ISO/IEC 15149-2:2015
(Main)Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Magnetic field area network (MFAN) — Part 2: In-band Control Protocol for Wireless Power Transfer
Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Magnetic field area network (MFAN) — Part 2: In-band Control Protocol for Wireless Power Transfer
ISO/IEC 15149-2:2015 Standard establishes a system for an in-band network, from which both wireless power transfer and data transmission are carried out simultaneously at the same frequency band. It provides technical solution for a remote and consistent power supply, along with a stable network. For the purpose of this International Standard, the system is designed based on the principles described in ISO/IEC 15149 (Magnetic Field Area Network). In this way, it is expected to achieve superiority in control of devices, while managing wireless power transfer to multiple devices in request. The focus is on the physical and media access control layer protocol; it will not discuss matters on the upper layer protocols. As together, the PHY and MAC layers have to be able to carry out the following tasks: data transmission, signal control, wireless power transfer. This International Standard is applicable in various situations and environments, but is expected to perform excellently in the following certain use cases: - mobile phones: provide ubiquitous charging environments for portable devices; - home appliances: allow unrestrained placement of appliances with the elimination of wire cables and plugs for power supply. The media access control layer protocol is designed for the following scope: - variable superframe structure for wireless power transfer to multiple devices; - simple and effective network topology for efficient wireless power transfer; - dynamic address assignment for efficient timesharing among multiple devices. The physical layer protocol is designed for the following scope: - one frequency band for both wireless power transfer and magnetic field communication; - simple and robust modulation for low-cost implementation and minimized margin of error; - variable coding and bandwidth for dynamic charging environment.
Technologies de l'information — Téléinformatique — Réseau de zone de champ magnétique (MFAN) — Partie 2: Protocole de contrôle dans la bande pour le transfert de puissance sans fil
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 15149-2
First edition
2015-05-01
Information technology —
Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems —
Magnetic field area network (MFAN) —
Part 2:
In-band Control Protocol for Wireless
Power Transfer
Technologies de l’information — Téléinformatique — Réseau de zone
de champ magnétique (MFAN) —
Partie 2: Protocole de contrôle dans la bande pour le transfert de
puissance sans fil
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2015
© ISO/IEC 2015, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Overview . 4
6 Network elements . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Time element . 5
6.2.1 General. 5
6.2.2 Time element for MPAN . . 6
6.3 Physical element . 7
6.3.1 Coordinator . 7
6.3.2 Node . 7
6.4 Address element . 8
6.4.1 MFAN ID . . 8
6.4.2 UID . 8
6.4.3 Group ID . 8
6.4.4 Node ID . . 8
6.4.5 WPT ID . 8
7 Network status . 9
7.1 General . 9
7.2 Network status for MPAN . 9
7.2.1 Stabilization . 9
7.2.2 Invigoration . 9
7.2.3 Revitalization . 9
7.3 MPAN state . 9
7.3.1 Coordinator state .10
7.3.2 Node state .11
8 Physical layer frame format .13
8.1 General .13
8.2 Preamble .14
8.3 Header .14
8.4 Payload .14
8.5 Frame check sequence .14
9 MAC layer frame format .14
9.1 General .14
9.2 Frame format for MPAN .14
9.2.1 Frame header .15
9.2.2 Frame body .15
9.2.3 Frame type .15
9.2.4 Payload format .16
9.3 Frame format for power status feedback .25
9.3.1 Frame header .25
9.3.2 Frame body .26
9.3.3 Frame type .26
9.3.4 Payload format .27
10 MAC layer function .28
10.1 General .28
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved iii
10.2 Stabilization .28
10.3 Invigoration .29
10.4 Revitalization .30
11 Air interface .31
11.1 Frequency .31
11.2 Signal waveform for WPT .31
iv © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction
and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC
6, Telecommunications and information exchange between systems.
ISO/IEC 15149 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information
technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between systems — Magnetic field area
network (MFAN):
— Part 1: Air interface
— Part 2: In-band control protocol for wireless power transfer
— Part 3: Relay protocol for extended range
— Part 4: Security protocol for authorization
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved v
Introduction
This International Standard provides protocols for magnetic field area network (MFAN). MFAN can support
the service based on wireless communication and wireless power transfer in harsh environment. MFAN is
composed of four protocols; air interface, in-band control protocol, relay protocol, and security protocol.
