ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005

Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary — Part 2: Optically readable media (ORM)

ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005 provides terms and definitions unique to optically readable media (ORM) in the field of automatic identification and data capture techniques. This glossary of terms enables the communication between non-specialist users and specialists in optically readable media through a common understanding of basic and advanced concepts.

Technologies de l'information — Techniques automatiques d'identification et de capture des données (AIDC) — Vocabulaire harmonisé — Partie 2: Médias lisibles optiquement (ORM)

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 14-Mar-2005
• Withdrawal Date: 14-Mar-2005
• ICS: 01.040.35 - Information technology (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 35.040 - Information coding
• ICS: 35.040.50 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 11-Jun-2008

Relations

• Revised: ISO/IEC 19762-2:2008 - Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary — Part 2: Optically readable media (ORM)
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 19762-2
First edition
2005-03-01


Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture (AIDC)
techniques — Harmonized vocabulary —
Part 2:
Optically readable media (ORM)
Technologies de l'information — Techniques d'identification
automatique et de capture de données (AIDC) — Vocabulaire
harmonisé —
Partie 2: Médias lisibles optiquement (ORM)




Reference number
ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2005

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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
Scope. 1
Classification of entries. 1
Terms and definitions. 1
Abbreviated terms. 19
Index . 20

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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 19762-2 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
ISO/IEC 19762 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary:
— Part 1: General terms relating to AIDC
— Part 2: Optically readable media (ORM)
— Part 3: Radio frequency identification (RFID)
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
Introduction
ISO/IEC 19762 is intended to facilitate international communication in information technology, specifically in
the area of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) techniques. It provides a listing of terms and
definitions used across multiple AIDC techniques.
Abbreviations used within each part of ISO/IEC 19762 and an index of all definitions used within each part of
ISO/IEC 19762 are found at the end of each document.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)

