ISO 18941:2017

Imaging materials - Colour reflection prints - Test method for ozone gas fading stability

ISO 18941:2017 describes the equipment, methods and procedures for generating a known ozone exposure and the subsequent measurement and quantification of the amount of change produced within both digitally printed hardcopy images and traditional analogue photographic colour print images due to that exposure. The test method described in this document uses increased levels of ozone to achieve an accelerated test. If the principal "gas fading" mechanism for a system is not ozone, this method might not be suitable and might give misleading results as to resistance of the test image to polluted air.

Matériaux pour l'image — Tirages par réflexion en couleurs — Méthode d'essai de la stabilité de la décoloration à l'ozone

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 17-Jul-2017
• Withdrawal Date: 17-Jul-2017
• ICS: 37.040.20 - Photographic paper, films and plates. Cartridges
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 42 - Photography
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 42/WG 5 - Physical properties and image permanence of photographic materials
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 15-Jul-2020
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Relations

• Revised: ISO 18941:2020 - Imaging materials - Colour reflection prints - Test method for ozone gas fading stability
• Effective Date: 23-Apr-2020
• Revises: ISO 18941:2011 - Imaging materials - Colour reflection prints - Test method for ozone gas fading stability
• Effective Date: 17-Dec-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18941
Second edition
2017-07
Imaging materials — Colour reflection
prints — Test method for ozone gas
fading stability
Matériaux pour l’image — Tirages par réflexion en couleurs —
Méthode d’essai de la stabilité de la décoloration à l’ozone
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Requirements . 3
5 Target selection . 3
6 Measurements . 4
6.1 Use of replicates and reference samples. 4
6.2 Holding and measurement conditions . 4
6.3 Measured attributes . 5
6.3.1 Definition of density terms . 5
6.3.2 Density attributes to be measured . 5
6.3.3 Definitions of colorimetry terms . 6
6.3.4 Colorimetry values to be measured . 6
7 Calculations and computations . 6
7.1 Computation of densitometric attributes . 6
7.2 Density change in d patches . 6
min
7.3 Percentage density change in primary colour patches . 6
7.4 Percentage density change in secondary (mixed) colour patches . 6
7.5 Percentage density change in composite neutral patch . 6
7.6 Colour balance shift in composite neutral patch . 7
7.7 Colour balance shift in secondary (mixed) colour patches . 7
7.8 Colour balance in d patches by colorimetry . 7
min
7.9 Effects of colorant fading and stain formation on colour photographs . 7
8 Test methods — Gas fading (ozone) . 7
8.1 General . 7
8.2 Apparatus . 8
8.3 Test procedure .15
9 Test environment conditions .16
9.1 Humidity control calibration .16
9.2 Relative humidity .16
9.3 Temperature .16
9.4 Ozone concentration .16
10 Test report .17
10.1 General reporting requirements .17
10.2 Ozone test reporting .17
Annex A (informative) Method for interpolation .19
Annex B (normative) Reciprocity considerations .20
Bibliography .22
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18941:2011), which has been technically
revised.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Introduction
In image permanence testing, there are four environmental variables known to affect the stability of a
[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]
photographic image: heat, light, moisture and air pollution, such as ozone
[22][23][24][25][26]
. Although natural ageing under “real-world” environmental levels of these variables is
considered the only certain test for image permanence, the high stability of most modern photographic
products makes testing under ambient conditions too lengthy a process to be of practical use. Thus, a
widely used alternative to natural ageing is accelerated ageing, whereby a sample specimen is exposed
to each environmental variable individually and at levels considerably greater than ambient, forcing
degradation of the image by that single factor in a far shorter length of time.
This document covers the equipment, methods and procedures for generating a known ozone exposure
and the subsequent measurement and quantification of the amount of change produced within a
photographic image due to that exposure. It is important to note that if predictions of absolute product
longevity are of concern to the experimenter, then further knowledge needs to be gained regarding
the reciprocal behaviour of the test product under the experimental accelerated ozone conditions. See
Annex B for more information on reciprocity.
Additionally, there are other known variables in an ozone test setup that can affect the rate at which
an image will degrade in the presence of ozone. These include air flow over the sample, the nature of
the chemical reaction that is occurring, the relative quantities of the reactants (ozone and colorant
molecules) and the humidity content and the pH of the image recording layer. Each of these variables can
affect the reciprocal response and needs to be understood for a clear analysis of the accelerated data.
