ISO 21077:2016

Space data and information transfer systems - Digital motion imagery

The purpose of ISO 21077:2016 is to provide a common reference and framework of standards for digital motion video and imagery, and to provide recommendations for utilization of international standards for sharing or distributing motion video and imagery between spacecraft elements and ground systems. The scope of ISO 21077:2016 includes traditional real-time streaming video and television, including human and robotic spacecraft-to-spacecraft and spacecraft-to-ground systems, as well as video recorded and distributed later, either as a real-time stream or as a file transfer. In this context, real-time streaming includes all modes where video is sent from a spacecraft in a continuous stream and is intended for immediate use when received, regardless of the latency of the transmission path. Other specialized motion imagery applications, such as high-speed scientific motion imagery and multi-spectral motion imagery, are not addressed in this document. However, if a specialized imagery camera system has a requirement to interface to spacecraft systems in a video mode, it would be required to match these interfaces. Ground-systems-to-ground-systems video distribution is obviously a key component of the entire video system. However, this is not the primary focus of this document. Currently, there are significant differences in the ways mission video products are exchanged between the various space agencies on the ground. This is the result of differences in network topologies between space agencies, and agreements for video sharing. Those differences preclude there being a standard methodology for delivering video imagery between agencies. Prior to the commencement of video transmission between space agencies, system design reviews and performance testing should be done between the ground systems in use to assure operability when video imagery comes from spacecraft.

Données spatiales et systèmes de transfert d'information - Imagerie du mouvement numérique

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 05-Jul-2016
• Withdrawal Date: 05-Jul-2016
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 13 - Space data and information transfer systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 13 - Space data and information transfer systems
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 30-Jun-2021
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Relations

• Revised: ISO 21077:2021 - Space data and information transfer systems - Digital motion imagery
• Effective Date: 23-Sep-2017

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21077
First edition
2016-07-01
Space data and information transfer
systems — Digital motion imagery
Données spatiales et systèmes de transfert d’information - Imagerie
du mouvement numérique
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
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ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
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International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent
rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of
patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
ISO 21077 was prepared by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) (as
CCSDS 766.1-B-1, May 2015) and was adopted (without modifications except those stated in clause
2 of this International Standard) by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles,
Subcommittee SC 13, Space data and information transfer systems.
CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR DIGITAL MOTION IMAGERY
STATEMENT OF INTENT
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is an organization officially
established by the management of its members. The Committee meets periodically to address
data systems problems that are common to all participants, and to formulate sound technical
solutions to these problems. Inasmuch as participation in the CCSDS is completely
voluntary, the results of Committee actions are termed Recommended Standards and are
not considered binding on any Agency.
This Recommended Standard is issued by, and represents the consensus of, the CCSDS
members. Endorsement of this Recommendation is entirely voluntary. Endorsement,
however, indicates the following understandings:
o Whenever a member establishes a CCSDS-related standard, this standard will be in
accord with the relevant Recommended Standard. Establishing such a standard
does not preclude other provisions which a member may develop.
o Whenever a member establishes a CCSDS-related standard, that member will
provide other CCSDS members with the following information:
-- The standard itself.
-- The anticipated date of initial operational capability.
-- The anticipated duration of operational service.
o Specific service arrangements shall be made via memoranda of agreement. Neither
this Recommended Standard nor any ensuing standard is a substitute for a
memorandum of agreement.
No later than five years from its date of issuance, this Recommended Standard will be
reviewed by the CCSDS to determine whether it should: (1) remain in effect without change;
(2) be changed to reflect the impact of new technologies, new requirements, or new
directions; or (3) be retired or canceled.
In those instances when a new version of a Recommended Standard is issued, existing
CCSDS-related member standards and implementations are not negated or deemed to be
non-CCSDS compatible. It is the responsibility of each member to determine when such
standards or implementations are to be modified. Each member is, however, strongly
encouraged to direct planning for its new standards and implementations towards the later
version of the Recommended Standard.
