ISO 10381-2:2002
(Main)Soil quality — Sampling — Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
Soil quality — Sampling — Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
ISO 10381-2:2002 gives guidance on techniques for taking and storing soil samples so that these can subsequently be examined for the purpose of providing information on soil quality. ISO 10381-2:2002 gives information on typical equipment that is applicable in particular sampling situations to enable correct sampling procedures to be carried out and representative samples to be collected. Guidance is given on the selection of the equipment and the techniques to use to enable both disturbed and undisturbed samples to be correctly taken at different depths. The guidance provided is intended to assist in the collection of samples for soil quality for agricultural purposes and also provide guidance for the collection of samples for contamination investigations which will require different techniques and skills. ISO 10381-2:2002 makes reference to some aspects of the collection of samples of groundwater and soil gas as part of a soil sampling programme. ISO 10381-2:2002 specifically does not cover investigations for geotechnical purposes, though where redevelopment of a site is envisaged the soil quality investigation and the geotechnical investigation may be beneficially combined. ISO 10381-2:2002 is not applicable to the sampling of hard strata such as bedrock. Techniques to collect information on soil quality without taking samples, such as geophysical methods, are not covered by ISO 10381-2:2002.
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d'échantillonnage
L'ISO 10381-2:2002 donne des lignes directrices relatives aux techniques de prélèvement et de stockage des échantillons de sol en vue d'examiner ceux-ci ultérieurement pour obtenir des informations sur la qualité du sol. L'ISO 10381-2:2002 fournit des informations sur les équipements types qui peuvent être utilisés dans des situations d'échantillonnage particulières pour mettre en oeuvre des modes opératoires d'échantillonnage corrects et recueillir des échantillons représentatifs. Des lignes directrices sont fournies concernant la sélection des équipements et des techniques à utiliser pour prélever correctement des échantillons remaniés et non remaniés à différentes profondeurs. Les lignes directrices fournies visent à faciliter le prélèvement d'échantillons pour déterminer la qualité du sol à des fins agricoles et donnent également des indications pour le prélèvement d'échantillons pour des études de contamination qui nécessiteront des techniques et des compétences distinctes. L'ISO 10381-2:2002 fait référence à certains aspects de la collecte d'échantillons d'eau souterraine et de gaz présents dans le sol dans le cadre d'un programme d'échantillonnage des sols. L'ISO 10381-2:2002 ne couvre pas spécifiquement les études à des fins géotechniques, même si les études de qualité du sol et les études géotechniques peuvent être avantageusement associées lorsque l'on envisage le redéveloppement d'un site. L'ISO 10381-2:2002 n'est pas applicable à l'échantillonnage des strates dures, telles que le socle rocheux. Les techniques de collecte d'informations sur la qualité du sol sans prélèvement d'échantillons, telles que les méthodes géophysiques, ne sont pas couvertes par l'ISO 10381-2:2002.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-2
First edition
2002-11-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 2:
Guidance on sampling techniques
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d'échantillonnage
Reference number
ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
PDF disclaimer
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be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this
file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this
area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters
were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event
that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2002
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body
in the country of the requester.
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Printed in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction. v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Principle . 2
4.1 Sampling of soil. 2
4.2 Sampling of water . 3
4.3 Sampling of soil gas . 3
5 Choice of sampling technique . 3
5.1 Preliminary information. 3
5.2 Type of sample . 4
5.3 Selection of sampling technique . 5
5.4 Cross-contamination . 6
6 Safety and environmental protection in the investigation.6
6.1 Personal protection. 7
6.2 Protection of buildings and installations. 7
6.3 Environmental protection. 7
6.4 Backfilling . 8
7 Techniques . 8
7.1 General . 8
7.2 Cross-contamination . 10
7.3 Undisturbed samples. 11
8 Storage of samples . 11
8.1 General . 11
8.2 Sample containers . 11
8.3 Labelling. 13
8.4 Sample storage. 13
9 Sampling report. 14
Annex A (informative) Manually and power-operated sampling tools . 15
Bibliography. 23
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10381 may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10381-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
Part 3: Guidance on safety
Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites
Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and industrial sites
Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
The following parts are under preparation:
Part 7: Guidance on the investigation and sampling of soil gas
Part 8: Guidance on the sampling of stockpiles
Annex A of this part of ISO 10381 is for information only.
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary. It deals with various aspects of sampling for the purposes of soil investigation, including
agricultural and contamination investigations, but is not applicable to investigations for geotechnical purposes.
General principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for the purpose of characterization of soil
and identification of sources and effects of pollution of soil and related material are given in ISO 10381-1.
ISO 10381-1, ISO 10381-4 and ISO 10381-5 should be consulted regarding the appropriate equipment, information
about where to sample, the tests to be conducted, the type of sample, the depth of sampling, soil type and the
required representativeness of the sampling system.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 2:
Guidance on sampling techniques
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on techniques for taking and storing soil samples so that these can
subsequently be examined for the purpose of providing information on soil quality.
This part of ISO 10381 gives information on typical equipment that is applicable in particular sampling situations to
enable correct sampling procedures to be carried out and representative samples to be collected. Guidance is
given on the selection of the equipment and the techniques to use to enable both disturbed and undisturbed
samples to be correctly taken at different depths.
The guidance provided is intended to assist in the collection of samples for soil quality for agricultural purposes and
also provide guidance for the collection of samples for contamination investigations which will require different
techniques and skills.
This part of ISO 10381 makes reference to some aspects of the collection of samples of groundwater and soil gas
as part of a soil sampling programme.
This part of ISO 10381 specifically does not cover investigations for geotechnical purposes, though where
redevelopment of a site is envisaged the soil quality investigation and the geotechnical investigation may be
beneficially combined.
This part of ISO 10381 is not applicable to the sampling of hard strata such as bedrock.
Techniques to collect information on soil quality without taking samples, such as geophysical methods, are not
covered by this part of ISO 10381.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 10381. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10381 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 11074-1, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 1: Terms and definitions relating to the protection and pollution of
the soil
ISO 11074-2, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling
ISO 11074-4, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 4: Terms and definitions related to rehabilitation of soils and sites
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 10381, the terms and definitions in ISO 11074-1, ISO 11074-2, ISO 11074-4
and the following apply.
3.1
spot sample
single sample
sample of material collected from a single point
NOTE This may be a disturbed or undisturbed sample.
3.2
slot sample
sample taken as a vertical slot from within a stratum or other subpart which is putatively homogeneous
NOTE This is a disturbed sample.
3.3
stratified sample
sample obtained as a combination of spot samples from strata or subparts, putatively homogeneous
NOTE This is a disturbed sample.
3.4
cluster sample
sample which is a composite of small incremental point samples taken close together
NOTE This is a disturbed sample.
3.5
spatial sample
sample which is a composite of small incremental point samples taken over an area (such as a field)
NOTE This is a disturbed sample.
4 Principle
4.1 Sampling of soil
Soil samples are collected and examined primarily to determine associated physical, chemical, biological and
radiological parameters. This clause outlines the more general factors to be considered when selecting sampling
equipment and its use. More detailed information is given in subsequent clauses.
Whenever a volume of soil is to be characterized, it is generally impossible to examine the whole and it is therefore
necessary to take samples. The samples collected need to be as fully representative as possible of the whole to be
characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples do not undergo
any changes in the interval between sampling and analysis. The samples normally collected are described as
disturbed samples, i.e. the soil particles become loosened and separated in the sampling process. If it is necessary
to collect undisturbed samples, e.g. for microbiological or geotechnical purposes, the samples need to be collected
in such a manner that the soil particles and pore structure remain unaltered in comparison with the original ground
structure. The sampling of multiphase systems, such as soils containing water or gases which are not of natural
origin (e.g. waste materials), can present special problems.
The sampling technique should be selected to enable the collection of samples of ground material which can be
presented to the laboratory for examination or analysis to establish basic information on the pedology and
distribution of naturally occurring or manmade soils, their chemical, mineralogical and biological composition, and
their physical properties at selected locations.
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
The choice of sampling technique depends, in addition, on the required precision of the results, which in turn
depends on the ranges of concentration of components, the sampling procedures and the type of analysis.
Sampling equipment should be carefully selected in relation to the different materials which may be present in the
ground and the analysis to be carried out. Utmost care should be taken to avoid cross-contamination, loss of
volatile compounds, change of composition due to exposure to air, and other changes which may occur between
sampling and the testing of the sample.
Every soil sampling technique usually consists of two separate steps:
a) gaining access to the point of sampling (removing the cover or sealing, digging or drilling a hole to reach the
desired depth of sampling), and
b) taking the soil sample.