In some products, such as most dyes on swellable inkjet media and in silver halide products in
gelatine, the ozone reaction can be considered to be “diffusion-controlled,” whereby ozone first needs
to permeate a protective surrounding matrix before coming in contact with a colorant molecule and
reacting. Further, the reacted components then need to be desorbed and removed from the surface
before fresh, unreacted molecules can again diffuse, adsorb and react. In this type of process, a simple
increase in ozone concentration might or might not yield a proportional increase in reaction rate as
diffusion, adsorption and, in some cases, desorption may be the dominant factor controlling the rate of
reaction.
The relative quantities of the reactants (ozone and colorant) will also affect the rate of reaction and
reciprocal behaviour. Under the assumed ambient conditions, a photographic image would undoubtedly
contain a vast excess of colorant molecules relative to the local concentration of ozone molecules in the
air. Here, ozone would likely be the limiting factor controlling the rate of reaction and, in the absence
of other controlling factors, an increase in ozone concentration will produce a proportional increase
in the rate of reaction. At some precise ozone concentration, the quantity of reactants would be equal
and the reaction would proceed at a maximum rate. At this point, however, a further increase in ozone
concentration would not accelerate the reaction rate, causing a failure in the reciprocal relationship that
is required for converting accelerated data into predictions of ambient performance. For this reason, if
product longevity predictions are to be made, this ozone concentration needs to be determined and
never exceeded during testing.
This document has been primarily developed via testing with inkjet images on porous “instant-dry”
photographic media, which have been shown to be susceptible to fading by oxidative gases present in
[13][14][19][20][21]
polluted ambient air . While many chemical species may be present in polluted air, it has
been shown that most of the fade observed for current inkjet systems can be explained by oxidation
[21][27][28]
by ozone . Additionally, this method may reasonably be used for colour photographic images
made with other digital and traditional “continuous-tone” photographic materials such as chromogenic
[26]
silver halide, silver dye-bleach, dye transfer , dye-diffusion-transfer “instant” and other similar
systems. However, since these systems have, in general, been shown to be much less sensitive to
oxidative degradation by ozone, relatively small levels of image degradation with this accelerated test
method may not be realized within the typical duration of such a test for these imaging systems.
High levels of ozone, often found outside major metropolitan areas in summer months, together with
high levels of humidity, will greatly accelerate the fade. Since ozone is a highly reactive gas, storage of
photographs in any kind of gas-impermeable enclosure, such as framed behind glass or in an album,
will greatly reduce image degradation due to ozone. This method therefore relates primarily to the
display of unprotected photographs.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18941:2017(E)
Imaging materials — Colour reflection prints — Test
method for ozone gas fading stability
1 Scope
This document describes the equipment, methods and procedures for generating a known ozone
exposure and the subsequent measurement and quantification of the amount of change produced
within both digitally printed hardcopy images and traditional analogue photographic colour print
images due to that exposure.
The test method described in this document uses increased levels of ozone to achieve an accelerated
test. If the principal “gas fading” mechanism for a system is not ozone, this method might not be suitable
and might give misleading results as to resistance of the test image to polluted air.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5-3, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 3: Spectral conditions
ISO 5-4, Photography and graphic technology — Density measurements — Part 4: Geometric conditions for
reflection density
ISO 1431-3, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Resistance to ozone cracking — Part 3: Reference and
alternative methods for determining the ozone concentration in laboratory test chambers
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic
arts images
ISO 18913, Imaging materials — Permanence — Vocabulary
ISO 18944, Imaging materials — Reflection colour photographic prints — Test print construction and
measurement
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 18913 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
air/gas
mixture of atmospheric air and ozone inside the test chamber
3.2
volume turnover
complete replacement of the air/gas (3.1) volume within the test chamber
3.3
volumetric turnover rate
rate at which volume turnover (3.2) occurs
3.4
agitation
degree to which air/gas (3.1) is circulated within the chamber resulting in a mixing of the air/gas at the
surface of the test sample to overcome concentration gradients
Note 1 to entry: Agitation can be directly related to flow rate but inversely related to volume turnover (3.2).