ISO/IEC 15149–1 specifies the physical layer and media access control layer protocols of wireless
network over a magnetic field.
ISO/IEC 15149–2 specifies the control protocol for wireless power transfer based on magnetic field
area network.
ISO/IEC 15149–3 specifies the relay protocol to extend effective network coverage of magnetic field
area network.
ISO/IEC 15149–4 specifies the security protocol to authorize nodes to communicate in magnetic field
area network.
vi © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 15149-2:2015(E)
Information technology — Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems — Magnetic field
area network (MFAN) —
Part 2:
In-band Control Protocol for Wireless Power Transfer
1 Scope
This International Standard establishes a system for an in-band network, from which both wireless
power transfer and data transmission are carried out simultaneously at the same frequency band. It
provides technical solution for a remote and consistent power supply, along with a stable network.
For the purpose of this International Standard, the system is designed based on the principles described
in ISO/IEC 15149 (Magnetic Field Area Network). In this way, it is expected to achieve superiority in
control of devices, while managing wireless power transfer to multiple devices in request. The focus is
on the physical and media access control layer protocol; it will not discuss matters on the upper layer
protocols. As together, the PHY and MAC layers have to be able to carry out the following tasks: data
transmission, signal control, wireless power transfer.
This International Standard is applicable in various situations and environments, but is expected to
perform excellently in the following certain use cases:
— mobile phones: provide ubiquitous charging environments for portable devices;
— home appliances: allow unrestrained placement of appliances with the elimination of wire cables
and plugs for power supply.
The media access control layer protocol is designed for the following scope:
— variable superframe structure for wireless power transfer to multiple devices;
— simple and effective network topology for efficient wireless power transfer;
— dynamic address assignment for efficient timesharing among multiple devices.
The physical layer protocol is designed for the following scope:
— one frequency band for both wireless power transfer and magnetic field communication;
— simple and robust modulation for low-cost implementation and minimized margin of error;
— variable coding and bandwidth for dynamic charging environment.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014, Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between
systems — Magnetic field area network (MFAN) — Part 1: Air interface
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved 1
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
wireless power transfer
WPT
method of consistent and simultaneous power supply to multiple devices within a range without
physical contact
3.2
magnetic field area network
MFAN
wireless network that provides reliable communication in harsh environments using magnetic field
3.3
magnetic power network
MPAN
in-band wireless power transfer network that incorporates magnetic field area network (MFAN) in its
communication and wireless power transfer within a single frequency band
3.4
magnetic power area network–coordinator
MPAN-C
device that carries out integral operations for magnetic power area network; wireless power transfer,
connection and release of devices, and time scheduling of power transfer and data
3.5
magnetic power area network–node
MPAN-N
devices that comprises magnetic power area network and that is not a coordinator
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
The following acronyms are used in this document:
ARq Association Request
ARs Association Response
ARA Association Response Acknowledgement
ASC Association Status Check
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying
ASRq Association Status Request
ASRs Association Status Response
ASRA Association Status Response Acknowledgement
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
DA Data Acknowledgement
DaRq Disassociation Request
2 © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
DaRs Disassociation Response
DaRA Disassociation Response Acknowledgement
DRq Data Request
DRs Data Response
DRA Data Response Acknowledgement
FCS Frame Check Sequence
GSRq Group ID Set-up Request
GSRs Group ID Set-up Response
GSRA Group ID Set-up Response Acknowledgement
LSB Least Significant Bit
MAC Media Access Control
NRZ-L Non-Return-to-Zero Level
PHY Physical Layer Protocol
PLRC Power Level Request Command
PLRCA Power Level Request Command Acknowledgement
PS Power Status
PSF Power Status Feedback
PSFI Power Status Feedback Interval
PT Power Transfer
PTBRq Power Transfer Beacon Request
PTEC Power Transfer Execution Command
PTECA Power Transfer Execution Command Acknowledgement
PTPC Power Transfer Permission Command
PTRC Power Transfer Request Command
PTRq Power Transfer Request
PTRs Power Transfer Response
RA Response Acknowledgement
RR Response Request
SIFS Short Inter Frame Space
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
UID Unique Identifier
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved 3
5 Overview
MPAN is an in-band wireless network system that enables wireless communication and wireless power
transfer within a single frequency band. Data and control commands are communicated according to the
MFAN system; power is transferred wirelessly according to the consistent WPT system, both at the same
frequency band. Due to the characteristics of magnetic field and legal regulations on the power level, the
range of MFAN is wider than that of WPT. Within the MPAN, the maximum WPT efficiency is achieved
with an MPAN-C taking in charge of every scheduling accordingly for devices in most effective orders.