CCSDS 766.1-B-1 Page ii May 2015
CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR DIGITAL MOTION IMAGERY
CONTENTS
Section Page
1 INTRODUCTION . 1-1
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE . 1-1
1.2 APPLICABILITY . 1-1
1.3 NOMENCLATURE . 1-1
1.4 REFERENCES . 1-2
2 OVERVIEW . 2-1
3 SPECIFICATION . 3-1
3.1 OVERVIEW . 3-1
3.2 GENERAL . 3-1
3.3 INTERFACE STANDARDS . 3-1
3.4 VIDEO FORMAT AND CHARACTERISTICS . 3-3
3.5 AUDIO . 3-11
3.6 REAL-TIME VIDEO ENCAPSULATION AND TRANSMISSION . 3-11
3.7 RECORDED VIDEO AND AUDIO . 3-12
3.8 DISTRIBUTION OF VIDEO DATA . 3-13
ANNEX A PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION CONFORMANCE
STATEMENT (PICS) PROFORMA (NORMATIVE) . A-1
ANNEX B SECURITY, SANA, AND PATENT CONSIDERATIONS
(INFORMATIVE) .B-1
ANNEX C DTN BUNDLE PROTOCOL FOR VIDEO TRANSMISSION
(INFORMATIVE) . C-1
ANNEX D INFORMATIVE REFERENCES (INFORMATIVE) . D-1
ANNEX E ABBREVIATIONS (INFORMATIVE) .E-1
Figure
3-1 Video System Elements—Non-Compressed Video Design . 3-10
3-2 Video System Elements—Compressed Video Design . 3-10
CCSDS 766.1-B-1 Page vi May 2015
CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR DIGITAL MOTION IMAGERY
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The purpose of this document is to provide a common reference and framework of standards
for digital motion video and imagery, and to provide recommendations for utilization of
international standards for sharing or distributing motion video and imagery between
spacecraft elements and ground systems.
The scope of this document includes traditional real-time streaming video and television,
including human and robotic spacecraft-to-spacecraft and spacecraft-to-ground systems, as well
as video recorded and distributed later, either as a real-time stream or as a file transfer. In this
context, real-time streaming includes all modes where video is sent from a spacecraft in a
continuous stream and is intended for immediate use when received, regardless of the latency
of the transmission path. Other specialized motion imagery applications, such as high-speed
scientific motion imagery and multi-spectral motion imagery, are not addressed in this
document. However, if a specialized imagery camera system has a requirement to interface to
spacecraft systems in a video mode, it would be required to match these interfaces.
Ground-systems-to-ground-systems video distribution is obviously a key component of the
entire video system. However, this is not the primary focus of this document. Currently,
there are significant differences in the ways mission video products are exchanged between
the various space agencies on the ground. This is the result of differences in network
topologies between space agencies, and agreements for video sharing. Those differences
preclude there being a standard methodology for delivering video imagery between agencies.
Prior to the commencement of video transmission between space agencies, system design
reviews and performance testing should be done between the ground systems in use to assure
operability when video imagery comes from spacecraft.
1.2 APPLICABILITY
This document is a CCSDS Recommended Standard. It is intended for all missions that
produce, consume, or transcode video imagery from low-bandwidth video such as web
streaming through high-bandwidth video such as high-definition television imagery.
1.3 NOMENCLATURE
1.3.1 NORMATIVE TEXT
The following conventions apply for the normative specifications in this Recommended
Standard:
a) the words ‘shall’ and ‘must’ imply a binding and verifiable specification;
b) the word ‘should’ implies an optional, but desirable, specification;
c) the word ‘may’ implies an optional specification;
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CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR DIGITAL MOTION IMAGERY
d) the words ‘is’, ‘are’, and ‘will’ imply statements of fact.
NOTE – These conventions do not imply constraints on diction in text that is clearly
informative in nature.
1.3.2 INFORMATIVE TEXT
In the normative sections of this document, informative text is set off from the normative
specifications either in notes or under one of the following subsection headings:
– Overview;
– Background;
– Rationale;
– Discussion.
1.4 REFERENCES
The following publications contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this document. At the time of publication, the editions indicated
were valid. All publications are subject to revision, and users of this document are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
publications indicated below. The CCSDS Secretariat maintains a register of currently valid
CCSDS publications.
[1] Studio Encoding Parameters of Digital Television for Standard 4:3 and Wide Screen
16:9 Aspect Ratios. ITU-R BT.601-7. Geneva: ITU, 2011.
[2] Television—SDTV Digital Signal/Data—Serial Digital Interface. SMPTE ST
259:2008. White Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2008.
[3] Digital Interfaces for HDTV Studio Signals. ITU-R BT.1120-8. Geneva: ITU, 2012.
[4] 1.5 Gb/s Signal/Data Serial Interface. SMPTE ST 292-1:2012. White Plains, New
York: SMPTE, 2012.
[5] High-Definition Multimedia Interface Specification. Version 1.4. Sunnyvale,
California: HDMI Licensing, LLC, 2009.
[6] Electrical Characteristics of Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Interface
Circuits. Revision A. TIA/EIA-644-A. Arlington, Virginia: TIA, February 2001.