Information technology — Automatic identification and data
capture (AIDC) techniques — Harmonized vocabulary —
Part 2:
Optically readable media (ORM)
Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 19762 provides terms and definitions unique to optically readable media (ORM) in the
field of automatic identification and data capture techniques. This glossary of terms enables the
communication between non-specialist users and specialists in optically readable media through a common
understanding of basic and advanced concepts.
Classification of entries
The numbering system employed within ISO 19762 is in the format nn.nn.nnn, in which the first two numbers
(nn.nn.nnn) represent the “Top Level” reflecting whether the term is related to 01 = Common to All AIDC
Techniques, 02 = Common to All Optically Readable Media, 03 = Linear Bar Code Symbols, 04 = Two-
dimensional Symbols, and 05 = Radio Frequency Identification. The second two numbers (nn.nn.nnn)
represent the “Mid Level” reflecting whether the term is related to 01 = Basic Concepts/Data, 02 = Technical
Features 03 Symbology, 04 = Hardware, and 05 = Applications. The third two or three numbers (nn.nn.nnn)
represent the “Fine” reflecting a sequence of terms.
The numbering in this part of ISO/IEC 19762 employs “Top Level” numbers (nn.nn.nnn) of 02, 03 and 04.
Terms and definitions
02.01.01
pixel
picture element
smallest element of a display surface that can be independently assigned attributes such as color and
intensity
02.01.02
element
〈symbol character or symbol〉 single bar or space in a bar code symbol or a polygonal or circular single cell in
a matrix symbol, which according to symbolоgy rules form a symbol character
NOTE The width of individual elements may be expressed in modules, or in multiples of the X dimension.
02.01.03
resolution(1)
smallest distance between indications of a measure's attribute that can be meaningfully distinguished
NOTE The attribute may be amplitude, color, distance, etc.
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.01.04
resolution(2)
width of the narrowest element capable of being read by the scanner equipment under test
02.01.05
X dimension
specified width of the narrow elements in a bar code symbol or the specified width of a single element in a
two-dimensional symbol
cf. Z dimension
02.01.06
Y dimension
specified height of the elements in a linear bar code symbol or a row in a multi-row symbology
cf. bar height
02.01.07
decoding
process of restoring information from its coded representation to the original form
[IEC 60050-702 702705-15]
02.01.08
decodability
measurement of relations from combinations of bars and spaces together or alone according the reference
decode algorithm
NOTE The value gives a measurement of how well a bar code symbol can be decoded.
02.01.09
effective aperture
apparent field of view of a scanner or similar device determined by the smaller of the spot size and the
physical aperture of the scanner for reception of reflected light
02.01.10
reading distance
distance (or range of distances) from the exit window of a scanner at which the scanner can reliably read a
symbol
NOTE The minimum reading distance is equal to the optical throw and the maximum reading distance is equal to
the range of the scanner.
cf. depth of field, optical throw, range
02.01.11
depth of field(1)
range between the minimum and maximum distances from the sensor at which the focused image is
acceptably shaped
02.01.12
depth of field(2)
range of distances over which a scanner can reliably read a symbol of given characteristics which is equal to
the range of the scanner minus its optical throw
cf. optical throw, range, reading distance
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.01.13
optical throw
distance from the face of a scanning device to the beginning of the depth of field, for a symbol of given
characteristics
cf. depth of field, range, reading distance
02.01.14
read rate
percentage representing the number of good reads per 100 attempts to read a particular symbol
02.01.15
character
member of a set of elements used by agreement for the organization, representation or control of information
NOTE Characters may be letters, digits, punctuation marks or other symbols and, by extension, function controls
such as space shift, carriage return or line feed contained in a message.
[IEC 60050-702 702-05-10]
02.01.16
auxiliary character/pattern
non-data character
EXAMPLE start character, stop character, center pattern, delineator pattern, latch character mode indicator,
shift character code subset change characters, and function characters.
cf. overhead
02.01.17
data character
single numeric digit, alphabetic character or punctuation mark, or control character, which represents
information
cf. symbol character
02.01.18
font
set of characters of a specific style and size of graphic type
NOTE 1 In text processing, a font is a set of characters of the same size and style; for example, 9-point Helvetica.
NOTE 2 Also used analogously to refer to the set of bar code symbol characters for a symbology in on-demand
printing equipment.
02.01.19
human readable character
eye-readable character
representation of a bar code, data character, or data check character in a standard eye-readable alphabet
or numerals, as distinct from its machine-readable representation
02.01.20
symbol
graphic representation of a concept that has meaning in a specific context
[ISO/IEC 2382-1, 01.02.07]
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.01.21
linear bar code
graphic representation of data in the form of a combination of symbol characters and features required by a
particular linear bar code or two-dimensional symbol, which together form a complete scannable entity
NOTE Features include quiet zones, start and stop characters, data characters, check characters and other
auxiliary patterns.
02.01.22
transmittance(1)
〈incident radiation of given spectral composition, polarization and geometrical distribution (τ)〉 ratio of the
transmitted radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions
NOTE Adapted from IEC 50 [phone].
02.01.23
transmittance(2)
optical density [D ]
τ
algorithm to base ten of the reciprocal of the transmittance (D = - log τ)
τ 10
[IEC 50 [phone]]
NOTE τ - transmittance.
02.01.24
symbol character
bar code character
physical representation of the codeword as a pattern of dark and light elements
NOTE 1 There may be no direct one-to-one mapping between symbol character and data character or auxiliary
character.
NOTE 2 Decoding through the compaction rules is necessary to identify the data.
02.01.25
reflectance difference
difference between the reflectance of light and dark elements of a bar code symbol
02.01.26
reference threshold
boundary point used by a reference decode algorithm to make a decision as to the measurement of an
element or combination of elements
02.01.27
defect
lack of, or deficiency in, a characteristic essential in satisfying applicable requirements, that may affect the
ability of a functional unit to perform a required function
NOTE Usually referred to as spots or voids.
02.01.28
opacity
property of a substance of preventing light from passing through it
NOTE Substrate opacity affects show through from the reverse side of the substrate or any substance underneath it;
ink opacity determines the show through from the substrate.
02.01.29
gloss
propensity of a surface to reflect a proportion of incident light in a specular manner
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.01.30
wide:narrow ratio
ratio of the widths of wider elements in a symbol to those of narrow elements
02.01.31
bar width adjustment
BWA
amount of decrease or increase in bar width by which the bars of a bar code master are adjusted to
compensate respectively for gain or loss of bar width during reprographic and printing processes
02.01.32
reading angle
angle characterizing the angular rotation of a symbol in an axis relative to a scan line
NOTE There are three types of reading angle: pitch, skew, and tilt.
02.01.33
pitch
reading angle characterising the rotation of a bar code symbol about an axis parallel to the height of the bars
cf. skew, tilt
02.01.34
skew
reading angle characterising the rotation of a bar code symbol about an axis parallel to the symbol width
cf. pitch, tilt
02.01.35
tilt
reading angle, characterising the rotation of a bar code symbol about an axis perpendicular to the substrate
cf. pitch, skew