The MFAN has a low carrier frequency bandwidth of 30 KHz to 300 KHz; the same frequency band is
used for WPT. It uses a simple and robust modulation method like BPSK for low cost implementation
and low error probability. Also dynamic coding methods like Manchester and NRZ-L are considered
in specific against noises. It can provide data transmission speed of several kbps within a distance of
several meters. For WPT, unmodulated sine sinusoidal signal is used to enhance WPT efficiency. The
MPAN uses a simple and efficient network topology like the ‘star topology‘ for low power consumption.
It uses dynamic address assignment for small packet size, so to manage address efficiently as well. Also it
incorporates an adaptive link quality control by using various transmission speeds, and coding methods
suitable for various MPAN environments.
There are two kinds of devices participating in an MPAN according to their functions: MPAN-C and
MPAN-N. Only one MPAN-C may exist within an MPAN, where a number of MPAN-Ns may be registered
to. As a base station of MPAN, MPAN-C manages connection and release of MPAN-Ns when there is
response to its request. For the data transmission, MPAN uses TDMA method; When an MPAN-N joins
MPAN managed by MPAN-C, MPAN-C allocates time-slots for the MPAN-N. WPT and data transmission
would begin as MPAN-C requests for the responses of MPAN-Ns.
As shown in Figure 1, MPAN-C and MPAN-Ns are to be located elsewhere within the network. If MPAN-C
receives relevant data for WPT — ID, battery information, etc. — from MPAN-Ns, it examines factors
like power transfer sequences or the number of time slots for an appropriate WPT. MPAN-C then sends
control data back to MPAN-Ns to manage overall WPT operations.
Figure 1 — Wireless Power Transfer System
MPAN can be applied to various industries. It may be applied to a situation where electric devices are
in need of constant power supply to function properly. For some industries, significant improvement in
efficiency is attainable simply by providing power wirelessly. In any cases, duration of battery life no
longer becomes a problem; no need to spare broad space for spacious batteries and charging equipment.
As for an example, there has always been a battery issue when it comes to using mobile devices
(Figure 2) due to its running time. MPAN is able to provide a ubiquitous charging environment while on
a stable network service. Also for the home appliances (Figure 3), complex wire cables and plugs can be
eliminated; a placement of home appliances at one’s convenience becomes possible with MPAN.
4 © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
͑
Figure 2 — Mobile Devices
Figure 3 — Home Appliances
6 Network elements
6.1 General
The elements of MPAN, based on the elements of MFAN, are classified in two: time and physical element.
The time element refers to the superframe structure consisting of request period, response period, and
spontaneous period. The physical element refers to the MPAN devices: MPAN-C and MPAN-Ns. The most
basic unit in the physical element is device. A device may be defined according to its role either as an
MPAN-C that manages network, or an MPAN-N that communicates with MPAN-C.
When an MPAN is set up, a node is allocated to be an MPAN-C: the device in charge of the perfect control
of association, disassociation, release, and time scheduling for MPAN-Ns. The superframe begins when
a device is set as an MPAN-C, and starts to transmit request packets during the request period. Within
MPAN, only a single channel is permitted by an MPAN-C; the rest devices within the MPAN become
MPAN-Ns. Note that a device within an MPAN may participate as an MPAN-C or MPAN-N depending upon
its role. For the connection between an MPAN-C and an MPAN-N, a peer-to-peer connection is used.
