd edition was fully aligned with the 1st edition of ISO/IEC 28360:2007 adopted under ISO/
IEC JTC 1 fast track procedure and published in September 2007.
In addition, the 4th edition fixed a number of errata on ISO/IEC 28360:2007 that JTC 1/SC 28 identified.
Following the publications of the 4th edition of ECMA-328 and the “Test method for the determination
of emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the BAM, WKI, JBMIA and Ecma
have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the Fine Particle (FP) and Ultrafine Particle
(UFP) emissions from hard copy devices in the 5th edition.
The 6th edition was aligned with the 2nd edition of ISO/IEC 28360:2012, and it added a new ozone
calculation method. “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-
UZ 122) has been replaced by “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy Devices”
(RAL-UZ 171) published in January 2013. Therefore, “RAL-UZ 122 option” is replaced with “RAL-UZ 171
option” in the 6th edition.
The 7th edition of ECMA-328 is fully aligned with ISO/IEC 28360:2015.
The 8th edition was divided into a part for electronic equipment using consumables and a part for
electronic equipment not using consumables as follows:
— Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment — Part 1 (using-consumables)
— Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment — Part 2 (not using-
consumables)
The purpose of the split was to make the description of test procedures simpler (they included
considerable differences between the two equipment categories) and to facilitate users’ understanding.
This 8th edition is fully aligned with “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy
Devices” (RAL-UZ 205).
This part of the Standard is Part 1.
vi © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
Information technology — Office equipment —
Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic
equipment —
Part 1:
Using-consumables
1 Scope
This document (all parts) specifies methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from
ICT & CE equipment during intended operation in an Emission Test Chamber (ETC).
This document (all parts) includes specific methods for equipment using consumables, such as printers,
and equipment not using consumables, such as monitors and PC’s.
Part 1 specifies the methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from electronic equipment
using consumables.
The methods comprise preparation, sampling (or monitoring) in a controlled ETC, storage and analysis,
calculation and reporting of emission rates.
Emission rates from EUT may also be determined according to additional requirements identified by
“RAL-UZ 205 Option”.
Annex A specifies monochrome and colour print patterns for use in the operating phase of EUT using
consumables.
The operational readiness of AMS is confirmed according to Annex B.
Calculations use the generalised model and approximations thereof as developed in Annex C.
The emission rates determined with this method may be used to compare equipment in the same class.
Predictions of “real indoor” concentrations from the determined emission rates are outside the scope of
this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 554:1976, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 16000-3:2011, Indoor air — Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in
indoor air and test chamber air — Active sampling method
ISO 16000-6:2011, Indoor air — Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test
chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using
MS or MS-FID
ISO 16000-9:2006, Indoor air — Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from
building products and furnishing — Emission test chamber method
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 16017-1:2000, Indoor, ambient and workplace air — Sampling and analysis of volatile organic
compounds by sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography — Part 1: Pumped sampling
CIE 15:2004, Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage — Colorimetry, 3rd edition
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https: //www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
3.1
averaged concentration time series
simple moving average of total particle number concentration (C ) over 31 ± 3 seconds
p
3.2
averaged ozone concentration time series
simple moving average of ozone concentration (Co ) over 80 ± 5 seconds
3.3
aerosol
suspension of fine solid particles and/or liquid droplets in a gas
3.4
aerosol measuring system
AMS
device category for measuring the total particle number concentration of an aerosol within a size range
at a certain frequency
Note 1 to entry: CPC (4.8) and fast AMS (4.12) belong to AMS.
3.5
air exchange rate
n
3 3
ratio (n) of the volume of clean air brought into the ETC per hour [m /h] to the unloaded ETC volume [m ]
3.6
air velocity
air speed [m/s] measured in the unloaded ETC
3.7
analyte
volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbonyl compounds, ozone, particulate matter, fine particles (FP)
and ultrafine particles (UFP)
3.8
condensation particle counter
CPC
instrument that measures the particle number concentration of an aerosol
Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this document a CPC is used as a standalone instrument which measures the
total particle number concentration within a device dependent size range.
3.9
consumables
toner, ink, paper and ribbon
2 © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