Figure 1 — tilt, skew, and pitch
02.01.36
verifier
device used for verification of a symbol
NOTE A verifier is used to measure and analyze quality attributes of a symbol such as symbol element width and
quiet zone dimensions, reflectance, and other aspects against a standard to which the linear bar code and two-
dimensional symbols should conform.
02.01.37
bar
dark element corresponding to a region of a scan reflectance profile below the global threshold
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.01.38
bar width
transverse dimension of an individual bar in a linear bar code symbol or two-dimensional symbol measured
parallel to the scanning direction
NOTE The number of possible width variations within a particular printed symbol depends on the symbology used.
02.01.39
bar width compensation
BWC
extent by which the widths of a bar in a bar code master or in a digital bar code file are reduced or increased
in order to correct for expected print/image gain or loss, respectively
02.01.40
bar height
dimension of an individual bar in a linear bar code symbol or in a row of a multi-row bar code symbol
measured perpendicular to the scanning direction
cf. Y dimension
02.01.41
shift character
symbology character which is used to switch from one code set to another for a single character, or in the
case of "double shift" or "triple shift" characters, for two or three characters, respectively, following which data
encodation reverts automatically to the code set from which the shift was invoked
02.01.42
Z dimension(1)
〈two-width symbologies〉 average achieved width of the narrow elements in a bar code symbol, equal to half
the sum of the average narrow bar width and the average narrow space width
02.01.43
Z dimension(2)
〈modular symbologies〉 average achieved width of the narrow elements in a bar code symbol, equal to the
quotient of the average overall character width divided by the number of modules per character
02.01.44
omnidirectional
in all directions
NOTE Used to refer to symbols which can be scanned in any orientation with an appropriate scanner, or to such a
scanner.
02.01.45
verification
method by which a symbol is measured to determine its conformance with the specification for that symbol
02.02.01
reference decode algorithm
decode algorithm quoted in a symbology specification as the basis for the reference threshold
decodability values
02.02.02
aperture
effective opening in an optical system that establishes the field of view
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.02.03
visible laser diode
VLD
laser diode operating in the visible light spectrum
02.02.04
raster
projection of a laser beam to create multiple, nearly parallel, scan lines instead of a single line
02.02.05
scanning window
effective reading zone
entire area in front of the exit window of a non-contact scanner in which symbols can be read
02.02.06
charge-coupled device
CCD
electronic light-sensitive component used in a linear or two-dimensional array as the light-collecting element in
certain types of bar code reader
02.02.07
decoder
device for restoring information from a coded representation form according to a given code
[IEC 60050-702 702-09-44]
02.02.08
auto discrimination
ability of a bar code reader to distinguish automatically between two or more symbologies
02.02.09
overhead
part of a bar code symbol, consisting of the auxiliary characters and symbol check characters, required in
addition to the symbol characters encoding data to give the symbol a valid structure
02.02.10
stop character
stop pattern
auxiliary character which indicates the end (right hand side) of a bar code symbol
02.02.11
guard pattern
auxiliary pattern of bars and spaces corresponding to start or stop patterns in other symbologies, or serving
to separate the two halves of a symbol
02.02.12
substitution error
character that is wrongly decoded when a bar code symbol is read
cf. misread
02.02.13
check digit
check character
digit or character calculated from other characters in a code by means of a defined algorithm and used to
check that the code is correctly composed
cf. symbol check character, data check character
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.02.14
symbol check character
symbol character calculated from the other symbol characters in a bar code symbol in accordance with an
algorithm defined in the symbology specification and used to check that the bar code has been correctly
composed and read
NOTE The symbol check character does not form part of the data encoded in the symbol.
02.02.15
data check character
data check digit
digit or character calculated from data and appended as part of the data string to ensure that the data is