For a given incoming gas-flow velocity, the actual flow across the samples, and therefore the agitation, can be
affected by chamber volume, with, for example, larger chamber volumes resulting in lower flow over the samples.
Agitation of air/gas is important to ensure mixing so that any reaction by-products are carried away from the
test samples.
3.5
air velocity at sample
rate of flow of air/gas (3.1) across the sample plane, as opposed to the flow of air/gas within the chamber
volume, or within the entering or exiting ports
–1
Note 1 to entry: Expressed in reciprocal milliseconds (m·s ).
3.6
effective concentration
concentration of ozone as experienced by the test object
Note 1 to entry: Concentration that results in a specific change in a specific sample after exposure for a specific time.
3.7
closed-loop system
system in which the air/gas (3.1) volume is recirculated within the test chamber, with ozone added as
needed to maintain the desired aim concentration
3.8
open-loop system
system where the air/gas (3.1) volume continually enters, flows through and exits the system with no
recirculation
3.9
ideal mixing
sufficient agitation (3.4) that results in uniform concentration throughout the chamber, such that no
localized concentration gradients exist across the test samples
3.10
operational control point
set point for equilibrium conditions measured at one or more sensor locations in an exposure device
[SOURCE: ASTM G113]
3.11
operational fluctuations
positive and negative deviations from the setting of the sensor at the operational control set point
during equilibrium conditions in a laboratory-accelerated weathering device
Note 1 to entry: Operational fluctuations are the result of unavoidable machine variables and do not include
measurement uncertainty. Operational fluctuations apply only at the location of the control sensor and do not
imply uniformity of conditions throughout the test chamber.
[SOURCE: ASTM G113]
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

3.12
operational uniformity
range around the operational control point (3.10) for measured parameters within the intended
exposure area, within the limits of intended operational range
[SOURCE: ASTM G113]
3.13
uncertainty (of measurement)
parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values
that could be reasonably attributed to the measurement
Note 1 to entry: The parameter might be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-
width of an interval having a stated confidence level.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components
can be evaluated from statistical distribution of the results of series of measurements and can be characterized
by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which can also be characterized by standard
deviations, are evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or other information.
Note 3 to entry: It is understood that the result of the measurement is the best estimate of the value of the
measurement and that all components of uncertainty, including those arising from systematic effects, such as
components associated with corrections and reference standards, contribute to the dispersion.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.2.3]
4 Requirements
This document specifies a set of recommended test methods with associated requirements for permitted
reporting. Data from these tests shall not be used to make life expectancy claims, such as time-based
print lifetime claims, either comparative or absolute. Conversion of data obtained from these methods
for the purpose of making public statements regarding product life shall be in accordance with the
applicable documents for specification of print life.
The test methods in this document can be useful as stand-alone test methods for comparing the
stability of image materials with respect to one specific failure mode. Data from the test methods of
this document can be used in stand-alone reporting of the absolute or comparative stability of image
materials with respect to the specific failure mode described in this document, when reported in
accordance with the reporting requirements of this document. Caution shall be used when comparing
test results for different materials. Comparisons shall be limited to test cases using equipment with
matching specifications and matching test conditions.
5 Target selection
For general testing purposes, users of this document are free to choose whatever target patches
and starting densities they feel are appropriate for their testing needs. An example of such a target
is included in ISO 18944, along with requirements and recommendations for sample preparation.
Applicable International Standards for specification of print life may require the use of specific targets.
Other recommendations for sample preparation are contained in ISO 18909. Image prints may also be
used. When specific starting densities are desired or required, there may often times not be a step on a
properly designed and printed test target that is of exactly the desired density. Interpolation between
two neighbouring density patches can be used to predict the values for the exact desired starting
density. See Annex A for details on interpolation between two neighbouring density patches.
6 Measurements
6.1 Use of replicates and reference samples
At least two replicate prints are required for each test case. Replicates shall be located for testing in
different regions of the test chamber volume.
It is recommended that reference samples be included in every exposure test to track consistency of the
test procedures as well as unintended changes in test conditions (see Reference [12]).
6.2 Holding and measurement conditions
Measurements and sample holding for measurement and next test phase preparation shall be conducted
in a controlled environment with no time constraint, or in a less controlled environment with a time
constraint. The measurement environment and sample holding environment can influence measured
densities.