3.10
emission test chamber
ETC
enclosure with controlled operational parameters for testing analyte mass emitted from EUT
3.11
equipment under test
EUT
electronic equipment from which chemical emission rates are determined
3.12
fast AMS
instrument with rapid time resolution and particle size classification
3.13
fine particles
FP
particles with particle size / diameter range between 0,1 μm and 2,5 μm
3.14
hard copy devices
class of EUT using Consumables that includes printers, (Photo)copiers and Multi Functional Devices (MFD)
3.15
loading factor
ratio of the EUT volume to the volume of the unloaded ETC
3.16
maximum usage time before testing
MUT
ratio between the total number of prints carried out by the EUT and the printing speed of the EUT
Note 1 to entry: Maximum usage time is the maximum permitted time of operation before testing in order to
consider the EUT as newly manufactured equipment for testing purposes.
3.17
operating phase
phase in which the EUT is performing its intended functions
3.18
particle
solid or liquid matter with defined physical boundaries suspended in a gas
3.19
particle emission rate
PER
averaged emission rate, i.e. total number of particles in a specified particle size range emitted during
the operating phase
3.20
particle emission rate
PER(t)
time dependent emission rate of particles in a specified particle size range after the start of the
operating phase
3.21
particle loss coefficient
β
coefficient describes the loss of particles in a specified particle size range in an ETC
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved 3

3.22
particle size/particle diameter
measurement category to describe the physical dimension of a particle
Note 1 to entry: The term particle size is often used as a synonym for particle diameter. The particle diameter is
used to assign a particle to a particle size class (e.g. UFP).
3.23
particulate matter
PM
quantity of particles measured by gravimetric methods
3.24
post-operating phase
phase following the operating phase
Note 1 to entry: The post-operating can include energy saving modes.
3.25
pre-operating phase
phase in which the EUT is connected to an electrical supply before the EUT is able to enter the
operating phase
Note 1 to entry: The pre-operating phase can include warming-up and energy saving modes.
3.26
standard particle emission rate
PER calculated number of particles emitted during a 10-minute operating phase in a specified particle
size range
3.27
total number of emitted particles
TP
calculated total number of particles emitted in a specified particle size range
3.28
total particle number concentration
C
p
particle number concentration in a specified particle size range
3.29
total volatile organic compounds
TVOC
the sum of the concentrations of identified VOC and the concentrations of the converted areas of
unidentified peaks using the toluene response factor
Note 1 to entry: This definition of “total volatile organic compounds” differs from the definition in
ISO 16000-6:2011.
3.30
ultrafine particles
UFP
particles with particle diameter less or equal 0,1 µm
3.31
unit specific emission rate
SER
mass, in micrograms, of a specific analyte emitted per hour
4 © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

3.32
volatile organic compounds
VOC
compounds that elute between n-hexane and n-hexadecane on a nonpolar GC-column
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Abbreviated terms
AMS Aerosol Measuring System
CPC Condensation Particle Counter
DNPH 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
ETC Emission Test Chamber
EUT Equipment Under Test
FID Flame Ionisation Detector
FP Fine Particles
GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
MFD Multi Functional Device
PER Averaged Particle Emission Rate
PER(t) Time-dependent Particle Emission Rate
PER Standard Particle Emission Rate
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethene (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
PVC Polyvinylchloride
RH Relative Humidity
SER Unit Specific Emission Rate
TVOC Total Volatile Organic Compounds
UFP Ultrafine Particles
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
4.2 Symbols
−3
α Factor in the exponential particle decay function [cm ]
−1
β Particle loss coefficient [h ]
−3
C Average mass concentration [µg m ]
s
−3
C Background mass concentration [µg m ]
bg
−3
C Initial mass concentration [µg m ]
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved 5