[7] Serial Digital Interface-Based Transport Interface for Compressed Television Signals
in Networked Television Production Based on Recommendation ITU-R BT.1120. ITU-
R BT.1577. Geneva: ITU, 2002.
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[8] Television—Serial Data Transport Interface (SDTI). SMPTE ST 305:2005. White
Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2005.
[9] Teletext Systems. ITU-R BT.653-3. Geneva: ITU, 1998.
[10] Television—Time and Control Code. SMPTE ST 12-1:2008. White Plains, New York:
SMPTE, 2008.
[11] Television—Transmission of Time Code in the Ancillary Data Space. SMPTE ST 12-
2:2008. White Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2008.
[12] Ancillary Data Packet and Space Formatting. SMPTE ST 291:2011. White Plains,
New York: SMPTE, 2011.
[13] Vertical Ancillary Data Mapping of Caption Data and Other Related Data. SMPTE
ST 334-1:2007. White Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2007.
[14] Metadata Element Dictionary Structure. SMPTE ST 335:2012. White Plains, New
York: SMPTE, 2012.
[15] Metadata Dictionary Registry of Metadata Element Descriptions. SMPTE RP
210.10:2007. White Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2007.
[16] Ultra High Definition Television—Mapping into Single-link or Multi-link 10 Gb/s
Serial Signal/Data Interface. SMPTE ST 2036-3:2010. White Plains, New York:
SMPTE, 2010.
[17] 1280×720, 16:9 Progressively-Captured Image Format for Production and
International Programme Exchange in the 60 Hz Environment. ITU-R BT.1543.
Geneva: ITU, 2001.
[18] 1280 x 720 Progressive Image 4:2:2 and 4:4:4 Sample Structure—Analog and Digital
Representation and Analog Interface. SMPTE ST 296:2012. White Plains, New York:
SMPTE, 2012.
[19] Parameter Values for the HDTV Standards for Production and International
Programme Exchange. ITU-R BT.709-5. Geneva: ITU, 2002.
[20] Television—1920 x 1080 Image Sample Structure, Digital Representation and Digital
Timing Reference Sequences for Multiple Picture Rates. SMPTE ST 274:2008. White
Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2008.
[21] Dual Link 1.5 Gb/s Digital Interface for 1920 x 1080 and 2048 x 1080 Picture Frames.
SMPTE ST 372:2011. White Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2011.
[22] Television—3 Gb/s Signal/Data Serial Interface. SMPTE ST 424:2006. White Plains,
New York: SMPTE, 2006.
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[23] Ultra High Definition Television—Image Parameter Values for Program Production.
SMPTE ST 2036-1:2009. White Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2009.
[24] Ultra High Definition Television—Audio Characteristics and Audio Channel Mapping
for Program Production. SMPTE ST 2036-2-2008. White Plains, New York: SMPTE,
2008.
[25] 2048 × 1080 and 4096 × 2160 Digital Cinematography Production Image Formats
FS/709. SMPTE ST 2048-1:2011. White Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2011.
[26] 2048 × 1080 Digital Cinematography Production Image FS/709 Formatting for Serial
Digital Interface. SMPTE ST 2048-2:2011. White Plains, New York: SMPTE, 2011.
[27] Parameter Values for Ultra-High Definition Television Systems for Production and
International Programme Exchange. ITU-R BT.2020-1. Geneva: ITU, 2014.
[28] Information Technology—Coding of Audio-Visual Objects—Part 10: Advanced Video
Coding. 8th ed. International Standard, ISO/IEC 14496-10:2014. Geneva: ISO, 2014.
[29] Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services. ITU-T H.264. Geneva:
ITU, 2012.
[30] Data Services in Digital Television Broadcasting. ITU-R BT.1301-1. Geneva: ITU,
2011.
[31] Interface for Digital Component Video Signals in 525-Line and 625-Line Television
Systems Operating at the 4:2:2 Level of Recommendation ITU-R BT.601. ITU-R
BT.656-5. Geneva: ITU, 2007.
[32] Information Technology—JPEG 2000 Image Coding System: Motion JPEG 2000. 2nd
ed. International Standard, ISO/IEC 15444-3:2007. Geneva: ISO, 2007.
[33] Information Technology—Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio
Information—Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC). 4th ed. International Standard,
ISO/IEC 13818-7:2006. Geneva: ISO, 2006.
[34] Digital Audio Interface—Part 3: Consumer Applications. Edition 3.1 (2009-12-10).
IEC 60958-3:2006+AMD1:2009 CSV. Geneva: IEC, 2009.
[35] IP over CCSDS Space Links. Issue 1. Recommendation for Space Data System
Standards (Blue Book), CCSDS 702.1-B-1. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, September
2012.