6.2 Time element
6.2.1 General
The MPAN inherits the same time elements used in MFAN, ISO/IEC 15149-1, which is much similar to
the method used in TDMA time slot; MPAN-C arranges times slots for individual MPAN-Ns. MPAN-C
manages data from the group of MPAN-Ns during response period. There are some new features newly
introduced from ISO/IEC 15149-2 in relation to WPT.
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved 5
6.2.2 Time element for MPAN
The time element of MPAN, as shown in Figure 4, consists of request period, response period, and
spontaneous period. The lengths of request and response period are varied; the length of spontaneous
period is subject to the length of request and response period.
The superframe begins when MPAN-C transmits a PTRq packet to MPAN-Ns during the request period.
When MPAN-N receives the packet, it sends PTRs packet back as a response. According to the PTRs
packets received, MPAN-C sends PTBRq packet with information on the WPT time schedule. In that case,
relevant MPAN-Ns can receive WPT during the following response periods. During the power status
feedback interval, MPAN-Ns will transmit the PSF packet as a response to the PS beacon from MPAN-C.
Figure 4 — MPAN superframe structure
6.2.2.1 Request period
During the request period, MPAN-C transmits PTRq packet to invite MPAN-Ns to WPT time schedule.
Receiving PTRq packet, MPAN-Ns prepare to take WPT from MPAN-C.
6.2.2.2 Response period
The response period can be divided into several time slots by the number of MPAN-Ns for WPT. The
length of each time slot varies according to the total length of WPT. When MPAN-C schedules for a
response period, MPAN-C allocates slot numbers to each time slots in a numerical order; if there is not an
MPAN-N, the slot number will be zero. MPAN-C may assign each time slot either to an individual MPAN-N
or to a group of MPAN-Ns. According to a sequence of the schedule, an MPAN-N or all the MPAN-Ns in a
group may receive wireless power simultaneously.
During the response period of MPAN, MPAN-Ns send PTRs to MPAN-C if the node is in need of WPT. The
MPAN-Ns put in schedule by MPAN-C can receive WPT during the response period. MPAN-C, with the
information received, calculates distance to MPAN-Ns. MPAN-C will then return PTBRq to MPAN-Ns to
provide detailed time schedule and start WPT at a power level appropriate for the distance.
Distinguishable to the MFAN response period, the response period of MPAN has PSFI. After each time
slot, there is a PSFI for quick power status update and abnormal situation. During WPT, when MPAN-N
receives the PS beacon in the PSFI, it transmits the PSF packet to MPAN-C for notifying the updated
power status as the response for the PS beacon in the PSFI. When abnormal situation is sensed by the
MPAN-C, it is notified to all MPAN-Ns in the PSFI by the MPAN-C. When the MPAN-Ns recognize error by
receiving the PS beacon, they wait until receiving a request from the MPAN-C.
6 © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
Figure 5 — PSFI in response period
6.2.2.3 Spontaneous period
The spontaneous period begins when MPAN-C confirms all PSF packets from MPAN-Ns in the last
time slot of the response period and broadcasts PTPC. It will last until MPAN-C will transmit a RR
packet again. During this period, low power devices can request power transfer without MPAN-C’s
request. When MPAN-C receives PTRC packet, it returns PTEC packet. As MPAN-C receives PTECA,
the acknowledgement, it provides WPT to low power devices for a certain length of time. Afterward,
MPAN-C and MPAN-N sends PLRC and PLRCA correspondently to check on the power level received. This
period will last until MPAN-C transmits a request packet, or until it engages into a request period again.
6.3 Physical element
There are two kinds of physical elements within MPAN, which are MPAN-C and MPAN-N. The basic unit,
device, can be categorized either as an MPAN-C or MPAN-N according to its role. An MPAN-C manages
entire MPAN. An MPAN-C is able to control MPAN-Ns with RR packets. MPAN-Ns must return response
packets back accordingly to MPAN-C in order to proceed with operations. A basic configuration of MPAN
is shown in Figure 6.
6.3.1 Coordinator
MPAN-C is a node that manages MPAN; there is only a single MPAN-C per network. By transmitting an
appropriate RR packet, it can manage and control MPAN-Ns within MPAN.
6.3.2 Node
MPAN-N is a device that is associated to an MPAN, and is not an MPAN-C. As much as 65 519 MPAN-Ns can
link to a network at the same time. It returns response packets according to the RR packet sent by MPAN-C.