Both steps depend on each other and both shall meet the requirements of the sampling principles.
4.2 Sampling of water
Soil investigation programmes, particularly those carried out at contaminated sites, may also require water samples
to be taken. These should be collected in accordance with appropriate International Standards on ground or
surface water sampling with regard to ground investigation. For further information see ISO 10381-1.
4.3 Sampling of soil gas
Ground investigation programmes may involve assessment of soil gas composition for typical landfill gas
components such as methane and carbon dioxide. In the case of contaminated sites, the suspected presence of
solvents or fuels may require investigation. An International Standard (ISO 10381-7) is in the course of preparation
to cover such investigations, and some indicative guidance is incorporated in this part of ISO 10381.
5 Choice of sampling technique
5.1 Preliminary information
The choice of sampling technique, the selection of the sampling equipment and the method of taking soil samples
depends upon the objectives of the sampling, the strata to be sampled, the nature of possible contamination, and
the examination or analysis to be carried out on the samples.
Thus certain information is needed to make this choice. This information may include
the size and topography of the area to be sampled,
the nature of the ground to be sampled,
some indication of the possible lateral and vertical variations of soil type or strata,
the geology of the site and surrounding area,
the depth to groundwater and its direction of flow,
the depths from which samples are to be taken, taking into consideration the future use of the site, including
depth of excavations or foundations,
previous usage or treatment of the site,
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
the presence of buildings and obstructions, such as foundations or hardstandings, buried tanks and
underground services (e.g. electricity, sewers, mains, cables),
indications of the presence of underground tanks and service (for example inspection covers, inspection
chambers, vent pipes),
the presence of concrete or tarmac pathways, roadways or hardstandings,
the safety of the site personnel and protection of the environment,
the growth of vegetation leading to extensive root development,
the presence of unexpected surface-water pools or water-saturated ground,
the presence of fences, walls or earthworks designed to prevent access to the site,
the presence of tipped material above the level of the site, or material from the demolition of buildings,
location of water bodies at risk from contamination, including surface and ground water.
Extreme natural circumstances, such as permafrost, laterization, calcrete or other indurations, may occur which
require special techniques in order to obtain samples. This shall be known prior to the design of a sampling
programme.
To collect this information, a desk study or preliminary survey of the site is strongly recommended. When
investigating soils suspected of contamination, the preliminary survey is an essential part of the investigation
1) 1)
programme [see clause 6 of ISO 10381-1:— and clause 6 of ISO 10381-5:— ]. Its main relevant concerns are
a) to ensure an investigation which is both technically and cost effective;
b) to ensure the safety of personnel and to protect the environment.
The preliminary survey may comprise both desktop studies and site reconnaissance (field work). It does not
normally include taking samples, but in some circumstances limited sampling may be useful in relation to
determining the parameters for the site investigation, investigating some metholodical aspects, and identifying
possible hazards to the investigating personnel.
5.2 Type of sample
There are two basic types of sample which are collected for the purposes of investigating soil and ground
conditions. These are:
a) disturbed samples: samples obtained from the ground without any attempt to preserve the soil structure; that
is the soil particles are collected “loose” and are allowed to move in relation to each other;
b) undisturbed samples: samples obtained from the ground using a method designed to preserve the soil
structure; i.e. special sampling equipment is used so that the soil particles and voids cannot change from the
distribution which exists in the ground before sampling.
Disturbed samples are suitable for most purposes, except for some physical measurements, profiles and
microbiological examinations for which undisturbed samples may be required. Undisturbed samples should be
collected if it is intended to determine the presence and concentration of volatile organic compounds, since
disturbance will result in loss of these compounds to the atmosphere.
1)
To be published.
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
If undisturbed samples are required for soil sampling, these can be taken, for example, using a Kubiena Box, a
coring tool or coring cylinder. In each case the sampling device is pushed into the soil and subsequently removed
with the sample, so that the soil is collected in its original physical form.
There are different methods of taking samples from the ground for the purpose of investigating soil quality (see
clause 3).
If a slot sample (single sample) is small it may be taken for a spot sample. All other sampling methods produce
composite samples (average samples, aggregate samples). Composite samples are not useful to determine soil
characteristics that suffer changes during the composition process, such as concentrations of volatile compounds.
They also cannot be used if peak concentrations of any substance or variations of soil characteristics are to be
determined.
Spot samples can be readily collected using hand augers and other similar sampling techniques. Where
undisturbed samples are required, special equipment (see above) is necessary in order to collect the sample whilst
maintaining the original ground structure.
Cluster samples are appropriate when using machines for excavating ground to obtain samples. In these
circumstances, the samples should be formed by taking portions from locations within the bucket of excavated
material (e.g. nine-point sample).
Spatial samples or other composite samples can be collected using hand or powered augers, but care shall be
taken to ensure the auger repetitively collects the same amount of sample.
5.3 Selection of sampling technique
Within this International Standard, it is not possible to fix one sampling technique to every possible sampling
objective, because there are so many objectives and many of them are satisfied by more than one technique.
The following examples indicate some of the main rules that shall be followed.
Soil characteristics that are bound to soil horizons (which are most of them) require horizon-bound (stratified)
sampling.
If the spatial variation of soil characteristics is of interest, spot samples are required. If the required precision of
the results is low, other types of sample also may be accepted.
Samples taken to identify the distribution and concentration of particular elements or compounds are normally
spot samples, or perhaps slot or cluster samples within the area being examined.
Samples taken to assess the overall quality or nature of the ground in an area, e.g. for certain agricultural
purposes, are spatial samples.
Sample size shall be sufficiently large to enable all tests and analyses to be performed.
Sample size shall be sufficiently large to represent all soil characteristics of interest.
Samples shall not be too large to obscure variations in soil characteristics of interest.
Soil characteristics of interest shall not be affected by the sampling process, nor by the transportation and
storage of samples.
Representative sampling usually means that increments with different properties shall be (if applicable at all)
combined into a composite sample only according to their volume fraction of the parent population to be
sampled.
Cross-contamination shall be avoided, as well as the spread of contaminants.
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
5.4 Cross-contamination
Chemical soil properties, in particular, can be changed by the sampling procedure in many ways:
by transmission of substances fixed to sampling equipment or containers;
by uncontrolled transport of soil particles to the sampling point from adjacent points of a site or a soil profile,
especially by material dropping into the sample from higher up a bore hole, either during augering/drilling or
during withdrawal of the sample;
by transfer of substances from the sampling device or container;
by loss of volatile compounds, leakage of liquids or mechanical separation;
by contamination with auxiliary substances used to enable or facilitate the sampling (fuels, exhaust fumes,
greases, oils, lubricants, glues and others);
by contamination with wind-blown particles, spread liquids or precipitation.
Whatever method is used for obtaining the sample, it is important that the sampling system used and the material
from which the equipment is made do not contaminate the sample.
The sampling equipment should be kept clean so that parts of a previous sample are not transmitted to a
subsequent sample causing cross-contamination. Even for agricultural purposes, with repetitive sampling across a
field to form a composite sample, the sampling device should be cleaned between each location.
Where it is necessary to use lubrication, e.g. water, to ease formation of a borehole to enable sample collection,
only lubrication should be used which will not conflict with nor confound the analysis to be performed on the
samples in the sense of matrix effects or contribution to the contamination.
Only devices of controlled chemical quality and composition shall be used to handle samples. For example, a hand
trowel of stainless steel can be useful when investigating organic compounds, while plastics normally do not
interfere with heavy metals. Devices that have contact with samples shall never be painted, greased or have
otherwise chemically treated surfaces.
Lining the borehole can prevent cross-contamination from material dropping into the sample from higher up the
bore.
6 Safety and environmental protection in the investigation
In any soil-sampling investigation there is some disturbance of the ground. In areas of agricultural use, woodland
and semi-natural vegetation, this disturbance is usually minimal and unlikely to result in the creation of any hazard.
When carrying out investigations on highly contaminated sites, consideration should be given to using probehole,
borehole or similar techniques, rather than excavations, in order to minimize and reduce problems due to exposure,
disturbance and potential dispersal of the contamination.
When the site surface prior to the investigation is obviously contaminated, or presents a general environmental
problem due to exposure to humans or animals, and there is the possibility of dispersal of contaminated dust or
water pollution, in addition to taking precautions to minimize disturbance and dispersal of contamination during the
site investigation, the situation should be brought to the attention of the landowner and local authorities, so that
preventative measures can be implemented. National or local regulations on information procedures or obligations
shall be obeyed.
NOTE See also ISO 10381-3.