[36] J. Postel. User Datagram Protocol. STD 6. Reston, Virginia: ISOC, August 1980.
[37] CCSDS File Delivery Protocol (CFDP). Issue 4. Recommendation for Space Data
System Standards (Blue Book), CCSDS 727.0-B-4. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS,
January 2007.
CCSDS 766.1-B-1 Page 1-4 May 2015
CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR DIGITAL MOTION IMAGERY
2 OVERVIEW
In the early days of human spaceflight, motion imagery was accomplished with motion
picture film cameras, set at varying frame rates depending on lighting conditions. Upon safe
return the film was processed and eventually shared with the world via documentaries or
television. Inevitably live video became operationally desirable for situational awareness
and to satisfy the public’s interest in high-profile events such as the Moon landings or the
Apollo-Soyuz test project. Compromises were made with those first video systems to fit
within the constraints of bandwidth, avionics, and transmission systems. Even in the modern
era, video systems on spacecraft are a hybrid of analog and digital systems, typically made to
work within the existing spacecraft’s avionics, telemetry, and command/control systems.
With the advent of digital cameras, encoding algorithms, and modulation techniques, it is
desirable to treat video as data and to utilize commercially available technologies to capture
and transmit live and recorded motion imagery, possibly in High Definition (HD) or even
better. Thus the Recommended Standard addresses:
– Video Interfaces and Characteristics
– Video Formats and Characteristics
Video data has a number of characteristics which need specification such as frame
rate, aspect ratio, bandwidth and compression standards, color sampling, the inclusion
of audio, etc.
– Encapsulation and Transmission Protocols
Video data needs to be encapsulated, transported, and distributed. Although the
choice of mechanisms and protocols may not be specific to video data, certain aspects
need addressing because of the high bandwidth typically required for video. Thus
this part will address encapsulation schemes (e.g., IP), transport protocols, and use of
CCSDS Encapsulation Packets.
– Interoperability of Standards
Future Human Spaceflight endeavors are expected to be collaborations between many
agencies, with complex interactions between spacecraft and non-Earth surface
systems, with intermediate locations (EVA crew, habitats, etc.) requiring the ability
to view video generated by another agency’s systems. Therefore interoperability
between these systems will be essential to mission success and in some cases crew
safety. Such interoperability will only be achieved by use of common references and
joint agreement on international standards, either commercial or CCSDS or a
combination of the two.
This Recommended Standard does not cover video quality. The intention of this document is
to provide a framework of standards to ensure interoperability, not to define a level of
quality. What is acceptable video quality varies widely with the application and
requirements of users. A science experiment, for example, may have video quality
requirements beyond what is available, or practical, within a spacecraft avionics system. The
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science team for that experiment might elect to record video on board at high quality and
transfer that video as a digital file after the conclusion of the experiment run. They might
elect to do that and have a real-time downlink of lesser quality as a confirmation the
experiment is working properly. A requirement for real-time video to support a docking
event might sacrifice spatial resolution to lower the latency of the real-time video feed.
Within the parameters listed in this document and the capabilities of any given spacecraft,
users and controllers can determine how equipment should be configured for the best match
to requirements.
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3 SPECIFICATION
3.1 OVERVIEW
There are many system configurations that can be implemented in spacecraft video systems.
Choices of interface standards, resolutions, and frame rates are based on the application, user
requirements, available equipment, and spacecraft capability. There are multiple ways for
signals to flow from the image source through to the spacecraft avionics system and on to the
ground (see figures 3-1 and 3-2). Application of this Recommended Standard limits the
overall number of options by limiting the interfaces to those that are in most common use. It
should be noted that, while scientific imaging systems are excluded from this Recommended
Standard, should a scientific imaging system need to interface to the spacecraft video system,
the same interfaces would apply to them. It would be the responsibility of the user to provide
a matching interface from the user’s imaging system.
3.2 GENERAL
Users shall select from the following interfaces and standards when designing and
implementing new video systems for spacecraft.
3.3 INTERFACE STANDARDS
3.3.1 NON-COMPRESSED STANDARD DEFINITION TELEVISION SIGNALS
The interface for non-compressed Standard Definition (SD) television signals shall be Serial
Digital Interface (SDI), conforming to
– ITU-R BT.601-7 (reference [1]);
– SMPTE ST 259:2008 (reference [2]).
3.3.2 NON-COMPRESSED HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION SIGNALS
The interface used for non-compressed high definition television signals shall be one of the
following:
– High Definition-Serial Digital Interface (HD-SDI), conforming to
• ITU-R BT.1120-8 (reference [3]);
• SMPTE ST 292-1:2012 (reference [4]);
– High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) 1.4 or higher, as defined by the HDMI
Founders and licensed by HDMI Licensing, LLC (reference [5]);
– Camera Link Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) Interface Standard, as
defined by the Camera Link Participating Companies (reference [6]).