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved 7
Figure 6 — MPAN physical element
6.4 Address element
In order to identify MPAN-Ns, MPAN uses an address system for MFAN ID, UID, group ID, node ID,
and charging ID.
6.4.1 MFAN ID
Specified in ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014, 5.4.1
6.4.2 UID
Specified in ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014, 5.4.2
6.4.3 Group ID
Specified in ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014, 5.4.3
6.4.4 Node ID
Specified in ISO/IEC 15149-1:2014, 5.4.4
6.4.5 WPT ID
WPT ID is an identifier used during WPT. The ID has a 8-bit address assigned by MPAN-C for quick
communication during WPT. The ID is allocated to MPAN-Ns during the request period right before WPT
begins. Some WPT IDs are reserved in Table 3.
Table 1 — Reserved charging ID
Node ID Content Remarks
0xFF All nodes When broadcasting or transmitting all nodes
0xFE Unjoined node Default ID for node
0xF0 – 0xFD Reserved —
8 © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
7 Network status
7.1 General
The MPAN inherits the same network status used in MFAN, ISO/IEC 15149-1. On top of it, there are some
newly introduced status for MPAN in relation to wireless power transfer: stabilization, invigoration,
revitalization status.
7.2 Network status for MPAN
7.2.1 Stabilization
MPAN in stabilization carries out wireless power transfer in every normal conditions. As MPAN-C sends
PTRq packet during the request period, MPAN-Ns probe the packet and transmit PTRs packet accordingly
during the response period. Based on the information in the PTRs packet, MPAN-C schedules time slots
for WPT and transmits the schedule in PTBRq packet. WPT will commence as MPAN-C transmits PTS
beacon. MPAN-Ns receive WPT from MPAN-C according to the scheduling sequence during the response
period to MPAN-Ns in a time slot. After a time slot for WPT is finished, there is PSFI for quick power
status update. When MPAN-Ns receive PS beacon from MPAN-C during the PSFI, MPAN-Ns will send PSF
packet upon MPAN-C’s requests. After confirming the PSF packets, the MPAN-C will inform MPAN-Ns
the start of WPT with PTS beacon, engaging in WPT for the next time slot. During WPT, MPAN-C may
stop WPT if it detects error. Otherwise, WPT is completed when MPAN-C receives every PSF packet from
the last time slot.
7.2.2 Invigoration
MPAN in invigoration prioritizes devices low in power, and supplies power during spontaneous period
to keep them on-line. When an MPAN-N becomes low in power, the MPAN-N will operate in power-saving
mode, minimizing its operations. The MPAN-N may request power supply to MPAN-C in order to prevent
shutting down. To do so, the MPAN-N will send PTRC to MPAN-C upon receiving PTPC; the MPAN-N will
then receive returning PTEC from MPAN-C. MPAN-N will send PTECA and be engaged in WPT. The WPT
to an MPAN-N low in battery is to be kept minimal, not to interrupt originally scheduled WPT. If MPAN-N
receives power up to a threshold level (to be cut off from the WPT), the WPT will be terminated. After
the power transfer in invigoration, MPAN-C sends PLRC to check on the power level received. MPAN-N
will return PLRCA and if the power level is above threshold 2, the status will then become stabilization.
7.2.3 Revitalization
MPAN in revitalization provides power transfer to unassociated devices completely dried up of power.
MPAN system includes distinctive WPT scenario to power down devices. When an MPAN-N is run out
of power, the device is unable to process any signalling operations. Therefore, MPAN-C is unable to
control the MPAN-N out of power; although it is not properly scheduled and may interrupt current WPT,
the MPAN-N out of power will receive WPT during response period. However, in spontaneous period,
MPAN-C transmits PTEC (no ack.) and transfer power regularly, to receive PLRCA for PLRC from revived
power-down devices as soon as possible. MPAN-C will then be able to manage and control the revived
MPAN-N and undergoes procedures explained from 7.2.2 invigoration.