NOTE 1 “Sample holding environment” refers to the environment in which samples are held between test
phases, such as before and after measurement, while the samples are not in the active test environment.
The controlled sample holding environment with no time constraint shall meet the following set
of conditions: samples shall be kept in the dark at (23 ± 2) °C and (50 ± 10) % RH while waiting for
measurement and while holding between test stages.
The sample holding environment shall be ozone-free (≤2 nl/l average ozone concentration over any
24 h period) for ozone-sensitive samples.
NOTE 2 1 nl/l = 1 ppb (1 × 10 − 9). Although the notation “ppb” (parts per billion) is widely used in the
measurement and reporting of trace amounts of pollutants in the atmosphere, it is not used in International
Standards because it is language-dependent.
Ozone sensitivity is determined in accordance with this document and ISO 18944. A material that is not
sensitive to ozone shall have demonstrated no measurable change in minimum density, d , or printed
min
patch colour, at ambient ozone exposure levels and measurement condition temperature and humidity,
over time periods consistent with measurement and test-staging time periods.
The controlled measurement environment with no measurement-process time constraint shall
meet the following set of conditions: ambient illuminance on the sample surface not less than 200 lx,
temperature of (23 ± 2) °C, (50 ± 10) % RH and ozone-free (≤2 nl/l average ozone concentration over
any 24 h period) for ozone-sensitive samples.
If either sample holding or measurement is conducted in a less controlled environment, samples shall
be held or measured in the less controlled environment for a maximum of 2 h for each test stage. The
less controlled environment may be unfiltered for ozone and shall have a maximum RH of 75 % and a
maximum temperature of 30 °C, with ambient illuminance on the sample surface up to 1 000 lx.
NOTE 3 Stray light decreases the accuracy of measurements taken in less controlled lighting environments.
Shielding the measurement instrument from direct lighting so that the actual measurement surface lighting is
not less than 200 lx can improve measurement accuracy and repeatability.
The temperature and humidity tolerances for the sample holding and measurement environments apply
specifically to the vicinities in which the samples are held and measured. Operational fluctuations,
operational uniformity and uncertainty of measurement shall be contained within the stated tolerances
in those vicinities.
The measurement environment and sample holding environment with respect to temperature, relative
humidity, ozone and light levels, fluctuations and uniformity shall be reported in the test report.
The CIE colour coordinates of the d patch (unprinted paper) shall be measured in accordance with
min
ISO 13655 measurement condition M0 for the relative spectral power distribution of the flux incident
on the specimen surface. White backing is recommended in accordance with ISO 13655. Report the
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

backing used or the material opacity according to ISO 2471, stating that the backing has no influence
on the measurement. Measurement conditions shall be consistent throughout the test process. In
accordance with ISO 13655, calculated tristimulus values and corresponding CIELAB values shall be
computed using CIE illuminant D50 and the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer (often referred to
as the 2° standard observer).
NOTE 4 With completely opaque materials, such as the aluminium substrate used in outdoor testing, the
backing has no relevance.
Optical densities shall be measured according to ISO 5-3, with the relative spectral power distribution
of the flux incident on the specimen surface conforming to CIE illuminant A, ISO 13655 measurement
condition M0 and spectral products conforming to Status A or Status T density, as appropriate for the
material under test.
White backing is recommended in accordance with ISO 5-4. ISO 5 standard reflection density as
defined in ISO 5-4 shall be used, allowing either annular influx mode or annular efflux mode. Either
white or black backing is allowed. Report the backing used. Measurement conditions shall be consistent
throughout the test process.
NOTE 5 When testing in accordance with an image life specification standard, either standard status A or
status T density is selected according to that specification standard.
A single measurement instrument shall be used for all of the measurements taken pertaining to a
particular test. For example, initial patch values of a test target print and subsequent degraded patch
values of that particular test target print shall be measured using the same measurement instrument.
Replicate prints may be measured on separate measurement instruments as long as each is consistently
measured on the same instrument used for its initial readings. According to best practice, in the case
of equipment failure, the test should be invalidated. A replacement instrument with a known offset,
determined for the test measurement conditions and materials such as those being measured, may be
used when the original instrument is not available. In this case, all measurements shall be corrected
with the known offset.