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
6.1 Personal protection
During a soil-sampling investigation there are different procedures that may influence human health and safety:
handling sampling instruments and machinery;
unstable ground or slopes, open holes or excavations;
exposure of contaminants to sampling personnel and people living near by or passing by;
exposure of sampling personnel to contaminants released from transport or storage containers or during
sample pretreatment;
inconveniences from noise, dust, odours and so on, resulting from heavy fieldwork.
Where there is the possibility of munitions or explosives residues, the assistance of a specialist may be necessary
to ensure that the site has been cleared and made safe before the commencement of any on-site work.
All possible hazardous effects of soil sampling on human health shall be considered when selecting appropriate
sampling methods. If this is done carefully, most adverse effects on other organisms, constructions and the
environment will be regarded automatically.
6.2 Protection of buildings and installations
Prior to the commencement of any intrusive survey, it is essential that the location of any below-ground services be
identified to prevent damage, and the location of any overhead cables (power lines and telecommunications) be
identified. In agricultural surveys, features such as irrigation and drainage lines should be identified.
Locations of services and other
...
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Qualité du sol -- Échantillonnage -- Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d'échantillonnageSoil quality -- Sampling -- Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques13.080.05Preiskava tal na splošnoExamination of soils in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:ISO 10381-2:2002SIST ISO 10381-2:2006en01-september-2006SIST ISO 10381-2:2006SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
Reference numberISO 10381-2:2002(E)© ISO 2002
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO10381-2First edition2002-11-01Soil quality — Sampling — Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d'échantillonnage
SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
©
ISO 2002 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel.
+ 41 22 749 01 11 Fax
+ 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail
copyright@iso.ch Web
www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword.iv Introduction.v 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms and definitions.2 4 Principle.2 4.1 Sampling of soil.2 4.2 Sampling of water.3 4.3 Sampling of soil gas.3 5 Choice of sampling technique.3 5.1 Preliminary information.3 5.2 Type of sample.4 5.3 Selection of sampling technique.5 5.4 Cross-contamination.6 6 Safety and environmental protection in the investigation.6 6.1 Personal protection.7 6.2 Protection of buildings and installations.7 6.3 Environmental protection.7 6.4 Backfilling.8 7 Techniques.8 7.1 General.8 7.2 Cross-contamination.10 7.3 Undisturbed samples.11 8 Storage of samples.11 8.1 General.11 8.2 Sample containers.11 8.3 Labelling.13 8.4 Sample storage.13 9 Sampling report.14 Annex A (informative)
Manually and power-operated sampling tools.15 Bibliography.23
SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) iv © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10381 may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10381-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling. ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling: Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques Part 3: Guidance on safety Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and industrial sites Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial processes in the laboratory The following parts are under preparation: Part 7: Guidance on the investigation and sampling of soil gas Part 8: Guidance on the sampling of stockpiles Annex A of this part of ISO 10381 is for information only. SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved v Introduction This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each other where necessary. It deals with various aspects of sampling for the purposes of soil investigation, including agricultural and contamination investigations, but is not applicable to investigations for geotechnical purposes.
General principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for the purpose of characterization of soil and identification of sources and effects of pollution of soil and related material are given in ISO 10381-1. ISO 10381-1, ISO 10381-4 and ISO 10381-5 should be consulted regarding the appropriate equipment, information about where to sample, the tests to be conducted, the type of sample, the depth of sampling, soil type and the required representativeness of the sampling system.
SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-2:2002(E) © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 1 Soil quality — Sampling — Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques 1 Scope This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on techniques for taking and storing soil samples so that these can subsequently be examined for the purpose of providing information on soil quality. This part of ISO 10381 gives information on typical equipment that is applicable in particular sampling situations to enable correct sampling procedures to be carried out and representative samples to be collected. Guidance is given on the selection of the equipment and the techniques to use to enable both disturbed and undisturbed samples to be correctly taken at different depths. The guidance provided is intended to assist in the collection of samples for soil quality for agricultural purposes and also provide guidance for the collection of samples for contamination investigations which will require different techniques and skills. This part of ISO 10381 makes reference to some aspects of the collection of samples of groundwater and soil gas as part of a soil sampling programme. This part of ISO 10381 specifically does not cover investigations for geotechnical purposes, though where redevelopment of a site is envisaged the soil quality investigation and the geotechnical investigation may be beneficially combined. This part of ISO 10381 is not applicable to the sampling of hard strata such as bedrock. Techniques to collect information on soil quality without taking samples, such as geophysical methods, are not covered by this part of ISO 10381. 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 10381. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10381 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 11074-1, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 1: Terms and definitions relating to the protection and pollution of the soil ISO 11074-2, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling ISO 11074-4, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 4: Terms and definitions related to rehabilitation of soils and sites SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) 2 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this part of ISO 10381, the terms and definitions in ISO 11074-1, ISO 11074-2, ISO 11074-4 and the following apply. 3.1 spot sample single sample sample of material collected from a single point NOTE This may be a disturbed or undisturbed sample. 3.2 slot sample sample taken as a vertical slot from within a stratum or other subpart which is putatively homogeneous NOTE This is a disturbed sample. 3.3
stratified sample sample obtained as a combination of spot samples from strata or subparts, putatively homogeneous
NOTE This is a disturbed sample. 3.4
cluster sample sample which is a composite of small incremental point samples taken close together NOTE This is a disturbed sample. 3.5
spatial sample sample which is a composite of small incremental point samples taken over an area (such as a field) NOTE This is a disturbed sample. 4 Principle 4.1 Sampling of soil Soil samples are collected and examined primarily to determine associated physical, chemical, biological and radiological parameters. This clause outlines the more general factors to be considered when selecting sampling equipment and its use. More detailed information is given in subsequent clauses. Whenever a volume of soil is to be characterized, it is generally impossible to examine the whole and it is therefore necessary to take samples. The samples collected need to be as fully representative as possible of the whole to be characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples do not undergo any changes in the interval between sampling and analysis. The samples normally collected are described as disturbed samples, i.e. the soil particles become loosened and separated in the sampling process. If it is necessary to collect undisturbed samples, e.g. for microbiological or geotechnical purposes, the samples need to be collected in such a manner that the soil particles and pore structure remain unaltered in comparison with the original ground structure. The sampling of multiphase systems, such as soils containing water or gases which are not of natural origin (e.g. waste materials), can present special problems. The sampling technique should be selected to enable the collection of samples of ground material which can be presented to the laboratory for examination or analysis to establish basic information on the pedology and distribution of naturally occurring or manmade soils, their chemical, mineralogical and biological composition, and their physical properties at selected locations. SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 3 The choice of sampling technique depends, in addition, on the required precision of the results, which in turn depends on the ranges of concentration of components, the sampling procedures and the type of analysis. Sampling equipment should be carefully selected in relation to the different materials which may be present in the ground and the analysis to be carried out. Utmost care should be taken to avoid cross-contamination, loss of volatile compounds, change of composition due to exposure to air, and other changes which may occur between sampling and the testing of the sample. Every soil sampling technique usually consists of two separate steps: a) gaining access to the point of sampling (removing the cover or sealing, digging or drilling a hole to reach the desired depth of sampling), and b) taking the soil sample. Both steps depend on each other and both shall meet the requirements of the sampling principles. 4.2 Sampling of water Soil investigation programmes, particularly those carried out at contaminated sites, may also require water samples to be taken. These should be collected in accordance with appropriate International Standards on ground or surface water sampling with regard to ground investigation. For further information see ISO 10381-1. 4.3 Sampling of soil gas Ground investigation programmes may involve assessment of soil gas composition for typical landfill gas components such as methane and carbon dioxide. In the case of contaminated sites, the suspected presence of solvents or fuels may require investigation. An International Standard (ISO 10381-7) is in the course of preparation to cover such investigations, and some indicative guidance is incorporated in this part of ISO 10381. 5 Choice of sampling technique 5.1 Preliminary information The choice of sampling technique, the selection of the sampling equipment and the method of taking soil samples depends upon the objectives of the sampling, the strata to be sampled, the nature of possible contamination, and the examination or analysis to be carried out on the samples.