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3.3.3 COMPRESSED DIGITAL TELEVISION SIGNALS
The interface used for compressed digital television signals shall be Digital Video
Broadcasting-Asynchronous Interface (DVB-ASI), conforming to
– ITU-R BT.1577 (reference [7]);
– SMPTE ST 305:2005 (reference [8]).
NOTE – DVB-ASI would be used with compressed digital video while still in the serial
digital domain. For interfacing to spacecraft systems, Internet Protocol (IP) (see
3.6) is the preferred interface.
3.3.4 TELEVISION TIME CODE AND METADATA
3.3.4.1 Television time code and metadata may be inserted in non-compressed video. If
time codes and/or metadata are inserted into non-compressed video, one of the following
standards shall be used:
– ITU-R BT.653-3 (reference [9]);
– SMPTE ST 12-1:2008 (reference [10]);
– SMPTE ST 12-2:2008 (reference [11]);
– SMPTE ST 291:2011 (reference [12]);
– SMPTE ST 292-1-2012 (reference [4]);
– SMPTE ST 334-1:2007 (reference [13]);
– SMPTE ST 335:2012 (reference [14]);
– SMPTE RP 210.10:2007 (reference [15]);
– SMPTE ST 2036-3:2012 (reference [16]).
NOTE – The standards listed above are primarily concerned with the serial digital
standard-definition and high-definition interfaces listed in 3.3.1 and 3.3.2.
Metadata inserted at a camera conforming to HDMI or Camera Link interfaces
conform to the serial digital interfaces when those signals are converted.
3.3.4.2 Compressed video signals in 3.3.3, per the standards listed in 3.3.3, shall carry all
television time code and metadata information inserted into a non-compressed video stream.
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3.4 VIDEO FORMAT AND CHARACTERISTICS
3.4.1 VIDEO RESOLUTIONS
3.4.1.1 Overview
Traditionally, video resolution has been categorized as low resolution, standard definition,
high definition, or high resolution. Low resolution is generally defined as less than
640 × 480, standard definition as 640 × 480 and 768 × 576, high definition as 1280 × 720
and 1920 × 1080, and high resolution as anything beyond 1920 × 1080 such as 4K and 8K
resolutions. Low resolution was used for streamed Internet video. Standard definition was
used for broadcast (pre-HD) and security camera systems. High definition was limited to
high-end television broadcast. High resolution was practically non-existent unless it was
film based. Now, however, the distinctions are less clear. Laptop computer cameras are now
often high definition, with options to stream from 320 × 240 up to 1280 × 720. Standard
definition is now in limited use for broadcast television, web streaming, and monitoring
applications. High definition has become the norm for broadcast and cable television. High
resolution or ultra-high-definition cameras are replacing 35mm motion picture film for
imaging requirements beyond HD. Therefore it is more difficult to classify video in terms of
resolutions than in terms of application. A given application can have a broad range of
resolutions, depending upon the requirements of the user, available equipment, and
bandwidth constraints. The specifications below reflect the diversity of choices available for
video systems. Higher resolution applications (e.g., ‘public affairs’, critical operations) can
be used to fulfill lower resolution applications (e.g., ‘personal video conferencing’).
3.4.1.2 Personal Video Conferencing
Personal video conferencing video resolution should be selected from the following range:
– 320 × 240 to 1280 × 720, progressive scan.
NOTE – Selection of resolution is dependent on immediate requirement and available
bandwidth.
3.4.1.3 Medical Conferencing
Medical conferencing video resolution should be selected from the following range:
– 320 × 240 to 1280 × 720, bandwidth-dependent progressive or interlace scan:
• standard definition legacy systems may be 525 or 576 interlace;
• 640 × 480 and 768 × 576 systems shall conform to ITU-R BT.601-7
(reference [1]) or SMPTE ST 259:2008 (reference [2]).
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NOTE – Lower resolution personal video conferencing and medical conferencing
applications are most likely to be performed using a personal computer or tablet-
type device. All video encoding would be handled internally. Connection to the
spacecraft avionics system would be through wired or wireless data connections
independent of any video systems. Transmission to the ground would also be
handled as part of standard data protocols and also independent of dedicated
video transmission.
3.4.1.4 Situational Awareness
Situational awareness video resolution should be selected from the following range:
– 640 × 480 to 1280 × 720, bandwidth dependent:
• interlace scan for legacy SD systems shall conform to
▫ ITU-R BT.601-7 (reference [1]); or
▫ SMPTE ST 259:2008 (reference [2]);
• progressive scan for HD systems shall conform to
▫ ITU-R BT.1543 (reference [17]); or
▫ SMPTE ST 296:2011 (reference [18]).
