ISO/TR 18146:2015
(Main)Space systems — Space debris mitigation design and operation guidelines for spacecraft
Space systems — Space debris mitigation design and operation guidelines for spacecraft
ISO/TR 18146:2015 contains non-normative information on spacecraft design and operational practices for mitigating space debris. ISO/TR 18146:2015 is a supporting document to the family of international standards addressing space debris mitigation (see 2.2). The purpose of these standards is to minimize the creation of additional space debris by ensuring that spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages are designed, operated and disposed of in a manner that prevents them from generating debris throughout their orbital lifetime. ISO/TR 18146:2015 can be used to guide spacecraft engineers in the application of these space debris mitigation standards. Table 1 lists the main debris mitigation requirements defined in the standards and compares them to equivalent recommendations published by the United Nations and the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee.
Systèmes spatiaux — Conception de mitigation des débris spatiaux et lignes directrices de manoeuvre de la navette
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Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 18146
First edition
2015-10-01
Space systems — Space debris
mitigation design and operation
guidelines for spacecraft
Systèmes spatiaux — Conception de mitigation des débris spatiaux et
lignes directrices de manoeuvre de la navette
Reference number
ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Related documents and abbreviated terms and symbols . 3
2.1 Overview of ISO debris-related standards . 3
2.2 ISO debris-related standards as of February 2015 . 3
2.3 Other relevant ISO standards . 4
2.4 Other documents . 4
2.5 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 5
3 Requirements in ISO standards and system-level methodologies for complying with them 6
3.1 General . 6
3.2 Design for limiting the release of objects . 7
3.2.1 Requirements . 7
3.2.2 Work breakdown . 8
3.2.3 Identification of released objects and design measures . 8
3.2.4 Design measures . 9
3.2.5 Monitoring during operation . 9
3.2.6 Preventing failure . 9
3.3 Break-up prevention .10
3.3.1 Requirements .10
3.3.2 Work breakdown .10
3.3.3 Identification of the sources of break-up .10
3.3.4 Design measures .11
3.3.5 Monitoring during operations .11
3.3.6 Disposal operations .11
3.4 Disposal at the end of operation .11
3.4.1 Requirements .11
3.4.2 Work breakdown .12
3.4.3 Estimation of the orbital lifetime and definition of a disposal plan .13
3.4.4 Function to remove spacecraft to disposal orbit. .14
3.4.5 Reliability of accomplishing disposal manoeuvre .14
3.4.6 Function to monitor critical parameters .15
3.4.7 Decision-making to terminate operations and for execution of
disposal operations .15
3.4.8 Disposal sequence .15
3.4.9 Registration according to the UN treaty .15
3.4.10 Specific subjects for GEO mission .15
3.5 Ground safety from re-entering objects .15
3.5.1 Requirements .15
3.5.2 Work breakdown .15
3.5.3 Identification of requirements .16
3.5.4 Hazards analysis .16
3.5.5 Design measures .17
3.5.6 Specific design for controlled re-entry in subsystem level .18
3.5.7 Notification .18
3.5.8 Conduct controlled re-entry and monitoring .18
3.6 Collision avoidance .18
3.6.1 Background.18
3.6.2 Recommendation .19
3.6.3 Work breakdown .19
3.6.4 Estimation of collision probability .20
3.6.5 Design measures .20
3.6.6 Procedures for collision avoidance .21
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
3.6.7 Detection of risk .21
3.6.8 Avoidance and return manoeuvres .21
3.7 Protection against the impact of micro-debris .22
3.7.1 Background.22
3.7.2 Recommendation .23
3.7.3 Work breakdown .23
3.7.4 Preventive measures .23
3.8 Quality and reliability assurance .24
4 Debris-related work in the development cycle .25
4.1 Concept of debris-related work in phased planning .25
4.2 Mission analysis phase (phase 0 or pre-phase A) .28
4.2.1 General.28
4.2.2 Debris-related work .28
4.3 Feasibility phase (phase A) .29
4.4 Definition phase (phase B) .29
4.4.1 Work in phase B .29
4.4.2 Work procedure .29
4.5 Development phase (phase C) .30