Thus certain information is needed to make this choice. This information may include the size and topography of the area to be sampled, the nature of the ground to be sampled, some indication of the possible lateral and vertical variations of soil type or strata, the geology of the site and surrounding area, the depth to groundwater and its direction of flow, the depths from which samples are to be taken, taking into consideration the future use of the site, including depth of excavations or foundations, previous usage or treatment of the site, SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) 4 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved the presence of buildings and obstructions, such as foundations or hardstandings, buried tanks and underground services (e.g. electricity, sewers, mains, cables), indications of the presence of underground tanks and service (for example inspection covers, inspection chambers, vent pipes), the presence of concrete or tarmac pathways, roadways or hardstandings, the safety of the site personnel and protection of the environment, the growth of vegetation leading to extensive root development, the presence of unexpected surface-water pools or water-saturated ground, the presence of fences, walls or earthworks designed to prevent access to the site, the presence of tipped material above the level of the site, or material from the demolition of buildings, location of water bodies at risk from contamination, including surface and ground water. Extreme natural circumstances, such as permafrost, laterization, calcrete or other indurations, may occur which require special techniques in order to obtain samples. This shall be known prior to the design of a sampling programme. To collect this information, a desk study or preliminary survey of the site is strongly recommended. When investigating soils suspected of contamination, the preliminary survey is an essential part of the investigation programme [see clause 6 of ISO 10381-1:—1) and clause 6 of ISO 10381-5:—1)]. Its main relevant concerns are a) to ensure an investigation which is both technically and cost effective; b) to ensure the safety of personnel and to protect the environment. The preliminary survey may comprise both desktop studies and site reconnaissance (field work). It does not normally include taking samples, but in some circumstances limited sampling may be useful in relation to determining the parameters for the site investigation, investigating some metholodical aspects, and identifying possible hazards to the investigating personnel. 5.2 Type of sample There are two basic types of sample which are collected for the purposes of investigating soil and ground conditions. These are: a) disturbed samples:
samples obtained from the ground without any attempt to preserve the soil structure; that is the soil particles are collected “loose” and are allowed to move in relation to each other; b) undisturbed samples:
samples obtained from the ground using a method designed to preserve the soil structure; i.e. special sampling equipment is used so that the soil particles and voids cannot change from the distribution which exists in the ground before sampling. Disturbed samples are suitable for most purposes, except for some physical measurements, profiles and microbiological examinations for which undisturbed samples may be required. Undisturbed samples should be collected if it is intended to determine the presence and concentration of volatile organic compounds, since disturbance will result in loss of these compounds to the atmosphere.
1) To be published. SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 5 If undisturbed samples are required for soil sampling, these can be taken, for example, using a Kubiena Box, a coring tool or coring cylinder. In each case the sampling device is pushed into the soil and subsequently removed with the sample, so that the soil is collected in its original physical form. There are different methods of taking samples from the ground for the purpose of investigating soil quality (see clause 3). If a slot sample (single sample) is small it may be taken for a spot sample. All other sampling methods produce composite samples (average samples, aggregate samples). Composite samples are not useful to determine soil characteristics that suffer changes during the composition process, such as concentrations of volatile compounds. They also cannot be used if peak concentrations of any substance or variations of soil characteristics are to be determined. Spot samples can be readily collected using hand augers and other similar sampling techniques. Where undisturbed samples are required, special equipment (see above) is necessary in order to collect the sample whilst maintaining the original ground structure. Cluster samples are appropriate when using machines for excavating ground to obtain samples. In these circumstances, the samples should be formed by taking portions from locations within the bucket of excavated material (e.g. nine-point sample). Spatial samples or other composite samples can be collected using hand or powered augers, but care shall be taken to ensure the auger repetitively collects the same amount of sample. 5.3 Selection of sampling technique Within this International Standard, it is not possible to fix one sampling technique to every possible sampling objective, because there are so many objectives and many of them are satisfied by more than one technique. The following examples indicate some of the main rules that shall be followed. Soil characteristics that are bound to soil horizons (which are most of them) require horizon-bound (stratified) sampling. If the spatial variation of soil characteristics is of interest, spot samples are required. If the required precision of the results is low, other types of sample also may be accepted. Samples taken to identify the distribution and concentration of particular elements or compounds are normally spot samples, or perhaps slot or cluster samples within the area being examined. Samples taken to assess the overall quality or nature of the ground in an area, e.g. for certain agricultural purposes, are spatial samples. Sample size shall be sufficiently large to enable all tests and analyses to be performed. Sample size shall be sufficiently large to represent all soil characteristics of interest. Samples shall not be too large to obscure variations in soil characteristics of interest. Soil characteristics of interest shall not be affected by the sampling process, nor by the transportation and storage of samples. Representative sampling usually means that increments with different properties shall be (if applicable at all) combined into a composite sample only according to their volume fraction of the parent population to be sampled. Cross-contamination shall be avoided, as well as the spread of contaminants. SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) 6 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 5.4 Cross-contamination Chemical soil properties, in particular, can be changed by the sampling procedure in many ways: by transmission of substances fixed to sampling equipment or containers; by uncontrolled transport of soil particles to the sampling point from adjacent points of a site or a soil profile, especially by material dropping into the sample from higher up a bore hole, either during augering/drilling or during withdrawal of the sample; by transfer of substances from the sampling device or container; by loss of volatile compounds, leakage of liquids or mechanical separation; by contamination with auxiliary substances used to enable or facilitate the sampling (fuels, exhaust fumes, greases, oils, lubricants, glues and others); by contamination with wind-blown particles, spread liquids or precipitation. Whatever method is used for obtaining the sample, it is important that the sampling system used and the material from which the equipment is made do not contaminate the sample.
The sampling equipment should be kept clean so that parts of a previous sample are not transmitted to a subsequent sample causing cross-contamination. Even for agricultural purposes, with repetitive sampling across a field to form a composite sample, the sampling device should be cleaned between each location. Where it is necessary to use lubrication, e.g. water, to ease formation of a borehole to enable sample collection, only lubrication should be used which will not conflict with nor confound the analysis to be performed on the samples in the sense of matrix effects or contribution to the contamination. Only devices of controlled chemical quality and composition shall be used to handle samples. For example, a hand trowel of stainless steel can be useful when investigating organic compounds, while plastics normally do not interfere with heavy metals. Devices that have contact with samples shall never be painted, greased or have otherwise chemically treated surfaces. Lining the borehole can prevent cross-contamination from material dropping into the sample from higher up the bore. 6 Safety and environmental protection in the investigation In any soil-sampling investigation there is some disturbance of the ground. In areas of agricultural use, woodland and semi-natural vegetation, this disturbance is usually minimal and unlikely to result in the creation of any hazard. When carrying out investigations on highly contaminated sites, consideration should be given to using probehole, borehole or similar techniques, rather than excavations, in order to minimize and reduce problems due to exposure, disturbance and potential dispersal of the contamination. When the site surface prior to the investigation is obviously contaminated, or presents a general environmental problem due to exposure to humans or animals, and there is the possibility of dispersal of contaminated dust or water pollution, in addition to taking precautions to minimize disturbance and dispersal of contamination during the site investigation, the situation should be brought to the attention of the landowner and local authorities, so that preventative measures can be implemented. National or local regulations on information procedures or obligations shall be obeyed. NOTE See also ISO 10381-3. SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E) © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 7 6.1 Personal protection During a soil-sampling investigation there are different procedures that may influence human health and safety: handling sampling instruments and machinery; unstable ground or slopes, open holes or excavations; exposure of contaminants to sampling personnel and people living near by or passing by; exposure of sampling personnel to contaminants released from transport or storage containers or during sample pretreatment; inconveniences from noise, dust, odours and so on, resulting from heavy fieldwork. Where there is the possibility of munitions or explosives residues, the assistance of a specialist may be necessary to ensure that the site has been cleared and made safe before the commencement of any on-site work. All possible hazardous effects of soil sampling on human health shall be considered when selecting appropriate sampling methods. If this is done carefully, most adverse effects on other organisms, constructions and the environment will be regarded automatically. 6.2 Protection of buildings and installations Prior to the commencement of any intrusive survey, it is essential that the location of any below-ground services be identified to prevent damage, and the location of any overhead cables (power lines and telecommunications) be identified. In agricultural surveys, features such as irrigation and drainage lines should be identified. Locations of services and other features which shall not be damaged can be identified by consultation with the landowner (or tenant) and the service utilities. Even when service locations have been identified, the sampling location should be checked with a services monitor before commencement of the intrusive investigatio
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SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
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SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-2
First edition
2002-11-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 2:
Guidance on sampling techniques
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d'échantillonnage
Reference number
ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
©
ISO 2002
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ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
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Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction. v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Principle . 2
4.1 Sampling of soil. 2
4.2 Sampling of water . 3
4.3 Sampling of soil gas . 3
5 Choice of sampling technique . 3
5.1 Preliminary information. 3
5.2 Type of sample . 4
5.3 Selection of sampling technique . 5
5.4 Cross-contamination . 6
6 Safety and environmental protection in the investigation.6
6.1 Personal protection. 7
6.2 Protection of buildings and installations. 7
6.3 Environmental protection. 7
6.4 Backfilling . 8
7 Techniques . 8
7.1 General . 8
7.2 Cross-contamination . 10
7.3 Undisturbed samples. 11
8 Storage of samples . 11
8.1 General . 11
8.2 Sample containers . 11
8.3 Labelling. 13
8.4 Sample storage. 13
9 Sampling report. 14
Annex A (informative) Manually and power-operated sampling tools . 15
Bibliography. 23
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 10381 may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10381-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Sampling.