NOTE – Situational awareness may be required in situations where only low-bandwidth
transmission is available, such as S-Band, which would likely limit resolution to
as low as 320 × 240. In cases such as this, best effort is acceptable. The
requirement to have visual confirmation of events may be higher than a specific
resolution. This should be considered the exception and not the norm.
3.4.1.5 Public Affairs
3.4.1.5.1 Public affairs video resolution should be selected from the following range:
– 640 × 480 to 1280 × 720, bandwidth dependent:
• Interlace scan for legacy SD systems shall conform to
▫ ITU-R BT601-7 (reference [1]); or
▫ SMPTE ST 259:2008 (reference [2]);
• Progressive scan for HD systems shall conform to
▫ ITU-R BT.1543 1280 (reference [17]); or
▫ SMPTE ST 296:2011 (reference [18]).
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3.4.1.5.2 Multiple resolutions may be used to accommodate mission requirements.
NOTE – There are situations where HD formats are not required. It saves considerable
bandwidth to use SD systems. Whether these are US or European standard
resolutions and frame rates is not an issue. Regardless of the actual video format,
the interface standards allow virtually all current equipment to route and encode
the video. Once encoded and packetized, it is not an issue for spacecraft avionics
as the video is compatible data packets. That part of the system is format
agnostic. Regardless of the interface chosen for a particular spacecraft, routing
and encoding utilize the same components.
3.4.1.6 High Resolution Digital Imaging
3.4.1.6.1 High resolution digital imaging video resolution should have a minimum
resolution of 1920 × 1080, progressive scan:
– 1080 HD systems shall conform to
• ITU-R BT.709-5 (reference [19]); or
• SMPTE ST 274:2008 (reference [20]);
– Up to 30 FPS systems shall conform to
• ITU-R BT.1120-8 (reference [3]); or
• SMPTE ST 292-1:2012 (reference [4]);
– Above 30 FPS shall conform to
• ITU-R BT.1120-8 (reference [3]); or
• SMPTE ST 372:2011 (reference [21]); or
• SMPTE ST 424:2006 (reference [22]).
3.4.1.6.2 Systems above 1920 × 1080 shall conform to
– SMPTE ST 2036 Standards Suite, ST 2036 1–3:
• ST 2036-1:2009 Image Parameter Values for Program Production—Ultra High
Definition Television (reference [23]);
• ST 2036-2:2008 Ultra High Definition Television—Audio Characteristics and
Audio Channel Mapping for Program Production (reference [24]);
• ST 2036-3:2010 Mapping into Single-link or Multi-link 10 Gb/s—Ultra High
Definition Television Serial Signal/Data Interface (reference [16]);
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– SMPTE ST 2048 Standards Suite ST 2048-1–2:
• ST 2048-1:2011 2048 × 1080 and 4096 × 2160 Digital Cinematography
Production Image Formats FS/709 (reference [25]);
• ST 2048-2:2011 2048 × 1080 Cinematography Production Image FS/709
Formatting for Serial Digital Interface (reference [26]);
– ITU-R BT.2020-1 (06/2014) Parameter Values for Ultra-High Definition Television
Systems for Production and International Programme Exchange (reference [27]).
NOTE – 1920 × 1080 and above is to accommodate users with special requirements.
Typically, these systems will have on-board recording and downlink video as file
transfers. Any real-time requirement will include that the video system provide a
compatible signal to spacecraft video systems.
3.4.1.7 Spacecraft to Spacecraft
Spacecraft-to-spacecraft video resolution should follow 3.4.1.2–3.4.1.6.
NOTE – Selection of spacecraft-to-spacecraft video resolution is dependent on mission
requirements.
3.4.2 FRAME RATE
3.4.2.1 Video frame rates shall be selected from the following ranges for the following
applications:
a) personal video conferencing: 10 – 60 Frames Per Second (FPS);
b) medical video: 10 – 60 FPS;
c) situational awareness: 25 – 60 FPS;
d) public affairs: 24, 25, or 60 FPS;
e) high resolution digital imaging: 24 – 120 FPS.
NOTE – These are considered optimum frame rates for these applications. However,
bandwidth constraints may not allow even the lower frame rates to be utilized. In
these cases, best effort should be made to accommodate the recommendations
based on available bandwidth for imaging applications.
3.4.2.2 Spacecraft-to-spacecraft frame rates should be selected from 3.4.2.1 a)–e), above,
depending on application.
