ISO/PRF 22948

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22948
First edition
Carbon footprint for seafood —
Product category rules (CFP–PCR) for
finfish
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 22948:2020(E)
ISO 2020
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ISO 22948:2020(E)
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© ISO 2020

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Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.1 Quantification of the carbon footprint of a product................................................................................................ 2

3.2 Products, product systems and processes ...................................................................................................................... 2

3.3 Data and data quality......................................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.4 Greenhouse gases ................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

3.5 Waste, storage and transport ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

4 Calculation and communication requirements .................................................................................................................... 6

5 Methodological requirements ................................................................................................................................................................ 7

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2 Functional unit or declared unit .............................................................................................................................................. 7

5.3 Principles of data and methodological reporting ..................................................................................................... 7

5.4 Impact assessment .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8

5.5 System boundaries .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8

5.5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

carbon footprint ............................................................................................................................................................... 9

5.5.3 General processes that can be excluded ...................................................................................................... 9

5.5.4 System boundaries for waste ................................................................................................................................ 9

5.5.5 Use of recycled or recovered materials .....................................................................................................10

5.5.6 Capital investments ....................................................................................................................................................10

5.5.7 System boundaries for fishing ...........................................................................................................................10

5.5.8 System boundaries for feed production ...................................................................................................11

5.5.9 System boundaries for products from aquaculture ........................................................................12

5.5.10 System boundaries for processing ................................................................................................................12

5.5.11 System boundaries for distribution to dealers ...................................................................................13

5.5.12 System boundary for final consumption ..................................................................................................14

5.6 Data requirements ............................................................................................................................................................................14

5.6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................14

5.6.2 Rules for data sampling...........................................................................................................................................15

5.6.3 Data on electricity ........................................................................................................................................................15

5.6.4 Data on fuel ........................................................................................................................................................................15

5.6.5 Geographical delimitation ....................................................................................................................................15

5.6.6 Time delimitation .........................................................................................................................................................15

5.6.7 Validation of data ..........................................................................................................................................................15

5.6.8 Transport calculation rules..................................................................................................................................16

5.7 Allocation ..................................................................................................................................................................................................16

5.8 Impact assessment ...........................................................................................................................................................................16

5.9 Interpretation .......................................................................................................................................................................................17

5.10 Fossil and biogenic carbon ........................................................................................................................................................17

5.11 Land use change ..................................................................................................................................................................................17

5.12 Land use .....................................................................................................................................................................................................17

5.13 Carbon sequestration .....................................................................................................................................................................17

5.14 Communication of carbon footprints for finfish .....................................................................................................17

5.14.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................17

5.14.2 Details about the producer ..................................................................................................................................17

Annex A (informative) Example of data collection in the calculation of the carbon footprint

of finfish products from aquaculture and fisheries ......................................................................................................19

Annex B (informative) Example of mass allocation for salmon co-product processing ..............................21

Annex C (informative) Example of LCA seabass value-chain modelling .......................................................................22

Annex D (informative) Example of LCA fish meal value-chain modelling ...................................................................24

Annex E (informative) Example of LCA fish oil value-chain modelling for human consumption .......25

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................27

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bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 234, Fisheries and aquaculture.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

This document contains product category rules for the calculation and communication of the carbon

footprint of finfish products. The CFP–PCR (carbon footprint of products – product category rules) is as

This document sets out rules for the calculation and communication of the carbon footprint of

finfish products. The overarching aim of the document is to provide a basis for reliable and accurate

information about the climate impact of the product. It is a pre-condition for a market-driven reduction

of climate impact of finfish products that dealers and consumers are able to choose the products with

— a basis for the development of tools and databases for calculating the carbon footprint of finfish

— an improved knowledge base concerning the value chains of finfish products, their resource

— a basis for further understanding the environmental impact of finfish products beyond climate

This document is intended to function in line with ordinary market mechanisms. Providing credible

and transparent information about the products’ climate impact will pave the way for increased

demand and market value of the most climate-friendly finfish products. It will also provide incentives

to drive further improvements and reduce energy consumption and climate impacts from all links in

This document specifies requirements for calculating the carbon footprint specific to finfish product

category rules (CFP–PCR). This methodology builds on the requirements of International Standards for

This document is applicable to the calculation and communication of finfish products’ carbon

footprints from fishing and/or cultivation of feed ingredients to the consumption of finfish products.

It is applicable to the carbon footprints of products from both fisheries and aquaculture value chains.

This document used alone does not apply to specifying a product’s overall environmental or

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 14026:2017, Environmental labels and declarations — Principles, requirements and guidelines for

ISO 14040, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and framework

ISO 14044, Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and guidelines

ISO 14067:2018, Greenhouse gases — Carbon footprint of products — Requirements and guidelines for

IPCC. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth

Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) emissions and GHG removals in a product system (3.2.13), expressed

as CO2 equivalents (3.1.2) and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of

[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.1, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been deleted.]

unit for comparing the radiative forcing (3.5.4) of a greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) to that of carbon dioxide

Note 1 to entry: Mass of a GHG is converted into CO equivalents by multiplying the mass of the GHG by the

corresponding global warming potential (GWP) or global temperature change potential (GTP) of that gas.