4.5.1 Work in phase C .30
4.5.2 Conditions .31
4.6 Production phase (phase D) .31
4.6.1 Work in phase D .31
4.6.2 Qualification review .32
4.7 Utilization phase (phase E) .32
4.7.1 Launch preparation .32
4.7.2 Lift-off time .33
4.7.3 Initial operation .33
4.7.4 Normal operation .33
4.7.5 Decision to terminate operations .33
4.7.6 Process for extending mission operations .34
4.8 Disposal phase (phase F) .34
5 System-level considerations .35
5.1 Mission design .35
5.2 Mass allocation .35
5.3 Propellant allocation .36
5.4 Power allocation .36
6 Subsystem/component design and operation .36
6.1 General .36
6.2 Debris-mitigation measures and subsystem-level actions for realizing them .37
6.3 Propulsion subsystem .37
6.3.1 Debris-related design .37
6.3.2 Considerations for propulsion subsystems .37
6.3.3 Consideration in component design .41
6.4 Attitude and orbit control subsystem .43
6.4.1 Debris-related designs .43
6.4.2 Considerations for AOCS .43
6.4.3 Considerations in component design.44
6.5 Power-supply subsystem .44
6.5.1 Debris-related designs .44
6.5.2 Considerations for power-supply subsystems .45
6.5.3 Considerations in component design.46
6.6 TT&C subsystem .47
6.6.1 Debris-related designs .47
6.6.2 Considerations for TT&C subsystems .47
6.6.3 Considerations in component design.48
6.7 Structural subsystem .48
6.7.1 Debris-related design .48
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
6.7.2 Considerations for structural subsystems .49
6.8 Thermal-control subsystem .49
6.8.1 Debris-related design .49
6.8.2 Considerations for thermal-control subsystem .50
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 14, Space systems and operations.
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
Introduction
Coping with debris is essential to preventing the deterioration of the orbital environment and ensuring
the sustainability of space activities. Effective actions must also be taken to ensure the safety of those
on the ground from re-entering objects that were disposed of from low-Earth orbit.
Recently, the orbital environment has become so deteriorated by debris that action must be taken to
prevent damage due to the impact. Collision avoidance manoeuvres should be taken to avoid large
debris (larger than 10 cm, for example), which can be observed from the ground. Spacecraft design
should protect against micro-debris (even smaller than 1 mm) that can cause critical damage to
vulnerable components.
The following ISO standards and technical reports cover these issues: ISO 24113, Space systems — Space
debris mitigation requirements; ISO/TR 16158, Space systems — Avoiding collisions with orbiting objects;
ISO 16126, Space systems — Assessment of the survivability of unmanned spacecraft against space debris
and meteoroid impacts to ensure successful post-mission disposal. Other ISO documents, introduced in
Clause 2, are currently being developed to encourage debris mitigation and protection from debris
impact. Table 1 shows those requirements together with the recommendations in the United Nations
Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC)
space debris guidelines referred to in the UN guidelines.
Reliability and quality shortfalls have resulted in fragmentation events that generated thousands
of fragments. ISO 24113 and other debris-mitigation guidelines make the assumption that space
hardware quality and reliability issues have been addressed by other management programs. But for
low-cost or low-criticality missions, spacecraft of reduced quality have been developed. The failure
of such spacecraft may not pose critical damage to their owners but they may adversely affect the
environment and impair the sustainability of space activities. This Technical Report suggests activities
that can improve reliability and quality sufficiently to avoid this problem. This aspect of space-debris
mitigation is particularly important for micro-satellites developed by universities and newcomers to
space activities.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
Space systems — Space debris mitigation design and
operation guidelines for spacecraft
1 Scope
This Technical Report contains non-normative information on spacecraft design and operational
practices for mitigating space debris.