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NOTES
1 Spacecraft-to-spacecraft frame rates are dependent on mission requirements.
2 The listing of specific video applications above does not necessarily imply discrete
equipment sets dedicated for each application. Most cameras, for example, can be
used at multiple resolutions and frame rates allowing them to be used for multiple
applications.
3.4.3 ASPECT RATIO
Aspect ratio of original material shall be maintained from origination through delivery to end
user.
NOTE – By definition within industry standards, HDTV resolution video has an aspect
ratio of 16:9.
3.4.4 VIDEO COMPRESSION
3.4.4.1 Overview
The two compression standards listed below have different applications. MPEG-4 Part 10 is
intended for real-time applications where live, or nearly live, video needs to be monitored at
a ground location during an event or experiment. JPEG2000 is intended for requirements for
higher quality or where each individual frame needs to be maintained intact. The data rate
required for JPEG2000 would normally preclude JPEG2000 from being used for live
transmission. Further, JPEG2000 lacks an industry standard for transmission of real-time
JPEG2000 encoded video. The normal operating mode for JPEG2000 is to record the video
and downlink it later as a data file.
3.4.4.2 Compression Standards
The following video compression standards shall be used as indicated:
– MPEG-4 Part 10 (references [28] and [29]) for real-time transmission:
• 0.5 to 25 Mb/s—application and user requirement-driven data rates;
• 8-bit sampling;
• constant bit rate or variable bit rate acceptable—defined by interface to spacecraft
system;
• Group of Pictures (GOP) from 1 – 30—defined by user requirement;
• Constrained Baseline Profile for conferencing type applications (Personal and
Medical Video Conferencing);
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• Main Profile for SD applications;
• High Profile for HD applications;
• metadata as required by user:
▫ shall conform to
▪ ITU-R BT.1301-1 (reference [30]); or
▪ SMPTE ST 291:2011 (reference [12]); or
▪ ITU-R BT.656-4 (reference [31]) for ancillary data; or
▪ SMPTE ST 335:2001 (reference [14]); or
▪ SMPTE RP 210.10:2007 (reference [15]);
▫ shall be read and passed by encode/decode systems;
▫ may include system status and control feedback data;
▫ may include embedded television time code conforming to
▪ ITU-R BT.1301-1 (reference [30]); or
▪ SMPTE ST 12-1:2008 (reference [10]); or
▪ SMPTE ST 12-2:2008 (reference [11]).
NOTE – Per specification and established practice, embedded television time
code is used as the time reference for the MPEG transport stream time
code value.
– JPEG2000 (reference [32]) for analysis and high-quality recording requirements for
video stored and transferred as files:
• 50 to 140+ Mb/s—application and user requirement-driven data rates limited to
file transfer (non–real time);
• 10-bit (or greater) Sampling;
• metadata as required by user:
▫ shall conform to
▪ SMPTE ST 291:2011 (reference [12]); or
▪ ITU-R BT.653-3 (reference [9]) for ancillary data; or

Real-time streaming motion JPEG2000 transmission is not part of this standard. JPEG2000, at this time, is
considered to be a compression format for recording and subsequent file transfer. Transmission of real-time
streaming motion JPEG2000 will be added when there is an industry accepted, stable JPEG2000 transmission
protocol and format.
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▪ SMPTE ST 335:2001 (reference [14]); or
▪ SMPTE RP 210.10:2007 (reference [15]);
▫ shall be read and passed by encode/decode systems;
▫ may include system status and control feedback data;
▫ may include embedded television time code.
3.4.5 COLOR SAMPLING
Color sampling should be as follows:
– 4:2:0 for real-time requirements;
– 4:2:2 for high resolution digital imaging:
• science and engineering;
• production and digital cinema applications;
– 4:4:4 for special applications.
3.4.6 DISCUSSION—VIDEO SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAMS
The diagrams below illustrate typical video system connectivity and what interfaces are
associated with each stage in the system for a typical human spaceflight video system. These
diagrams assume separate components for each of these functions. While the same functions
occur with the use of a laptop- or tablet-based video system used for medical or personal
video conferencing, they are internal with an IP connection to the spacecraft avionics system
for transmission.