−3
C Average mass concentration during pre-operating phase [µg m ]
pre
C Average mass concentration during operating phase and optionally during post-
ope
−3
operating phase [µg m ]
−3
C Total particle number concentration [cm ]
p
−3
C Background particle number concentration [cm ]
pbg
Co Ozone concentration [mg/m ]
d Equivalent Particle Diameter [nm]
m Sample filter mass [µg] after sampling
after
m Sample filter mass [µg] before sampling
before
m Sampled mass for chamber background [µg]
bg
m Mass of particulate matter [µg] deposited on the filter
pm
m Reference filter mass [µg] after sampling
ref-after
m Reference filter mass [µg] before sampling
ref-before
m Sampled mass [µg]
s
m Sampled mass [µg] during pre-operating phase
pre
m Sampled mass [µg] during operating and optionally post-operating phase
ope
−1
n Air exchange rate [h ]
p Atmospheric pressure [Pa]
R Gas constant [PaK-1], (for ozone: 339.8 [PaK-1])
−1
SER Background SER [µg h ]
bg
−1
SER SER during operating and optionally post-operating phase [µg h ]
ope
−1
SER SER for ozone [µg min ]
O3
−1
SER SER for particulate matter [µg h ]
pm
−1
SER SER during pre-operating [µg h ]
pre
T Ambient temperature [K]
TP Total Number of Emitted Particles
t Operating phase duration [h]
ope
t Sampling time during operating and optionally post-operating phase [h]
G
t Point in time marking the start of particle emission
start
t Point in time marking the end of particle emission
stop
t Pre-operating phase duration [h]
pre
Δt Time-resolution of the UFP measurement [s]
6 © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

V ETC volume [m ]
V Sampled air volume [m ]
s
V Sampled air volume [m ] for determination of C
bg bg
V Sampled air volume [m ] in pre-operating phase
pre
V Sampled air volume [m ] in operating and optionally post-operating phase
ope
5 Conformance
Determinations of emission rates and total number of emitted particles conform to this document
(Part 1) when:
1. Executed using a Quality Assurance Project Plan, Quality Assurance and Quality Control as
specified in ISO 16000-9;
2. Tested in a controlled ETC as specified in Clause 7;
3. Sampled/monitored and calculated as specified in Clause 8 and Annex B;
4. Reported as specified in Clause 9.
For EUT using consumables, determinations according to additional requirements identified by “RAL-
UZ 205 Option” herein conform to the RAL-UZ 205 Option.
6 Method overview
The flowchart in Figure 1 illustrates the method; clause numbers are indicated in brackets.
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved 7

Figure 1 — Determination method overview
7 ETC requirements
7.1 Construction materials
ETC construction materials shall comply with ISO 16000-9.
7.2 Air tightness
The ETC air tightness shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.
8 © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

7.3 Air mixing efficiency
The air mixing efficiency in the ETC shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.
8 Determination method
8.1 Test conditions
8.1.1 General
To meet the operational requirements specified herein, ETC parameters such as temperature, relative
humidity and supply airflow shall be controlled and measured at regular intervals and recorded in
accordance with ISO 16000-9 and shall be reported as specified in Clause 9.
8.1.2 Operating temperature and relative humidity (RH)
Tests shall be executed at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 5) % RH according to ISO 554. For EUT used in alternative
climatic conditions, higher operating temperature and humidity conditions may be used as specified in
ISO 554.
Consult 8.2.8.3.2 for special requirements on RH for EUT using consumables.
8.1.3 Air exchange rate (n)
For unloaded ETCs with a volume larger than 5 m , n shall be in the range from 1,0 to 2,0. For unloaded
ETC’s with a volume of 5 m or smaller, n shall be in the range from 1,0 to 5,0.
8.1.4 Air velocity
The air velocity in the unloaded ETC shall be in the range from 0,1 to 0,3 m/s.
8.1.5 Sampled air flow
The sum of sampled airflow shall be less than 80 % of the inlet airflow into the ETC.
8.2 Handling of EUT and ETC
8.2.1 Selection and storage of EUT
EUT shall be selected from normal manufactured batches or shall be a prototype that is representative
for EUT from such batches. For determinations using the RAL-UZ 205 Option, EUT shall be stored in its
original packaging in a standard normal climate (23 ± 2 °C, 50 ± 5 % RH) and tests should be executed
within 10 working days after delivery of the EUT.
8.2.2 Loading Factor
To ensure detection of a minimum emission within a practicable time, the ETC with capabilities as
specified in Clause 7 shall be selected such that the loading factor is in the range of 1:4 to 1:400. For the
ETC where the loading factor is in the range of 1:100 to 1:400, the air volume flow of the ETC shall be
≤5 m /h.
8.2.3 ETC purging
The selected ETC shall be unloaded and its interior walls shall be cleaned as described in ISO 16000-9.
The ozone half-life, the period of time for the ozone concentration (C) to drop from C to C/2, shall be
greater than 10 minutes, when n = 1.
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved 9