7.3 MPAN state
MPAN device state includes MPAN-C state and MPAN-N state as justified in ISO/IEC 15149-1. Put in
detail, MPAN-C states are divided into standby state, packet analysis state, packet generation state;
power transfer state, power transfer standby state, power status packet analysis state, and power status
packet generation state. MPAN-N states are composed of hibernation power level detection state, stable
hibernation state, general activation state, standby state, packet analysis state, packet generation state;
power reception state, power isolation state, power down hibernation state, low power hibernation
state, low power packet analysis state, low power packet generation state, PSF activation state, power
status packet analysis, power status packet generation.
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved 9
7.3.1 Coordinator state
7.3.1.1 Communication procedure
The state of MPAN-C will be at standby when power is turned on. During standby state, the system
commands transmission of RR packet and the superframe begins; MPAN-C enters packet generation
state. Once the transmission of RR packet is carried out, MPAN-C returns to standby state, waiting for
responses. When MPAN-C receives response (or whichever packet) from MPAN-Ns while performing
carrier detection during standby state, MPAN-C enters packet analysis state. If the destination ID of the
received packet and the node ID of MPAN-C correspond, MPAN-C enters packet generation state. During
packet generation state, MPAN-C generates either RA or DA packet accordingly, and sends to MPAN-Ns.
The state of MPAN-C will return to standby state, afterward.
In case of error detection within the data packet while on packet analysis, the MPAN-C returns directly
to standby state. If errors are detected within the received response packet or destination ID of the
received response packet do not corresponds to node ID of MPAN-C during packet analysis state, MPAN-C
regenerates RR packet from generation state and re-transmits it to MPAN-Ns after a certain length of
time; the MPAN-C returns to standby state. If the failure continues, the procedure will be repeated as
many times as configured (maximum of N times). On the (N+1) th attempt, MPAN-C returns to standby
state from packet analysis state.
7.3.1.2 Stabilization procedure
For WPT, MPAN-C enters packet generation state as the superframe begins (system commands), and
sends PTRq packet. Once the transmission of PTRq packet is carried out, MPAN-C returns to standby
state. When MPAN-C receives PTRs packet from MPAN-Ns, MPAN-C enters packet analysis state. After
confirming the packet, MPAN-C enters packet generation state to create PTBRq packet with the schedule
for WPT. With the transmission of PTBRq packet, MPAN-C enters power status packet generation state.
MPAN-C, after sending PTBRq packet, again sends PTS to MPAN-Ns, informing the start of WPT according
to the schedule provided; MPAN-C enters power transfer state.
MPAN-C enters power status packet generation state, when PSFI begins. As MPAN-C transmits PS beacon
to all MPAN-Ns during the PSFI, MPAN-C will enter power transfer standby state and receive PSF packets
from MPAN-Ns. Receiving PSF packets, MPAN-C enters power status packet analysis state. From power
status packet analysis, MPAN-C counts the number of PSF packets and the number of time slots. If the
number of PSF does not equal to the number of total PSF packets to be received, MPAN-C returns power
transfer standby, waiting for the next PSF packet. If the number of PSF packets equal to the total number
of PSF packets, MPAN-C counts on the slot number. If slot number does not equal to the number of total
slots (last slot number), MPAN-C enters power status packet generation state to re-send PTS beacon
packet for the WPT in the next time slot. If the slot number equals to the number of total time slots, it
indicates the WPT time scheduling has finished for the response period; MPAN-C returns standby state.
For error detection during power transfer, MPAN-C immediately enters power transfer standby. MPAN-C
waits until current time slot times-out, and enter power status packet generation for PSFI.
7.3.1.3 Invigoration procedure
During invigoration, MPAN-C enters packet generation state as system commands to send PTPC to
indicate the start of spontaneous period. MPAN returns to standby to wait for PTRC. When MPAN-C
receives PTRC, MPAN-C enters packet analysis to check node ID. If it corresponds, MPAN-C enters packet
generation to create PTEC (with ack.) and returns standby. Upon receiving PTECA, it goes packet analysis,
then onto power transfer state to engage in power transfer to low power devices. When power transfer
times out in spontaneous period, MPAN-C enters standby. After every power transfer in spontaneous
period, MPAN-C check on the power level received from the MPAN-Ns that received power. MPAN-C
enters from standby to packet generation to generate PLRC. MPAN-C waits from standby for PLRCA. As
MPAN-C receives PLRCA, it goes to packet analysis state, then returns standby.