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CCSDS RECOMMENDED STANDARD FOR DIGITAL MOTION IMAGERY
Video System Elements
Non-Compressed Video Design
(4)
Space-to-Ground
Ground Distribution
Communications
(3)
Video
Decoding/Recording
Spacecraft Avionics
Video Display
(2)
Video Video
Video
Recording Encoding Monitoring
(1) (1) (1)
1. SDI, Ref. 3.1.1.1, 3.1.1.2
2. DVB-ASI or IP, Ref 3.1.1.2, 3.4.1
Non-Compressed Video
3. Defined Outside MIA by
Switching
spacecraft system design
4. Defined Outside MIA by
(1)
spacecraft and communications
system design
ImageSource(Camera)
Figure 3-1: Video System Elements—Non-Compressed Video Design
Video System Elements
Compressed Video Design
(4)
Space-to-Ground
Ground Distribution
Communications
(3)
Video
Decoding/Recording
Video
Video Spacecraft
Decode/
Recording Avionics
(2)
Monitoring
(2)
Video Display
(2)
1. SDI, Ref. 3.1.1, 3.1.2
Video Encoding
2. DVB-ASI or IP,Ref3.1.2,3.4.1
3. Defined Outside MIA by
spacecraft system design
(1)
4. Defined Outside MIA by
spacecraft and communications
Image Source
system design
(Camera)
Figure 3-2: Video System Elements—Compressed Video Design
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3.5 AUDIO
3.5.1 AUDIO AS PART OF VIDEO STREAM
Audio as part of a video stream should conform to the following standards:
– Advanced Audio Codec (AAC) (reference [33]) for compressed audio;
– AES/EBU-3 (reference [34]) for uncompressed audio.
NOTE – Generally, audio as part of a compressed bitstream for live applications
(MPEG-4) will be compressed. There are several different audio codecs
available. AAC was chosen as the highest quality, most widely used audio codec
for this application. Non-compressed AES/EBU-3 is another possibility
supported by a number of audio/video codecs. It is less common, but might be a
requirement based on user needs.
3.5.2 DISCUSSION—AUDIO SEPARATE FROM VIDEO STREAM
For those applications where audio is distributed separately from video, audio/video
synchronization (lip sync) is handled on the ground. Time stamps in the audio stream,
corresponding to time stamps in the video stream, are recommended to aid in synchronization.
3.6 REAL-TIME VIDEO ENCAPSULATION AND TRANSMISSION
3.6.1 INTERNET PROTOCOL TRANSPORT STREAM
3.6.1.1 MPEG-4-encoded video shall be formatted as Transport Stream (TS) with Packet
Identification (PID) for transport in IP datagrams.
3.6.1.2 IP datagrams shall be encapsulated for transmission over the CCSDS space link as
specified in reference [35].
3.6.2 ELEMENTARY STREAM
3.6.2.1 Real-time video and audio elementary streams may be transmitted via User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) (reference [36]).
3.6.2.2 IP datagrams containing User Datagrams with real-time video and audio elementary
streams shall be encapsulated for transmission over the CCSDS space link as specified in
reference [35].
It is anticipated the Voice Working Group standard will address this issue with standard practices to be
employed for audio/video synchronization.
Delay Tolerant Networking is being standardized as an internetworking layer for CCSDS missions. Future
missions may want to consider transmitting real-time video encoded with MPEG-4 or file-based video encoded
with JPEG2000via DTN Bundle Protocol (reference [D9]) bundles. Annex C presents a narrative of the classes
of real-time video transmission still under development by the DTN working group.
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3.6.3 JITTER AND BIT ERROR RATES
Real-time video delivery jitter and Bit Error Rate (BER) shall be limited as follows:
– jitter (packet delay variation) not to exceed 10 ms (assumes 300 ms decoder buffer);
−6
– BER not to exceed 1 × 10 .
NOTES
1 Use of elementary streams is possible for lower bandwidth video applications, such as
personal video conferencing. However, commercial hardware decoders do not
recognize elementary streams, so transport stream should be used exclusively for
video systems interfacing directly to spacecraft avionics. Also, audio cannot be
embedded with video when using elementary stream for compressed video transport.
Audio and video in an elementary stream are not synchronized for transmission.
2 Real Time Protocol (RTP) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) are commonly
used for video transmission. HTTP is common for computer-based applications, such
as family video conferencing. In this application it is not only acceptable, but may be
the only methodology available on that type of platform. However, for higher
bandwidth video transmission where transport streams are utilized, HTTP is not
efficient. RTP is acceptable, but UDP offers better performance over space based
networks. The use of TCP for video over space based networks is also not
recommended.
3.7 RECORDED VIDEO AND AUDIO
3.7.1 ACQUISITION AND STORAGE OF VIDEO DATA
3.7.1.1 Recordings shall be file based.
NOTE – This is required to allow for transfer of recorded video data via established file
transfer methodologies. This standard does not dictate how an application might
create a video file, and specific file formats will vary based on systems being used.
3.7.1.2 Encoding shall be MPEG-4 or JPEG 2
...