This Technical Report is a supporting document to the family of international standards addressing
space debris mitigation (see 2.2). The purpose of these standards is to minimize the creation of
additional space debris by ensuring that spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages are designed,
operated and disposed of in a manner that prevents them from generating debris throughout their
orbital lifetime.
This Technical Report can be used to guide spacecraft engineers in the application of these space debris
mitigation standards. Table 1 lists the main debris mitigation requirements defined in the standards
and compares them to equivalent recommendations published by the United Nations and the Inter-
Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee.
In Clause 3, the main space debris mitigation requirements are reported and discussed. Clause 4
provides guidance for life-cycle implementation of space debris mitigation related activities.
In Clause 5, the system level aspects stemming from the space debris mitigation requirements are
highlighted, while in Clause 6, the impacts at subsystem and component levels are detailed.
Where it is not directly required by existing ISO standards but considered relevant to spacecraft
operations, design and debris mitigation, content in this Technical Report is labelled as such with
“[information]”.
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Table 1 — Comparison of ISO debris-related documents with UN and IADC space debris mitigation Guidelines
Measures ISO International Standards (or Technical Reports) UN Guidelines IADC Guidelines
General measures for avoiding the
ISO 24113, 6.1.1 Recommendation-1 5.1
release of objects
Operational debris Included in above Included in above 5.1
Released objects
Slag from solid motors ISO 24113, 6.1.2.2, 6.1.2.3 -- --
ISO 24113, 6.1.2.1
Combustion products from pyrotechnics -- --
(Combustion Products < 1 mm)
Intentional destruction ISO 24113, 6.2.1 Recommendation-4 5.2.3
ISO 24113, 6.2.2
5.2.2
On-orbital break- Accident during operation Recommendation-2
(Monitoring)
-3
(Probability < 10 )
ups
Post-mission break-up (Passivation,
ISO 24113, 6.2.2.3 (Detailed in ISO 16127) Recommendation-5 5.2.1
etc.)
Recommendation-7
ISO 24113, 6.3.2 (Detailed in ISO 26872)
5.3.1
Disposal at end of (No quantitative requirements)
6.3.2.1: General Requirement.
operation
Reorbit at EOL 235 km+ (1000·Cr·A/m),
Note: ITU-R S.1003-1 recommends; 235
6.3.2.2: 235 km+ (1000·Cr·A/m), e < 0,003
GEO km + 1000 Cr*A/M
e < 0,003
6.3.1: Success Probability > 0,9
2
Here, A[m ], M[kg], Cr[-]
ISO 24113, 6.3.3 (Detailed in ISO 16164)
Recommendation-6 5.3.2
Reduction of orbital lifetime 6.3.3.1: EOL Lifetime < 25 years
(No quantitative requirements) (Recommend 25 years)
Disposal at end of
6.3.1: Success Probability > 0,9
operation
ISO 24113, 6.3.3.2 (f)
LEO
Transfer to graveyard Mentioned in recommendation-6 5.3.2
(guarantee 100 years’ non-interference)
Other options ISO 24113, 6.3.3.2 (a) ~ (e) -- 5.3.2
Re-entry Avoidance of ground casualties ISO 24113, 6.3.4 (Detailed in ISO 27875) Included in Recommendation-6 5.3.2
Collision avoidance for large debris ISO/TR 16158 (for assessment) Recommendation-3 5.4
Protection from the impact of micro-debris ISO 16126 (for assessment) -- 5.4
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
2 Related documents and abbreviated terms and symbols
2.1 Overview of ISO debris-related standards
The requirements, recommendations, and best practices for mitigating debris generation and
preventing other debris related problems are now examined.
Figure 1 shows a general diagram of major ISO documents relevant to debris.
Figure 1 — Structure of major ISO debris-related standards
2.2 ISO debris-related standards as of February 2015
The following ISO standards have been published to address space debris mitigation:
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ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)
(1) ISO 11227:2012, S
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