To determine the ozone half-life, the ETC should be deactivated by exposure to an ozone concentration
3 3
of 0,2 mg/m to 0,4 mg/m for at least ten minutes or until a stable concentration is reached.
Thereafter, the ETC shall be purged with 4 ETC volumes of clean air.
8.2.4 Background concentrations (C )
bg
Following purging, the C of analyte in the unloaded ETC shall be determined and recorded.
bg
NOTE C may stem from e.g. emissions from the ETC itself and sampling tubes or filters.
bg
The C values at n = 1, shall be below the limits in Table 1.
bg
Table 1 — Background concentrations
Analyte Limit
VOC and carbonyl compounds 2 [µg/m ] for any analysed substance
TVOC 20 [µg/m ]
Ozone 4 [µg/m ]
PM 10 [µg/m ]
−3
FP and UFP C = 2 000 [cm ]
pbg
8.2.5 EUT unpacking
Emissions from packaging may influence measurements considerably; in addition packaging itself may
emit VOCs that are not representative for EUTs in typical use. Therefore, the EUT to be tested shall
be removed from the shipping containers and all protective shipping packaging such as spacers, film
wrapping and any other shipping/packaging elements before preparation (as specified in 8.2.6).
NOTE After unpacking, installation (step 8.2.7) may precede the preparation step (8.2.6).
8.2.6 Preparation of the EUT before testing
2 2
A 60 g/m to 80 g/m A4 paper with water content between 3,8 % and 5,6 %, and printing the patterns
as specified in A.1 and A.2 are appropriate for the following preparatory operation. The maximum
duration of the operating phase shall be determined. Thereafter, lightness (L*) and colour values (L*, a*,
b*), as appropriate shall be determined from the printouts according to CIE 15:2004.
Before testing the EUT may be used up to the duration of the MUT. The MUT (as duration of the total
operating cycles) is 120 minutes.
One to two 10-minutes operating cycles outside or inside the ETC shall be performed at least one day
before the UFP test in order to determine the print speed, to ensure the proper operation and to avoid
influence on emissions due to unstable UFP emission which sometimes may occur in operation after
long-term disuse of the EUT.
For the RAL-UZ 205 option one or two 10-minute operating cycles or at most 1 200 printed pages
are acceptable for the purpose of EUT function testing and measuring of print speed and no further
preparation and/or usage shall be executed unless required due to malfunction of the EUT.
Treatment conditions shall be recorded in the test report.
8.2.7 EUT installation
Before installation, the EUT shall have sufficient consumables to complete the operations. In case of
2 2
paper consumables, 60 g/m to 80 g/m A4 paper with water content from 3,8 % to 5,6 % shall be used.
To avoid contamination, the powered-off EUT shall be installed in the middle of the ETC as fast as
possible and all operators shall leave the ETC immediately thereafter.
10 © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