NOTE 6 It is useful to retain freezer check print samples of the measurement materials so that instrument
offsets can be measured if needed. Offset measurements from materials matched to those under test are
preferred to measurements using BCRA tiles. See ISO 18920 for print storage methods.
6.3 Measured attributes
6.3.1 Definition of density terms
The symbol for measured density is d.
6.3.2 Density attributes to be measured
The following Status A or Status T densities of the specimens shall be measured before and after the
treatment interval.
a) dN(R) , dN(G) , dN(B)
t t t
The red, green and blue Status A or Status T densities of neutral patches that have been treated for
time, t, where t takes on values from 0 to the end of the test.
b) dC(R) , dM(G) , dY(B)
t t t
The red, green and blue Status A or Status T densities of cyan, magenta and yellow colour patches
that have been treated for time, t, where t takes on values from 0 to the end of the test.
c) dR(G) , dR(B) , dG(R) , dG(B) , dB(R) , dB(G) ,
t t t t t t
The red, green and blue Status A or Status T densities of the composite secondary R, G, B colour
patches that have been treated for time, t, where t takes on values from 0 to the end of the test.
6.3.3 Definitions of colorimetry terms
L* is CIELAB lightness, a* and b* are the CIELAB a* and b* coordinates, respectively, as defined in
ISO 11664-4.
6.3.4 Colorimetry values to be measured
The following colorimetry values of the specimens, prepared as described in Clause 5, shall be measured
before and after the treatment interval: L* , a* , b* , which are the lightness, red-green and blue-yellow
t t t
colour coordinates, respectively, for the unprinted areas of specimens (paper white) that have been
treated for time, t, where t takes on values from 0 to the end of the test.
7 Calculations and computations
7.1 Computation of densitometric attributes
Calculations for 7.2 to 7.8 shall be performed for selected patches with a range of initial densities.
7.2 Density change in d patches
min
a) Red density change: Δd (R) = d (R) − d (R)
min t min t min 0
b) Green density change: Δd (G) = d (G) − d (G)
min t min t min 0
c) Blue density change: Δd (B) = d (B) − d (B)
min t min t min 0
7.3 Percentage density change in primary colour patches
a) Cyan patch: %ΔdC(R) = {[dC(R) − dC(R) ] ÷ dC(R) } × 100
t t 0 0
b) Magenta patch: %ΔdM(G) = {[dM(G) − dM(G) ] ÷ dM(G) } × 100
t t 0 0
c) Yellow patch: %ΔdY(B) = {[dY(B) − dY(B) ] ÷ dY(B) } × 100
t t 0 0
7.4 Percentage density change in secondary (mixed) colour patches
a) Magenta in red patch: %ΔdR(G) = {[dR(G) − dR(G) ] ÷ dR(G) } × 100
t t 0 0
b) Yellow in red patch: %ΔdR(B) = {[dR(B) − dR(B) ] ÷ dR(B) } × 100
t t 0 0
c) Cyan in green patch: %ΔdG(R) = {[dG(R) − dG(R) ] ÷ dG(R) } × 100
t t 0 0
d) Yellow in green patch: %ΔdG(B) = {[dG(B) − dG(B) ] ÷ dG(B) } × 100
t t 0 0
e) Cyan in blue patch: %ΔdB(R) = {[dB(R) − dB(R) ] ÷ dB(R) } × 100
t t 0 0
f) Magenta in blue patch: %ΔdB(G) = {[dB(G) − dB(G) ] ÷ dB(G) } × 100
t t 0 0
7.5 Percentage density change in composite neutral patch
a) Cyan in neutral patch: %ΔdN(R) = {[dN(R) − dN(R) ] ÷ dN(R) } ×100
t t 0 0
b) Magenta in neutral patch: %ΔdN(G) = {[dN(G) − dN(G) ] ÷ dN(G) } × 100
t t 0 0
c) Yellow in neutral patch: %ΔdN(B) = {[dN(B) − dN(B) ] ÷ dN(B) } × 100
t t 0 0
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

7.6 Colour balance shift in composite neutral patch
Contrast and colour balance distortions brought about by differential fading of the three image
colorants can result in significant visually degrading effects. These can be measured as shifts in colour
balance from highlights to shadows and are especially noticeable in a scale of neutrals. For example, a
shift from magenta to green due to fading of the photograph’s magenta image colorant, or from yellow
to blue or cyan to red due to fading of the yellow or cyan colorant.