10 © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved
7.3.1.4 Revitalization procedure
During revitalization, MPAN-C enters packet generation at the beginning of spontaneous period as
the system command, to generate PTEC (without ack.) broadcasting. MPAN-N enters power transfer
as MPAN-C sends PTEC; MPAN-C returns standby afterward. After the power transfer, the system
commands to broadcast PLRC. MPAN-C will enter packet generation and standby consecutively. On
receipt of PLRCA, MPAN-C realizes MPAN-Ns in low-power, and engages in invigoration.
The states of MPAN-C are as described on Figure 7.
Figure 7 — MPAN-C state diagram
7.3.2 Node state
7.3.2.1 Communication procedure
As MPAN-N is turned on, it will enter hibernation power level detection state. According to power level
condition, it diverges into power down hibernation, low battery hibernation, and stable hibernation
states. While in stable hibernation state, MPAN-N enters general activation state when wake-up1
sequence (defined in 8.1) is detected. When MPAN-N receives RR packet, MPAN-N enters packet analysis
state to probe on received RR packet. If the destination ID of the RR packet and MPAN-N ID (group ID or
node ID) correspond, MPAN-N enters packet generation state. By sending an appropriate response packet
to MPAN-C, MPAN-N enters standby state. From standby state, MPAN-N will enter stable hibernation
state if it receives appropriate RA packet returned from MPAN-C; if it receives RA packet for other nodes,
MPAN-N returns to packet generation state to send response packet again.
If MPAN-N detects error or mismatch during packet analysis (if the IDs will not correspond), MPAN-N
enters hibernation power level detection state. MPAN-N may also enter hibernation power detection
state from standby state when slot-number is not allocated before it is timed out; if MPAN-N is allocated
of slot-number but has not received RA packet during time-out period, or if MPAN-N has received RA
for other MPAN-Ns, MPAN-N enters packet generation state. MPAN-N will regenerate and retransmit
© ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved 11
response packet to MPAN-C, retuning to standby state. The retransmission of the response packet may
be repeated for as much as N times. On the N+1th time-out, MPAN-N enters hibernation power detection
state. If RR packet arrives to MPAN-N while on the carrier detection during standby state, it enters
packet analysis state. If sensor system interruption occurs during stable hibernation state, MPAN-N
enters general activation state. According to the command from the system, MPAN-N enters packet
generation state. MPAN-N will generate and send appropriate data to MPAN-C, entering to standby
state. If MPAN-N receives DA packet, it returns hibernation power level detection state; if not, MPAN-N
enters packet generation state to retransmit previous data to enter standby state, until it will receive
DA packet. If received DA is for other MPAN-Ns, the MPAN-N also returns to packet generation. On the
(N+1) th time-out, MPAN-N enters hibernation power detection state.
7.3.2.2 Stabilization procedure
MPAN-N undergoes a little more complicated states for WPT. MPAN-N in stabilization will receive wake-
up 1 (along with PTRq) during request period, which wakes-up MPAN-N in stable hibernation state.
MPAN-N will enter general activation state as MPAN-N receives PTRq packet, and packet analysis state
in consequence. If the ID in packet corresponds with node ID, MPAN-N goes to packet generation state to
create PTRs. At transmission MPAN-N enters hibernation power detection state. When MPAN-N receives
PTBRq from MPAN-C, MPAN-N wakes up to general activation state, analyses to receive WPT from packet
analysis state. If the packet is PTBRq, then MPAN-N probes on the packet and returns to hibernation
power level detection state. When MPAN-C sends PTS packet along with wake-up3, MPAN-N enters PSF
activation state, then onto power status packet analysis state. According to the time schedule on the
previous PTBRq, the path for MPAN-N diverges into two. One will lead MPAN-N to power reception right
away, and the other will guide MPAN-N to power isolation state to maximize overall WPT efficiency.
If MPAN-N has received PTS beacon and is scheduled for the following time slot, it will enter power
reception state to receive WPT. When power transfer finishes, MPAN-N enters hibernation power level
detection state, befo
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