The EUT shall remain powered-off until the emission test as specified in 8.2.8, requires the EUT to be
powered-on.
For the determination of FP and UFP specified in 8.6 and/or for the RAL-UZ 205 Option the EUT shall be
installed on the day before the emission test.
The ETC shall remain closed until all sampling and/or monitoring is completed.
The installation date and time shall be recorded.
Emission testing, as specified in 8.2.6, shall not begin within at least 3 air exchanges following
installation.
8.2.8 EUT operation during test
8.2.8.1 General
VOC and carbonyl compounds as specified in 8.3; ozone as specified in 8.4; particulate matter as
specified in 8.5 and FP and UFP as specified in 8.6 shall be determined while the EUT being controlled
from outside the ETC.
8.2.8.2 Special requirements on relative humidity
To avoid condensation due to vaporisation of water from paper during the operating phase, incoming
air with RH of at most 10 % may be inserted in the ETC before the operating phase. In addition, the air
exchange rate (n) may have to be increased to avoid such condensation. Increase of humidity during the
operating phase also depends on the ETC volume. Condensation of water vapour (i.e. RH > 85 %) on the
ETC walls invalidates the test.
8.2.8.3 Pre-operating phase
To enter the pre-operating phase, the EUT shall be powered-on and remain in this phase between 1
and 4 air exchanges. For the determination of FP and UFP as specified in 8.6, particle counting shall be
started from the start of the pre-operating phase because particle emission is observed for some EUTs
soon after they are powered-on.
For the RAL-UZ 205 Option an air exchange rate of n = 1/h should be adjusted in the chambers. The pre-
operating phase continues for a period of one air exchange.
8.2.8.4 Operating phase
The Hard Copy Device class of EUT shall operate at nominal speed. Operating may include monochrome,
colour, single sided (simplex) and/or double sided (duplex) printing. The monochrome and colour print
patterns specified in Annex A.1 and A.2 respectively shall be used for EUT using paper consumables.
Enter the operating phase by starting copying or printing. The output of the first printed page marks
the start of the operating phase. It ends with the output of the last printed page.
In conjunction with other parameters such as n, ETC volume and the use of a post-operating phase, the
duration shall be such that quantitative analysis is ensured.
The duration of the operating phase shall be planned as follows:
— First priority: The duration shall be at least 10 minutes.
— Second priority: If 10 minutes duration is technically not feasible the operational phase shall be as
long as possible. The number of printed pages should not fall below 150. The maximum duration
possible and the number of printed pages have to be checked prior to testing and have to be
documented in the test protocol.
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved 11

For the RAL-UZ 205 Option a device shall be tested with a configuration that allows a 10-minute
printing time in simplex mode (single sided pages). For devices which cannot achieve a printing time
of at least 5 minutes and cannot be equipped with large paper output trays due to design, the test shall
be carried out in duplex mode (double sided printing). The devices shall be tested with default setting
(standard print quality).
8.2.8.5 Post-operating phase
The post-operating phase starts when the operating phase ends, and may last up to four air exchanges.
8.2.8.6 Recording of EUT operation
The start and duration of the pre-operating, operating and post-operating phases shall be recorded.
8.3 VOC, carbonyl compounds
The flow chart in Figure 2 illustrates the determination method for VOC, carbonyl compounds.
Figure 2 — Determination method for VOC, carbonyl compounds
8.3.1 Sorbents
VOC sampling and analysis shall be performed using the sorbents as specified in ISO 16017-1, with the
exception of Chromosorb and PoraPak due to their high blank values: Tenax TA™ shall be conditioned
and analysed according to ISO 16000-6 to minimise the production of artefacts, especially benzene.
For the RAL-UZ 205 Option Tenax tubes shall be spiked with an internal standard such as cyclodecane
or deuterated toluene.
For carbonyl compounds, DNPH cartridges shall be used as sorbent material.
8.3.2 Sample collection
For VOC, duplicate samples shall be taken, and for carbonyl compounds at least one sample shall be taken.
Individual VOCs, carbonyl compounds with a concentration ≥1,0 μg/m and, under the RAL-UZ 205
Option, benzene with a concentration ≥0,25 μg/m , shall be detected.
12 © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

In addition, Carbonyl compounds sampling shall be conducted as specified in ISO 16000-3.
Sampling shall be performed during:
— The pre-operating phase, starting at the beginning of this phase, or, under the RAL-UZ 205 Option,
with a sample flow of 100 to 200 ml/min, from 20 minutes before the end until the end of the one-
hour pre-operating phase; and
— The operating phase, starting at beginning of this phase, and may continue into the post-operating
phase. Under the RAL-UZ 205 Option, sampling shall continue for one air exchange in the post-
operating phase, with a sample flow of 100 to 200 ml/min.
Loaded samples shall be stored and analysed as specified in ISO 16000-3 and ISO 16000-6.
Identified VOCs shall be quantified using absolute response factors, determined by calibration.
Unidentified VOCs shall be quantified using the toluene equivalents as a relative response factor.
When benzene is detected, this shall be verified and quantified by analysing a sample on alternate
carbonaceous sorbent such as Carbotrap/Carbopack type materials.
When in doubt, positive findings of benzene are to be verified via a second independent sampling (e.g.
using Carbotrap/Carbopack™ or activated carbon type materials).
8.3.3 Emission rate calculation
8.3.3.1 General
This Clause specifies formulae that apply to practical situations that are special cases of the general
case (as developed in Annex C).
Concentrations shall be determined, using the following equations:
m m m
m
ope pre bg
s
C = C = C = C = (1)
s ope pre bg
V V V V
s ope pre bg
The Background emission rates are:
SERC=⋅nV⋅ (2)
bg bg
8.3.3.2 Emissions in the pre-operating phase
Assuming constant emission rates during the pre-operating phase, emission rates shall be calculated as
follows.
a) If a sample is taken from the beginning of this phase:
()CC− ⋅⋅nV ⋅t
prebgpre
SER = (3)
pre
exp(−−nt⋅+) 1 nt⋅
prepre
b) RAL-UZ 205 Option:
SERC=⋅nV⋅ (4)
prepre
© ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved 13