Neutral colour balance shift is calculated as the difference in percentage change between any two
primary colours of a neutral patch. The percentage change of individual primary colours in a neutral
patch is defined in 7.5.
a) Cyan-magenta shift: %ΔdN(R-G) = |%ΔdN(R) − %ΔdN(G) |
t t t
b) Magenta-yellow shift: %ΔdN(G-B) = |%ΔdN(G) − %ΔdN(B) |
t t t
c) Yellow-cyan shift: %ΔdN(B-R) = |%ΔdN(B) − %ΔdN(R) |
t t t
7.7 Colour balance shift in secondary (mixed) colour patches
Secondary colour balance shift is calculated as the difference in percentage change between the two
primary colours of each secondary colour patch. The percentage change of the individual primary
colours in each secondary colour patch is defined in 7.4.
a) Cyan-magenta shift in blue patch: %ΔdB(R-G) = |%ΔdB(R) − %ΔdB(G) |
t t t
b) Magenta-yellow shift in red patch: %ΔdR(G-B) = |%ΔdR(G) − %ΔdR(B) |
t t t
c) Yellow-cyan shift in green patch: %ΔdG(B-R) = |%ΔdG(B) − %ΔdG(R) |
t t t
7.8 Colour balance in d patches by colorimetry
min
Colour balance in the d patches is calculated using Formula (1):
min
** **2 **2 * 2
ΔEL=−()La+−()ab+−()b (1)
ab tt0 0 t 0
where L*, a*, and b* are the colour coordinates of the d patch at the initial time 0 and at time t, as
min
defined by ISO 11664-4.
7.9 Effects of colorant fading and stain formation on colour photographs
Any change in density, contrast or stain, whether due to colorant fading, changes in colorant morphology,
or discolouration of residual substances, will change the appearance of the photograph.
The most damaging change tends to be contrast balance distortions brought about by differential
fading of the three image colorants.
The second most consequential change is that caused by an increase in stain. The result may simply be
a discolouration of the d areas or a change in the d colour balance.
min min
8 Test methods — Gas fading (ozone)
8.1 General
For the purpose of predicting fade rates, it is assumed that increasing ozone concentration should
proportionally increase the rate of fading. This has been generally shown to be the case, but exceptions
[13][15][16][17][23]
are known (see also Annex B).
8.2 Apparatus
WARNING — Attention is drawn to the highly toxic nature of ozone. Efforts should be made to
minimize the exposure of workers at all times. In the absence of more stringent or contrary
national safety regulations in member body countries, it is recommended that 0,1 µl of ozone
per litre of air of the surrounding atmosphere by volume be regarded as an absolute maximum
concentration to which a worker shall be exposed, while the maximum average concentration
should be appreciably lower.
NOTE An exhaust vent to remove ozone-laden air is advised.
8.2.1 Ozone test device
8.2.1.1 General
Two general types of ozone test device can be used, each having unique systems to deliver ozone to the
test samples. Both designs may be combined with either open- or closed-loop circuits for feeding with
ozonized air. Additionally, there are inherent differences in the ozone control strategies for each (see
8.2.5). It is critical that any chamber design result in turbulent, not laminar, flow to maintain consistent
ozone concentrations at the sample surface (see 8.2.5 for additional information on turbulent flow).
8.2.1.2 Design 1 (chamber circulation design)
This design consists of an enclosed chamber at atmospheric pressure into which multiple test samples
can be simultaneously placed and ozonized air (i.e. air whose oxygen content has been partially
converted to a specific ozone concentration) can be delivered at a given concentration, temperature,
relative humidity (RH), volume turnover and agitation. Preliminary tests should be run to ensure that
this regime is not in the concentration-sensitive region of the materials being tested (see 8.2.5). It is
recommended that the laboratory run reference samples periodically to maintain this condition.
NOTE Agitation can be directly related to flow rate but inversely related to volume turnover. For a given
incoming gas flow velocity, the actual flow across the samples, and therefore the agitation, can be affected by
chamber volume, with, for example, larger chamber volumes resulting in lower flow over the samples. Therefore,
it is important to meet the requirements of 8.2.5 with respect to effective mixing within the chamber and
equilibration into the media.