ISO 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
Part 3: Guidance on safety
Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites
Part 5: Guidance on investigation of soil contamination of urban and industrial sites
Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory
The following parts are under preparation:
Part 7: Guidance on the investigation and sampling of soil gas
Part 8: Guidance on the sampling of stockpiles
Annex A of this part of ISO 10381 is for information only.
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Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary. It deals with various aspects of sampling for the purposes of soil investigation, including
agricultural and contamination investigations, but is not applicable to investigations for geotechnical purposes.
General principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for the purpose of characterization of soil
and identification of sources and effects of pollution of soil and related material are given in ISO 10381-1.
ISO 10381-1, ISO 10381-4 and ISO 10381-5 should be consulted regarding the appropriate equipment, information
about where to sample, the tests to be conducted, the type of sample, the depth of sampling, soil type and the
required representativeness of the sampling system.
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SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 2:
Guidance on sampling techniques
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on techniques for taking and storing soil samples so that these can
subsequently be examined for the purpose of providing information on soil quality.
This part of ISO 10381 gives information on typical equipment that is applicable in particular sampling situations to
enable correct sampling procedures to be carried out and representative samples to be collected. Guidance is
given on the selection of the equipment and the techniques to use to enable both disturbed and undisturbed
samples to be correctly taken at different depths.
The guidance provided is intended to assist in the collection of samples for soil quality for agricultural purposes and
also provide guidance for the collection of samples for contamination investigations which will require different
techniques and skills.
This part of ISO 10381 makes reference to some aspects of the collection of samples of groundwater and soil gas
as part of a soil sampling programme.
This part of ISO 10381 specifically does not cover investigations for geotechnical purposes, though where
redevelopment of a site is envisaged the soil quality investigation and the geotechnical investigation may be
beneficially combined.
This part of ISO 10381 is not applicable to the sampling of hard strata such as bedrock.
Techniques to collect information on soil quality without taking samples, such as geophysical methods, are not
covered by this part of ISO 10381.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this part of ISO 10381. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications
do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10381 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated
references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 11074-1, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 1: Terms and definitions relating to the protection and pollution of
the soil
ISO 11074-2, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms and definitions relating to sampling
ISO 11074-4, Soil quality — Vocabulary — Part 4: Terms and definitions related to rehabilitation of soils and sites
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this part of ISO 10381, the terms and definitions in ISO 11074-1, ISO 11074-2, ISO 11074-4
and the following apply.
3.1
spot sample
single sample
sample of material collected from a single point
NOTE This may be a disturbed or undisturbed sample.
3.2
slot sample
sample taken as a vertical slot from within a stratum or other subpart which is putatively homogeneous
NOTE This is a disturbed sample.
3.3
stratified sample
sample obtained as a combination of spot samples from strata or subparts, putatively homogeneous
NOTE This is a disturbed sample.
3.4
cluster sample
sample which is a composite of small incremental point samples taken close together
NOTE This is a disturbed sample.
3.5
spatial sample
sample which is a composite of small incremental point samples taken over an area (such as a field)
NOTE This is a disturbed sample.
4 Principle
4.1 Sampling of soil
Soil samples are collected and examined primarily to determine associated physical, chemical, biological and
radiological parameters. This clause outlines the more general factors to be considered when selecting sampling
equipment and its use. More detailed information is given in subsequent clauses.
Whenever a volume of soil is to be characterized, it is generally impossible to examine the whole and it is therefore
necessary to take samples. The samples collected need to be as fully representative as possible of the whole to be
characterized, and all precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples do not undergo
any changes in the interval between sampling and analysis. The samples normally collected are described as
disturbed samples, i.e. the soil particles become loosened and separated in the sampling process. If it is necessary
to collect undisturbed samples, e.g. for microbiological or geotechnical purposes, the samples need to be collected
in such a manner that the soil particles and pore structure remain unaltered in comparison with the original ground
structure. The sampling of multiphase systems, such as soils containing water or gases which are not of natural
origin (e.g. waste materials), can present special problems.
The sampling technique should be selected to enable the collection of samples of ground material which can be
presented to the laboratory for examination or analysis to establish basic information on the pedology and
distribution of naturally occurring or manmade soils, their chemical, mineralogical and biological composition, and
their physical properties at selected locations.
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The choice of sampling technique depends, in addition, on the required precision of the results, which in turn
depends on the ranges of concentration of components, the sampling procedures and the type of analysis.
Sampling equipment should be carefully selected in relation to the different materials which may be present in the
ground and the analysis to be carried out. Utmost care should be taken to avoid cross-contamination, loss of
volatile compounds, change of composition due to exposure to air, and other changes which may occur between
sampling and the testing of the sample.
Every soil sampling technique usually consists of two separate steps:
a) gaining access to the point of sampling (removing the cover or sealing, digging or drilling a hole to reach the
desired depth of sampling), and
b) taking the soil sample.
Both steps depend on each other and both shall meet the requirements of the sampling principles.
4.2 Sampling of water
Soil investigation programmes, particularly those carried out at contaminated sites, may also require water samples
to be taken. These should be collected in accordance with appropriate International Standards on ground or
surface water sampling with regard to ground investigation. For further information see ISO 10381-1.
4.3 Sampling of soil gas
Ground investigation programmes may involve assessment of soil gas composition for typical landfill gas
components such as methane and carbon dioxide. In the case of contaminated sites, the suspected presence of
solvents or fuels may require investigation. An International Standard (ISO 10381-7) is in the course of preparation
to cover such investigations, and some indicative guidance is incorporated in this part of ISO 10381.
5 Choice of sampling technique
5.1 Preliminary information
The choice of sampling technique, the selection of the sampling equipment and the method of taking soil samples
depends upon the objectives of the sampling, the strata to be sampled, the nature of possible contamination, and
the examination or analysis to be carried out on the samples.
Thus certain information is needed to make this choice. This information may include
the size and topography of the area to be sampled,
the nature of the ground to be sampled,
some indication of the possible lateral and vertical variations of soil type or strata,
the geology of the site and surrounding area,
the depth to groundwater and its direction of flow,
the depths from which samples are to be taken, taking into consideration the future use of the site, including
depth of excavations or foundations,
previous usage or treatment of the site,
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the presence of buildings and obstructions, such as foundations or hardstandings, buried tanks and
underground services (e.g. electricity, sewers, mains, cables),
indications of the presence of underground tanks and service (for example inspection covers, inspection
chambers, vent pipes),
the presence of concrete or tarmac pathways, roadways or hardstandings,
the safety of the site personnel and protection of the environment,
the growth of vegetation leading to extensive root development,
the presence of unexpected surface-water pools or water-saturated ground,
the presence of fences, walls or earthworks designed to prevent access to the site,
the presence of tipped material above the level of the site, or material from the demolition of buildings,
location of water bodies at risk from contamination, including surface and ground water.
Extreme natural circumstances, such as permafrost, laterization, calcrete or other indurations, may occur which
require special techniques in order to obtain samples. This shall be known prior to the design of a sampling
programme.
To collect this information, a desk study or preliminary survey of the site is strongly recommended. When
investigating soils suspected of contamination, the preliminary survey is an essential part of the investigation
1) 1)
programme [see clause 6 of ISO 10381-1:— and clause 6 of ISO 10381-5:— ]. Its main relevant concerns are
a) to ensure an investigation which is both technically and cost effective;
b) to ensure the safety of personnel and to protect the environment.
The preliminary survey may comprise both desktop studies and site reconnaissance (field work). It does not
normally include taking samples, but in some circumstances limited sampling may be useful in relation to
determining the parameters for the site investigation, investigating some metholodical aspects, and identifying
possible hazards to the investigating personnel.
5.2 Type of sample
There are two basic types of sample which are collected for the purposes of investigating soil and ground
conditions. These are:
a) disturbed samples: samples obtained from the ground without any attempt to preserve the soil structure; that
is the soil particles are collected “loose” and are allowed to move in relation to each other;
b) undisturbed samples: samples obtained from the ground using a method designed to preserve the soil
structure; i.e. special sampling equipment is used so that the soil particles and voids cannot change from the
distribution which exists in the ground before sampling.