correctly composed and transmitted
cf. symbol check character
02.02.16
vertical redundancy
property of a bar code symbol whereby there exist multiple possible scan paths as a result of the symbol
being significantly higher than the height of a single scan line
02.02.17
quiet zone
area free from interfering markings which must surround a bar code symbol and, in particular, precede the
start character and follow the stop character
02.02.18
symbol width
symbol length
total width of a bar code symbol including quiet zones
02.02.19
print quality
degree to which a printed optical symbol complies with the requirements which are specified for it
NOTE Requirements include dimensions, reflectance, edge roughness, spots, voids, etc., which will affect the
performance of a scanner.
02.02.20
spectral response
sensitivity of a scanner or other device to light of different wavelengths
02.02.21
scan reflectance profile
plot of the variations in reflectance with distance along a scan path through a symbol representing the
analogue waveform produced by a device scanning the symbol
02.02.22
reflectance
〈incident radiation of given spectral composition, polarization and geometrical distribution〉 ratio of the reflected
radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions
[IEC 50 [phone]]
NOTE 1 Reflectance (sometimes in AIDC techniques called reflectance factor) is measured on a scale of 0 to 1, at a
wavelength or bandwidth of light (spectral response) specified in the particular application specification.
NOTE 2 Barium sulphate or magnesium oxide is used as 'near perfect' reference white standard (a perfect standard of
pure white would have a reflectance of 1.00 at any wavelength of light). The absence of any light in a vacuum is used as
reference black standard.
NOTE 3 Samples (substrates, inks, etc.) are tested against the standards under similar illumination.
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.02.23
reflectance factor
ratio of the radiant or luminous flux reflected by the sample in the directions delimited by the given cone to that
reflected in the same directions by a perfect reflecting diffuser identically irradiated or illuminated
NOTE 1 Adapted from [IEC 50 [phone]].
NOTE 2 A perfect reflecting diffuser is an ideal isotropic diffuser with a reflectance equal to 1.
NOTE 3 The radiant power reflected by a magnesium oxide or barium sulphate photometric standard is called
reference reflected flux.
NOTE 4 In AIDC techniques, reflectance factor is sometimes called reflectance.
02.02.24
diffuse reflection
diffusion by reflection in which, on the macroscopic scale, there is no regular reflection
[IEC 50 [phone]]
02.02.25
spot
speck
ink or dirt mark or other area of low reflectance in an area of a symbol which is intended to be of high
reflectance
cf. void
02.02.26
void
area of high reflectance in an area of a bar code symbol which is intended to be of low reflectance
cf. spot
02.02.27
background
light area between and surrounding the dark elements of a printed symbol. The background can be the
substrate on which the symbol is printed or an over-printing of a suitable light color
02.02.28
show through
property of a substrate that allows underlying markings or materials to affect the reflectance of the substrate
cf. opacity
02.02.29
printability gauge
series of specially calibrated marks printed on a substrate to assess or monitor the quality of printing
02.02.30
bar code master
original film or other image of a linear bar code symbol or two-dimensional symbol produced to close to
tolerances and intended for reproduction by conventional printing processes
02.03.01
symbol aspect ratio
ratio of the symbol height to the symbol width
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.03.02
symbol architecture
structure of a bar code symbol
cf. symbology
02.03.03
module(1)
〈linear or multi-row bar code symbology〉 nominal unit of measure in a symbol character
NOTE 1 In certain symbologies, element widths may be specified as multiples of one module.
NOTE 2 Equivalent to X dimension.
02.03.04
module(2)
〈matrix symbology〉 single cell or element used to encode one bit of the codeword
02.03.05
modular symbology
bar code symbology in which symbol characters are composed of elements, the nominal widths of which
are integer multiples of the X dimension or module width
cf. module, (n, k) symbology
02.03.06
(n, k) symbology
class of bar code symbologies in which each symbol character is n modules in width and is composed of k
bar and space pairs
02.03.07
integrated artwork
artwork in which the bar code symbol and the other graphics are generated together by electronic means
02.03.08
composite symbol