8.3.3.3 Emissions in the operating and post-operating phase
8.3.3.3.1 General case
Emission rates in these phases shall be determined using the following general formula:
()CC−−⋅⋅nV ⋅⋅tSER [exp((−−nt t ))+
opebgpG re Gope
nt⋅( −t ))−−11+⋅(exp()−−nt )(⋅⋅1 exp(−nt ))]
G oopepre G
SER = (5)
ope
exp(−−nt⋅ )exp[−n⋅⋅()tt− ]+⋅nt
G Gope ope
8.3.3.3.2 Special cases
Consult Annex C for more detail on special cases.
If there is no post-operating phase (t = t ), then:
G ope
()CC−−⋅⋅nV ⋅⋅tSER [(11−−exp( nt ))⋅(e−−xp( nnt⋅ ))]
opebgG prepre G
SER = (6)
ope
exp(−−nt⋅+) 1 nt⋅
GG
If the post-operating phase is relatively long (n · t ≥ 3):
G
()CC−−⋅⋅nV ⋅⋅tSER [ent −−xp()nt⋅ ]
opebgG preG pre
SER = (7)
ope
nt⋅
ope
8.3.3.3.3 RAL-UZ 205 Option
For the RAL-UZ 205 Option the post-operating phase shall last one air exchange and the following
approximate formula shall be used for the calculation of SER (i.e. Formula (C.28) as derived in
ope
Formula (C.9):
Cn⋅⋅Vt⋅⋅−SERn⋅t
opeG preG
SER = (8)
ope
exp(−−nt⋅⋅)exp[(−−nt t )]]nt⋅
GG ope ope
8.3.3.4 TVOC (RAL-UZ 205 Option)
The total VOC emission rate shall be calculated as the sum of all identified and unidentified substances
with calculated emission rates equal to or larger than the following values:
— For measurements in ETCs ≤ 5 m : SER ≥ 0,005 mg/h and SER ≥ 0,05 mg/h;
pre ope
— For measurements in ETCs > 5 m : SER ≥ 0,010 mg/h and SER ≥ 0,10 mg/h.
pre ope
Emission rates should - according to DIN 1333:1992-02 — be rounded to 3 or 2 decimal places for
the pre-operating phase and the operating phase respectively.
The concentrations to be used in the subsequent calculations should be determined by subtracting
the corresponding blank values from the measured values.
8.4 Ozone
The flowchart in Figure 3 illustrates the determination method for ozone.
14 © ISO/IEC 2018 – All rights reserved

Figure 3 — Determination method for ozone
8.4.1 Analyser and sampling line requirements
Ozone analysers shall at least fulfil the following requirements:
3 3
— The capability to detect concentrations between 4 µg/m and 1 mg/m ;
— A precision of 2 µg/m ;
— A sampling rate (may be important for small ETCs) of ≤2 l/min.
Ozone concentrations of the data points used to determine the maximum ΔCo shall not be rounded to
the nearest whole ppb (1 ppb = 1,963 µg/m ) by data processing of the analyser because rounding may
cause errors in the determination of the ΔCo .
To prevent loss of ozone in the sampling line, it shall be of minimum length, not exceeding 4 m, and
made of a flexible inert material such as PTFE.
8.4.2 Monitoring
Since ozone is an unstable molecule, it shall be monitored and analysed instantaneously at least each
20 seconds for at least the first 6 minutes of the operating phase to determine the maximum ΔCo as
specifie
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