Disturbed samples are suitable for most purposes, except for some physical measurements, profiles and
microbiological examinations for which undisturbed samples may be required. Undisturbed samples should be
collected if it is intended to determine the presence and concentration of volatile organic compounds, since
disturbance will result in loss of these compounds to the atmosphere.
1)
To be published.
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If undisturbed samples are required for soil sampling, these can be taken, for example, using a Kubiena Box, a
coring tool or coring cylinder. In each case the sampling device is pushed into the soil and subsequently removed
with the sample, so that the soil is collected in its original physical form.
There are different methods of taking samples from the ground for the purpose of investigating soil quality (see
clause 3).
If a slot sample (single sample) is small it may be taken for a spot sample. All other sampling methods produce
composite samples (average samples, aggregate samples). Composite samples are not useful to determine soil
characteristics that suffer changes during the composition process, such as concentrations of volatile compounds.
They also cannot be used if peak concentrations of any substance or variations of soil characteristics are to be
determined.
Spot samples can be readily collected using hand augers and other similar sampling techniques. Where
undisturbed samples are required, special equipment (see above) is necessary in order to collect the sample whilst
maintaining the original ground structure.
Cluster samples are appropriate when using machines for excavating ground to obtain samples. In these
circumstances, the samples should be formed by taking portions from locations within the bucket of excavated
material (e.g. nine-point sample).
Spatial samples or other composite samples can be collected using hand or powered augers, but care shall be
taken to ensure the auger repetitively collects the same amount of sample.
5.3 Selection of sampling technique
Within this International Standard, it is not possible to fix one sampling technique to every possible sampling
objective, because there are so many objectives and many of them are satisfied by more than one technique.
The following examples indicate some of the main rules that shall be followed.
Soil characteristics that are bound to soil horizons (which are most of them) require horizon-bound (stratified)
sampling.
If the spatial variation of soil characteristics is of interest, spot samples are required. If the required precision of
the results is low, other types of sample also may be accepted.
Samples taken to identify the distribution and concentration of particular elements or compounds are normally
spot samples, or perhaps slot or cluster samples within the area being examined.
Samples taken to assess the overall quality or nature of the ground in an area, e.g. for certain agricultural
purposes, are spatial samples.
Sample size shall be sufficiently large to enable all tests and analyses to be performed.
Sample size shall be sufficiently large to represent all soil characteristics of interest.
Samples shall not be too large to obscure variations in soil characteristics of interest.
Soil characteristics of interest shall not be affected by the sampling process, nor by the transportation and
storage of samples.
Representative sampling usually means that increments with different properties shall be (if applicable at all)
combined into a composite sample only according to their volume fraction of the parent population to be
sampled.
Cross-contamination shall be avoided, as well as the spread of contaminants.
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SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
5.4 Cross-contamination
Chemical soil properties, in particular, can be changed by the sampling procedure in many ways:
by transmission of substances fixed to sampling equipment or containers;
by uncontrolled transport of soil particles to the sampling point from adjacent points of a site or a soil profile,
especially by material dropping into the sample from higher up a bore hole, either during augering/drilling or
during withdrawal of the sample;
by transfer of substances from the sampling device or container;
by loss of volatile compounds, leakage of liquids or mechanical separation;
by contamination with auxiliary substances used to enable or facilitate the sampling (fuels, exhaust fumes,
greases, oils, lubricants, glues and others);
by contamination with wind-blown particles, spread liquids or precipitation.
Whatever method is used for obtaining the sample, it is important that the sampling system used and the material
from which the equipment is made do not contaminate the sample.
The sampling equipment should be kept clean so that parts of a previous sample are not transmitted to a
subsequent sample causing cross-contamination. Even for agricultural purposes, with repetitive sampling across a
field to form a composite sample, the sampling device should be cleaned between each location.
Where it is necessary to use lubrication, e.g. water, to ease formation of a borehole to enable sample collection,
only lubrication should be used which will not conflict with nor confound the analysis to be performed on the
samples in the sense of matrix effects or contribution to the contamination.
Only devices of controlled chemical quality and composition shall be used to handle samples. For example, a hand
trowel of stainless steel can be useful when investigating organic compounds, while plastics normally do not
interfere with heavy metals. Devices that have contact with samples shall never be painted, greased or have
otherwise chemically treated surfaces.
Lining the borehole can prevent cross-contamination from material dropping into the sample from higher up the
bore.
6 Safety and environmental protection in the investigation
In any soil-sampling investigation there is some disturbance of the ground. In areas of agricultural use, woodland
and semi-natural vegetation, this disturbance is usually minimal and unlikely to result in the creation of any hazard.
When carrying out investigations on highly contaminated sites, consideration should be given to using probehole,
borehole or similar techniques, rather than excavations, in order to minimize and reduce problems due to exposure,
disturbance and potential dispersal of the contamination.
When the site surface prior to the investigation is obviously contaminated, or presents a general environmental
problem due to exposure to humans or animals, and there is the possibility of dispersal of contaminated dust or
water pollution, in addition to taking precautions to minimize disturbance and dispersal of contamination during the
site investigation, the situation should be brought to the attention of the landowner and local authorities, so that
preventative measures can be implemented. National or local regulations on information procedures or obligations
shall be obeyed.
NOTE See also ISO 10381-3.
6 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
ISO 10381-2:2002(E)
6.1 Personal protection
During a soil-sampling investigation there are different procedures that may influence human health and safety:
handling sampling instruments and machinery;
unstable ground or slopes, open holes or excavations;
exposure of contaminants to sampling personnel and people living near by or passing by;
exposure of sampling personnel to contaminants released from transport or storage containers or during
sample pretreatment;
inconveniences from noise, dust, odours and so on, resulting from heavy fieldwork.
Where there is the possibility of munitions or explosives residues, the assistance of a specialist may be necessary
to ensure that the site has been cleared and made safe before the commencement of any on-site work.
All possible hazardous effects of soil sampling on human health shall be considered when selecting appropriate
sampling methods. If this is done carefully, most adverse effects on other organisms, constructions and the
envi
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 10381-2
Première édition
2002-11-01
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 2:
Lignes directrices pour les techniques
d’échantillonnage
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques
Numéro de référence
ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
©
ISO 2002
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
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ii © ISO 2002 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos . iv
Introduction. v
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives. 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Objectifs . 2
4.1 Échantillonnage du sol. 2
4.2 Échantillonnage de l’eau . 3
4.3 Échantillonnage des gaz du sol. 3
5 Choix des techniques d'échantillonnage . 3
5.1 Informations préliminaires . 3
5.2 Type d'échantillon. 5
5.3 Choix de la technique d’échantillonnage . 5
5.4 Contamination croisée. 6
6 Sécurité et protection de l'environnement pendant l'étude. 7
6.1 Protection des personnes . 7
6.2 Protection des bâtiments et des installations. 8
6.3 Protection de l’environnement . 8
6.4 Remblayage . 8
7 Techniques . 9
7.1 Généralités. 9
7.2 Contamination croisée. 10
7.3 Échantillons non remaniés. 12
8 Stockage des échantillons . 12
8.1 Généralités. 12
8.2 Conteneurs à échantillons . 12
8.3 Étiquetage . 14
8.4 Stockage des échantillons . 14
9 Rapport d’échantillonnage. 15
Annexe A (informative) Outils d’échantillonnage manuels et mécaniques. 16
Bibliographie. 25
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ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en
liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 3.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur publication
comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 peuvent faire
l'objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de
ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 10381-2 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,
Échantillonnage.
L'ISO 10381 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage:
Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des programmes d'échantillonnage
Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d’échantillonnage
Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
Partie 4: Lignes directrices pour les procédures d’investigation des sites naturels, quasi naturels et cultivés
Partie 5: Lignes directrices relatives à l’investigation des sols pollués en sites urbains et industriels
Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour la collecte, la manipulation et la conservation de sols destinés à une étude en
laboratoire des processus microbiens aérobies
Les parties suivantes sont en préparation:
Partie 7: Lignes directrices pour l’investigation et l’échantillonnage des gaz du sol
Partie 8: Lignes directrices pour l’échantillonnage des stocks de réserve
L‘annexe A de la présente partie de l’ISO 10381 est donnée uniquement à titre d’information.
iv © ISO 2002 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
Introduction
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 fait partie d’une série de normes destinées à être utilisées conjointement en
fonction des besoins. Elle traite des divers aspects de l'échantillonnage pour les besoins de l'étude du sol, y
compris les études agricoles et de contamination, mais ne couvre pas les études à des fins géotechniques.