Note 2 to entry: In the case of GTP, CO equivalent is the unit for comparing the change in global mean surface

sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) emissions and GHG removals of one or more selected process(es)

in a product system (3.2.13), expressed as CO2 equivalents (3.1.2) and based on the selected stages or

Note 1 to entry: A partial CFP is based on or compiled from data related to (a) specific process(es) or footprint

information modules, which is (are) part of a product system and can form the basis for quantification of a CFP.

More detailed information on information modules is given in ISO 14025:2006, 5.4.

Note 2 to entry: “Footprint information modules” is defined in ISO 14026:2017, 3.1.4.

Note 3 to entry: The results of the quantification of the partial CFP are documented in the CFP study report

secondary output from a process, but of commercial value, that is produced in addition to a defined

raw materials or semi-finished goods, which may be recycled or recovered, that are fed into the product

products (3.2.1) that are not used up in consumption or production over a brief period but that retain

food, of which a significant proportion of the content derives directly from animals or plants that live in

products (3.2.1) from fisheries and aquaculture as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Note 1 to entry: Finfish species and their yearly production volumes are available in FishStatJ and regularly

published by the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, available from: http:// www .fao .org/ fishery/

quantity of fish and fish products (3.2.1) as available for sale from a retailer, excluding packaging

consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system (3.2.13), from raw material acquisition or

range of activities or parties that create or receive value in the form of products (3.2.1) or services

set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for CFP (3.1.1) or partial CFP (3.1.3) quantification

[SOURCE: ISO 14067:2018, 3.1.1.10, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been deleted.]

collection of unit processes with elementary and product flows, performing one or more defined

quantity of a product (3.2.1) for use as a reference unit in the quantification of a partial carbon footprint

Note 1 to entry: As the carbon footprint of a product (CFP) (3.1.1) treats information on a product (3.2.1) basis, an

partitioning the input or output flows of a process or a product system (3.2.13) between the product

substance of phenomena that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat, or to operate chemical

aids used to retrieve biological material from the sea or freshwater but that are not integrated parts of

medium that is used to maintain a specified temperature, e.g. in a room lower than ambient temperature,

through switching between aggregate states by the medium readily taking up or releasing heat

specification of the amount of material or energy flow or the level of environmental significance

associated with unit processes or product system (3.2.13) to be excluded from the study

change in human use or management of land within the organizational boundaries and as part of

change in the use or management of land that is a consequence of direct land use change (3.2.21) not

taking place within the operational boundaries of the greenhouse gas (GHG) (3.4.1) inventory

quantified value of a process or an activity obtained from a direct measurement or a calculation based

Note 1 to entry: Primary data need not necessarily originate from the product system (3.2.13) under study

because primary data could relate to a different but comparable product system to that being studied.

Note 1 to entry: Such sources can include databases and published literature validated by competent authorities.

characteristics of data that relate to their ability to satisfy stated requirements

characteristic of a survey that requires it to be sufficiently large, to not include systematic measurement

gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits

radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s

Note 1 to entry: For a list of GHGs, see the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC)

Note 2 to entry: Water vapour and ozone are anthropogenic as well as natural GHGs, but are not included as

recognized GHGs due to difficulties, in most cases, in isolating the human-induced component of global warming

Note 3 to entry: The focus of this document is limited to long-lived GHGs and it therefore excludes climate effects

due to changes in surface reflectivity (albedo) and short-lived radiative forcing (3.5.4) agents (e.g. black carbon

difference between incoming solar radiation on the Earth and outgoing thermal radiation from the Earth

Note 1 to entry: A positive radiative forcing tends to warm the surface and a negative radiative forcing tends to

This document only provides rules for calculating a product’s potential climate impact and cannot be

used in isolation for specifying a product’s overall environmental or sustainability characteristics.

However, the carbon footprint may be included as one of several indicators in the evaluation of a

For further information linked to each of these principles, see ISO 14067:2018, Clause 5. A particular

The carbon footprint of fish and fish products shall be calculated in accordance with the established

methodology for LCAs as described in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, and in accordance with the

methodology for calculating products’ carbon footprints in accordance with ISO 14067.

The functional unit or declared unit of a system shall be selected in accordance with the scope and the

system boundary of the study. The functional unit of finfish shall capture GHG emissions of all life cycle

phases of the CFP, and shall be expressed per mass of edible product consumed by the final user. The

declared unit of finfish is more variable but nevertheless shall capture GHG emissions of the specific

life cycle phases of the partial CFP under assessment, and shall be expressed per mass of intermediate

As supplementary information, the carbon footprint may be stated relative to other functional units or

EXAMPLE 1 A partial CFP is conducted on an aquaculture production system. The LCA practitioner selected

cradle-to-farm gate system boundaries to specifically assess impacts occurring during hatchery and grow-out

production phases. The practitioner’s declared unit is consequently “1 t of live-mass farmed Atlantic salmon at

EXAMPLE 2 A CFP is conducted on frozen cod fillet. To include all life cycle phases in the carbon footprint,

the practitioner selects cradle-to-grave system boundaries. This means that the CFP must consider and include

emissions starting with cod fisheries up to the consumption of cod fillet. The practitioner’s functional unit is

Methodologies, standards and guidance documents that are already recognized internationally and