linear symbol and two-dimensional symbol combination where the linear symbol can be read by itself or
where the linear symbol and two-dimensional symbol are read as a single data message
02.04.01
label printing machine
device for producing bar code labels directly from data
02.04.02
laser engraver
device which uses concentrated heat from a laser beam to engrave graphic images directly on to an item to
be marked
02.04.03
light emitting diode
LED
semiconductor that produces light at a wavelength determined by its chemical composition as a result of
electrical stimulation
NOTE 1 A range of devices is available, each having an output with a peak wavelength in the spectrum between
600 nm (visible red) and 900 nm (infrared).
NOTE 2 Commonly used as a light source in wand, CCD and slot-type bar code readers.
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.04.04
regular reflection
specular reflection
reflection in accordance with the laws of geometrical optics, without diffusion
[IEC 50 [phone]]
02.04.05
wand
pen-shaped scanning mechanism
NOTE Wand can refer to a graphics tablet's stylus but most commonly refers to the scanning mechanism used with
many bar code readers.
02.04.06
contact scanner
scanner in which the scanning action takes place with the scanner in actual or near contact with the symbol
NOTE Wand and light pen are examples of contact scanners.
02.04.07
fixed beam scanner
scanning device in which the beam of light is emitted in a fixed direction, relying on movement of the bar code
symbol relative to the beam to achieve the scanning action
02.04.08
slot reader
bar code reading device which requires that the bar-coded material be drawn through a slot into which a
near-contact bar code reader is built
NOTE A slot reader requires that the bar code symbol be in a fixed location relative to the edge of a thin substrate.
02.04.09
laser(1)
device for producing an intense beam of monochromatic coherent light
NOTE Acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
02.04.10
laser(2)
source emitting coherent optical radiation produced by simulated emission
[IEC 50 [phone]]
02.04.11
helium–neon laser
laser that emits visible coherent red light at a wavelength of 632,8 nm
NOTE Commonly used in bar code scanners.
02.04.12
single line scanner
single beam scanner
scanner in which the light beam traverses a single path, giving a one-dimensional field of view
02.04.13
moving beam scanner
scanning device in which the scanning beam is swept by mechanical or electronic means
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.04.14
oscillating mirror scanner
single beam scanner with an additional mirror oscillating in a plane at right angles to the scanner beam and
causing, for example, a horizontal field of view to be swept up and down vertically
02.04.15
raster scanner
moving beam scanner which emits several parallel scanning beams
02.04.16
flat-bed scanner
omnidirectional scanner in which the scanning beam(s) are directed upwards through a window or slot(s)
and over which the bar code symbol is passed
02.04.17
omnidirectional scanner
scanner capable of reading symbols whatever their orientation in a plane parallel or near parallel to the exit
window of the scanner
NOTE A flat-bed scanner is an example of an omnidirectional scanner.
02.04.18
short read
reading of an apparently valid shorter symbol within a longer one of the same or a different symbology
02.04.19
densitometer
photometer for measuring reflectance or transmittance optical density
[IEC 50 [phone]]
NOTE 1 A densitometer measures the degree to which light is transmitted through or reflected from a material.
NOTE 2 A calibrated photometer compares the transmitted or reflective light with the incident light, and the result may
be displayed as percentage reflectance or density.
02.04.20
photometer
instrument for measuring photometric quantities
[IEC 50 [phone]]
NOTE In AIDC techniques, a photometer is used to measure the luminous intensity of light at specified wavelengths.
02.04.21
scanner
optical scanner that converts optical information into electrical signals for subsequent decoding and
transmission to a computer
cf. bar code reader, decoder
NOTE A printed bar code and two-dimensional symbols are examples of optical information.
02.05.01
overprinting
printing on to pre-printed material
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ISO/IEC 19762-2:2005(E)
02.05.02
decode algorithm
set of rules used, in a bar code or matrix symbology, to convert the element pattern of a symbol to data
characters
02.05.03
symbology
standard means of representing data in bar code form or two-dimensional symbol forms
NOTE Each symbology specification sets out its particular rules of composition or symbol
...