Les principes généraux à appliquer à la conception des programmes d'échantillonnage pour les besoins de la
caractérisation du sol et de l'identification des causes et des effets de la pollution du sol et du matériau associé
sont donnés dans l'ISO 10381-1. Il convient de consulter l’ISO 10381-1, l’ISO 10381-4 et l’ISO 10381-5 pour ce qui
concerne l'équipement adapté, les informations sur les emplacements d'échantillonnage, les essais à réaliser, le
type d'échantillon, la profondeur d'échantillonnage, le type de sol et la représentativité requise du système
d'échantillonnage.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 2:
Lignes directrices pour les techniques d’échantillonnage
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 donne des lignes directrices relatives aux techniques de prélèvement et de
stockage des échantillons de sol en vue d’examiner ceux-ci ultérieurement pour obtenir des informations sur la
qualité du sol.
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 fournit des informations sur les équipements types qui peuvent être utilisés dans
des situations d'échantillonnage particulières pour mettre en œuvre des modes opératoires d'échantillonnage
corrects et recueillir des échantillons représentatifs. Des lignes directrices sont fournies concernant la sélection des
équipements et des techniques à utiliser pour prélever correctement des échantillons remaniés et non remaniés à
différentes profondeurs.
Les lignes directrices fournies visent à faciliter le prélèvement d’échantillons pour déterminer la qualité du sol à des
fins agricoles et donnent également des indications pour le prélèvement d’échantillons pour des études de
contamination qui nécessiteront des techniques et des compétences distinctes.
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 fait référence à certains aspects de la collecte d'échantillons d'eau souterraine et
de gaz présents dans le sol dans le cadre d'un programme d'échantillonnage des sols.
Les présentes lignes directrices ne couvrent pas spécifiquement les études à des fins géotechniques, même si les
études de qualité du sol et les études géotechniques peuvent être avantageusement associées lorsque l’on
envisage le redéveloppement d’un site.
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 n’est pas applicable à l'échantillonnage des strates dures, telles que le socle
rocheux.
Les techniques de collecte d’informations sur la qualité du sol sans prélèvement d’échantillons, telles que les
méthodes géophysiques, ne sont pas couvertes par la présente partie de l’ISO 10381.
2 Références normatives
Les documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite,
constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente partie de l’ISO 10381. Pour les références datées, les
amendements ultérieurs ou les révisions de ces publications ne s’appliquent pas. Toutefois, les parties prenantes
aux accords fondés sur la présente partie de l’ISO 10381 sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les
éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Pour les références non datées, la dernière
édition du document normatif en référence s’applique. Les membres de l'ISO et de la CEI possèdent le registre des
Normes internationales en vigueur.
ISO 11074-1, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire — Partie 1: Termes et définitions relatifs à la protection et à la pollution
du sol
ISO 11074-2, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire — Partie 2: Termes et définitions relatifs à l'échantillonnage
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ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
ISO 11074-4, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire — Partie 4: Termes et définitions relatifs à la réhabilitation des sols et
sites
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins de la présente partie de l’ISO 10381, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 11074-1,
l’ISO 11074-2 et l'ISO 11074-4, ainsi que les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
3.1
échantillon ponctuel
échantillon unique
échantillon de matériau recueilli en un point unique
NOTE Il peut s’agir d’un échantillon remanié ou non remanié.
3.2
échantillon vertical
échantillon prélevé sous forme de bande verticale dans une strate ou dans une autre sous-partie, supposé
homogène
NOTE Il s’agit d’un échantillon remanié.
3.3
échantillon stratifié
échantillon obtenu sous forme d’une combinaison d’échantillons ponctuels, prélevés dans les strates ou dans les
sous-parties, supposé homogène
NOTE Il s’agit d’un échantillon remanié.
3.4
échantillon en grappes
échantillon composé d'une série de prélèvements élémentaires, effectués à proximité les uns des autres
NOTE Il s’agit d’un échantillon remanié.
3.5
échantillon spatial
échantillon composé d'une série de prélèvements élémentaires, effectués sur une certaine superficie (par exemple
un champ)
NOTE Il s’agit d’un échantillon remanié.
4 Objectifs
4.1 Échantillonnage du sol
Les échantillons de sol sont prélevés et examinés essentiellement pour déterminer les paramètres physiques,
chimiques, biologiques et radiologiques qui leurs sont associés. Le présent article indique de manière générale les
facteurs à prendre en compte pour décider du choix d'un équipement et de son utilisation. Des informations plus
détaillées sont fournies dans les articles suivants.
Il est généralement impossible, pour caractériser un volume de sol, d’en examiner la totalité. C’est la raison pour
laquelle il est nécessaire de prélever des échantillons. Les échantillons prélevés doivent être aussi représentatifs
que possible de la quantité totale à caractériser et il convient que toutes les précautions soient prises pour
s’assurer, dans la mesure du possible, que les échantillons ne subissent pas de modifications entre le moment de
l’échantillonnage et celui de l'analyse. Les échantillons collectés normalement sont qualifiés d'échantillons
remaniés, c'est-à-dire que les particules de sol s'écartent et se séparent au cours du processus d'échantillonnage.
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ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
S'il est nécessaire de collecter des échantillons non remaniés, par exemple à des fins microbiologiques ou
géotechniques, les échantillons doivent être collectés de manière que les particules de sol et la structure
interstitielle ne subissent pas d'altération par rapport à la structure d'origine du sol. L’échantillonnage de systèmes
polyphasiques, comme les sols contenant de l’eau ou des gaz ne faisant pas naturellement partie du sol (par
exemple des déchets) peut poser des problèmes spécifiques.
Il convient de choisir une technique d'échantillonnage permettant de collecter des échantillons de sol qui pourront
être transmis au laboratoire pour examen ou analyse afin d'établir des informations de base sur la pédologie et la
distribution des sols naturels et artificiels, leur composition chimique, minéralogique et biologique ainsi que leurs
propriétés physiques à des emplacements donnés.
Le choix de la technique d'échantillonnage dépend, en outre, de la précision requise pour les résultats, laquelle
dépend à son tour des plages de concentration des composants, des modes opératoires d'échantillonnage et du
type d'analyse.
Il convient de sélectionner soigneusement l'équipement d'échantillonnage en fonction des différents matériaux
pouvant être présents dans le sol et en fonction de l'analyse à effectuer. Il convient de prendre un maximum de
précautions pour éviter toute contamination croisée, la perte de composés volatils, une modification de la
composition due à l'exposition à l'air et d'autres modifications pouvant survenir entre le prélèvement et la mise à
l'essai de l'échantillon.
Toute technique d’échantillonnage de sol comprend généralement deux étapes distinctes:
a) l’accès au point d’échantillonnage (retrait de la couverture ou de la couche de scellement, creusement ou
forage d’un trou pour atteindre la profondeur d’échantillonnage souhaitée), et
b) le prélèvement de l’échantillon de sol.
Ces deux étapes dépendent l’une de l’autre et doivent satisfaire aux exigences associées aux principes de
l’échantillonnage.
4.2 Échantillonnage de l’eau
Les programmes d'étude des sols, en particulier ceux mis en œuvre sur des sites contaminés, peuvent aussi
nécessiter le prélèvement d'échantillons d'eau. Il convient de prélever ces échantillons conformément aux Normes
internationales appropriées relatives à l'échantillonnage des eaux souterraines ou de surface dans le cadre de
l'étude des sols. Pour plus d’informations, voir l'ISO 10381-1.
4.3 Échantillonnage des gaz du sol
Les programmes d’étude des sols peuvent inclure l’évaluation de la composition gazeuse du sol, qu’il s’agisse des
composants gazeux caractéristiques de décharges, comme le méthane et le gaz carbonique, ou, dans le cas de
sites contaminés, de la présence suspectée de solvants ou de combustibles. Une Norme internationale
(ISO 10381-7) est en cours d'élaboration pour couvrir ce type d’études et un certain nombre d’indications sont
incluses dans la présente partie de l'ISO 10381.
5 Choix des techniques d'échantillonnage
5.1 Informations préliminaires
Le choix de la technique et de l'équipement d'échantillonnage ainsi que celui de la méthode de prélèvement des
échantillons de sol dépendent des objectifs de l’échantillonnage, des strates à échantillonner, de la nature d’une
contamination éventuelle et de l'examen ou de l'analyse à effectuer sur les échantillons.
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ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
Certaines informations sont donc nécessaires pour pouvoir effectuer ce choix, notamment
l’étendue et la topographie de la zone à échantillonner,
la nature du sol à échantillonner,
des indications sur les éventuelles variations latérales et verticales du type de sol ou des strates,
la géologie du site et de la zone environnante,
la profondeur à laquelle se trouve la nappe souterraine et le sens d’écoulement de cette dernière,
les profondeurs auxquelles les échantillons doivent être prélevés, en prenant également en compte l’utilisation
future du site et notamment la profondeur des excavations ou des fondations à réaliser,
l’utilisation ou le traitement antérieur du site,
la présence de bâtiments et d’obstacles, par exemple présence de fondations ou de surfaces en dur, de
réservoirs enterrés, de canalisations et de câbles souterrains (par exemple câbles électriques, conduites
d’égout, secteur, câbles),
des indications sur la présence de réservoirs souterrains, de canalisations et de câbles (par exemple trappes
de visite, chambres de contrôle, conduits de ventilation),
la présence de voies en béton ou en macadam, de routes ou de surfaces en dur,
la sécurité du personnel travaillant sur le site et la protection de l’environnement,
une croissance de la végétation entraînant un développement important des racines,
la présence de mares d’eau en surface non prévues ou d’un sol saturé d’eau,
la présence de clôtures, de murs ou d’ouvrages en terre destinés à empêcher l’accès au site,
la présence de remblais dépassant le niveau du site ou la présence de matériaux résultant de la destruction
des bâtiments,
l’emplacement des étendues d’eau soumises à des risques de contamination, y compris les eaux de surface et
les nappes phréatiques.
Dans certaines conditions environnementales extrêmes, telles que le pergélisol, la latérisation, le calcrète ou
autres consolidations, il peut être nécessaire de recourir à des techniques spéciales pour obtenir des échantillons.
Cela doit être mis en évidence avant la phase de conception d’un programme d’échantillonnage.
Pour recueillir ces informations, il est fortement recommandé de réaliser une étude sur dossier ou une enquête
préliminaire du site. Lors de l’étude de sols présumés contaminés, l’enquête préliminaire constitue une partie
1) 1)
essentielle du programme d’étude (voir l’article 6 de l’ISO 10381-1:— et l’article 6 de l’ISO 10381-5:— ). Ses
principaux objectifs sont les suivants:
a) garantir l’efficacité technique et la rentabilité de l’étude;
b) assurer la sécurité du personnel et protéger l'environnement.
L’enquête préliminaire peut inclure des études sur dossier et une visite du site (travail sur le terrain). En règle
générale, elle ne comprend pas le prélèvement d'échantillons mais, dans certaines circonstances, il peut être utile
1) À publier.
4 © ISO 2002 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
de procéder à un échantillonnage limité afin de déterminer les paramètres utiles pour l'étude du site, d’étudier
certains aspects méthodologiques et d’identifier les dangers possibles pour le personnel de recherche.
5.2 Type d'échantillon
Il existe deux principaux types d'échantillons prélevés pour les besoins de l'étude du sol et des conditions du sol, à
savoir:
a) les échantillons remaniés: échantillons de sol prélevés sans tenter de préserver la structure du sol; les
particules du sol sont «meubles» et peuvent se déplacer les unes par rapport aux autres;
b) les échantillons non remaniés: échantillons de sol prélevés selon une méthode conçue pour préserver la
structure du sol; un matériel d'échantillonnage spécial est utilisé pour que les particules et les vides du sol
conservent la même distribution dans le sol qu’avant l'échantillonnage.
Les échantillons remaniés conviennent à la plupart des besoins, sauf pour certains mesurages physiques, profils et
examens microbiologiques, qui peuvent nécessiter des échantillons non remaniés. Il convient de collecter des
échantillons non remaniés lorsqu'il s'agit de déterminer la présence et la concentration de composés organiques
volatils, puisqu'un remaniement entraînerait la perte de ces composés dans l'atmosphère.
Si des échantillons non remaniés sont nécessaires pour l'échantillonnage du sol, ceux-ci peuvent être prélevés par
exemple à l'aide d'une boîte de Kubiena, d'un carottier ou d'un cylindre. Le dispositif d'échantillonnage est chaque
fois enfoncé dans le sol puis retiré avec l'échantillon, ce qui fait que le sol est prélevé sous sa forme physique
d’origine.
Il existe différentes méthodes de prélèvement des échantillons dans le sol pour les besoins de l'étude de la qualité
du sol (voir l’article 3).
Un échantillon vertical de petite taille peut être considéré comme un échantillon ponctuel. Toutes les autres
méthodes d’échantillonnage produisent des échantillons composites (échantillons moyens, échantillons agrégés).
Les échantillons composites ne permettent pas de déterminer les caractéristiques du sol soumises à des variations
au cours du processus de composition, notamment les concentrations des composés volatils. Ils ne peuvent pas
non plus être utilisés pour déterminer les concentrations maximales d’une substance ou les variations des
caractéristiques du sol.
Les échantillons ponctuels peuvent être facilement prélevés à l'aide de tarières manuelles ou d'autres techniques
d'échantillonnage similaires. Si des échantillons non remaniés sont requis, il est nécessaire d'utiliser un
équipement spécial (voir ci-dessus) pour prélever l'échantillon tout en préservant la structure d’origine du sol.
Des échantillons en grappes conviennent lorsqu'il s'agit de pratiquer des excavations dans le sol avec des
machines afin d'obtenir des échantillons. Il convient, dans ce cas, de constituer les échantillons en prélevant des
portions provenant de divers emplacements à l'intérieur du conteneur de matériau excavé (échantillon sur neuf
points, par exemple).
Les échantillons spatiaux ou autres échantillons composites peuvent être collectés à l'aide de tarières manuelles
ou mécaniques, mais il faut s'assurer que la tarière collecte chaque fois la même quantité d'échantillon.
5.3 Choix de la technique d’échantillonnage
Dans le cadre de la présente Norme internationale, il est impossible de définir une technique d’échantillonnage
correspondant à chaque objectif possible de l’échantillonnage, car ces objectifs sont très nombreux et plusieurs
techniques d’échantillonnage permettent souvent de répondre à un même objectif.
Les exemples suivants indiquent les principales règles à observer.
Les caractéristiques du sol liées aux horizons du sol (le cas le plus fréquent) requièrent un échantillonnage lié
à l’horizon (stratifié).
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ISO 10381-2:2002(F)
S’il faut tenir compte de la variation spatiale des caractéristiques du sol, des échantillons ponctuels sont
nécessaires. Si la précision requise pour les résultats est faible, d’autres types d’échantillons sont également
acceptables.
Les échantillons prélevés afin d’identifier la distribution et la concentration d’éléments ou de composés
particuliers sont généralement des échantillons ponctuels ou éventuellement des échantillons verticaux ou en
grappes au sein de la zone examinée.
Les échantillons prélevés pour évaluer la qualité globale ou la nature du sol sur une zone donnée, par
exemple pour les besoins de l’agriculture, sont des échantillons spatiaux.
La taille de l’échantillon doit être suffisante pour permettre l’exécution de tous les essais et de toutes les
analyses.
La taille de l’échantillon doit être suffisante pour représenter toutes les caractéristiques du sol présentant un
intérêt.
La taille de l’échantillon ne doit pas être trop importante au point de masquer les variations des
caractéristiques du sol à prendre en compte.
Les caractéristiques du sol à prendre en compte ne doivent pas être affectées par le processus
d’échantillonnage, ni par le transport et le stockage des échantillons.
L’échantillonnage représentatif signifie généralement qu’il faut combiner des échantillons élémentaires
présentant différentes propriétés (si applicable) pour former un échantillon composite, en tenant compte
uniquement de leur fraction volumique respective dans la population d’origine à échantillonner.
La contamination croisée doit être évitée, de même que la dispersion des contaminants.
5.4 Contamination croisée
De par le processus d’échantillonnage, les propriétés chimiques du sol, en particulier, peuvent être modifiées de
diverses manières:
par transmission de substances fixées au matériel d’échantillonnage ou aux conteneurs;
par transport involontaire de particules du sol vers le point d’échantillonnage à partir de points adjacents d’un
site ou d’un profil de sol, notamment en faisant tomber des matériaux dans l'échantillon depuis le haut du trou
de forage au cours du sondage/forage ou lors du retrait de l'échantillon;
par transfert de substances provenant des appareils d’échantillonnage ou des conteneurs;
par perte de composants volatils, fuite de liquides ou séparation mécanique;
par contamination avec des substances auxiliaires utilisées pour permettre ou faciliter l’échantillonnage
(carburants, gaz d’échappement, graisses, huiles, lubrifiants, colles et autres);
par contamination avec les particules apportées par le vent, des liquides répandus ou des précipitations.
Quelle que soit la méthode utilisée pour obtenir l'échantillon, il est important que le système d'échantillonnage
utilisé et le matériau de l'équipement ne contaminent pas l'échantillon.
Il convient de prése
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