The chamber shall be lined with, or constructed from, a material (such as stainless steel, anodized
aluminium or ozone-resistant polycarbonate) that does not readily decompose ozone. Dimensions shall
be such that the requirements of Clause 9 can be met.
The chamber may be provided with a window through which the test specimen can be observed. A light
to examine the test specimen may be installed. Light entering the test chamber shall be limited so as
not to confound results. If an ultraviolet (UV) source is used for ozone generation, the equipment design
shall prevent any UV radiation from entering the test chamber.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 provide illustrative examples of loop-system chamber designs, in which the loop
is either closed or open. In the case of a closed-loop system (see Figure 1), ozonized air for feeding the
chamber is only partially replenished, whereas in an open-loop system (see Figure 2), ozonized air is
continuously prepared fresh from purified laboratory air. In any case, replacement of air is necessary to
remove reaction products. For Figure 1, make-up air would be added just ahead of the ozonizer.
8 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Key
1 blower 9 cooling unit
2 flow meter 10 preconditioning chamber
3 purifying column for NO 11 heating unit
4 ozonizer 12 temperature/humidity controller
5 vaporizer 13 purifying column
6 test chamber (velocity of ozone gas 14 ozone concentration measurement device
0,3 m/s < v < 0,6 m/s) 15 exhaust dehumidifier
7 fan
8 heat exchanger
Figure 1 — Example of a closed-loop system
Key
1 activated carbon filter 11 temperature sensor
2 dust filter 12 humidity sensor
3 blower 13 plate with holes
4 air dryer 14 circulation blower
5 ozone generator 15 extra blower
6 flow meter 16 valve and exhaust hood
7 valve 17 ozone analyser
8 valve 18 pressure meter
9 temperature control 19 flow meter
10 humidity control 20 pump
a
Fresh air.
b
Circulating air.
c
Exhaust.
Figure 2 — Example of an open-loop system
8.2.1.3 Design 2 (local injection or direct-impingement design)
This design consists of a delivery system that supplies aim-concentration ozonized air directly, and
uniformly, to the entire surface of each individual test sample. Conceptually, each sample is contained
within its own test chamber and isolated from the effects of ozone quenching by other samples in the
test device.
The chamber shall be lined with, or constructed from, a material (such as stainless steel, anodized
aluminium, or ozone-resistant polycarbonate) that does not readily decompose ozone. Dimensions shall
be such that the requirements of Clause 9 can be met.
Figure 3 describes a typical direct-impingement design.
10 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Key
1 make-up air 9 steam humidifier
2 gas dryer 10 variable speed recirculation fan
3 PRV 11 ozone measurement
4 rotameter 12 temperature/RH measurement
5 UV light source 13 ozone chamber
6 control valve 14 exhaust
7 cooling coil 15 plenums to impinge ozone-enriched air directly on targets
8 heating element
Figure 3 — Example of a direct-impingement system
8.2.2 Source of ozonized air
Any methodology that can generate ozone with sufficient quantity, purity and flow rate may be used as
an ozone source. Examples of such apparatus include:
a) an ultraviolet lamp;
b) a corona discharge unit.
It is known that corona discharge units can generate other pollutants (such as oxides of nitrogen) when
air, rather than purified oxygen, is used as the ozone source, and that this feature can change as the unit
ages. In addition, if the air is not dried before ozonation, significant quantities of acids from oxides of
nitrogen can be produced. In any case, total oxides of nitrogen in the chamber shall not exceed 2 nl/l
when testing at 1 μl/l or 0,2 % of ozone concentration when testing at ozone concentrations greater
than 1 μl/l.
NOTE 1 μl/l = 1 ppm (1 × 10 − 6). Although the notation “ppm” (parts per million) is widely used in the
measurement and reporting of trace amounts of pollutants in the atmosphere, it is not used in International
Standards because it is language-dependent.
For corona discharge systems that are designed to eliminate or exclude oxides of nitrogen or their
precursors (for example, ones that start with pure oxygen instead of air), the measuring and reporting
of oxides of nitrogen is not necessary. It should be understood that, for some systems, very small levels
of oxides of nitrogen can cause rapid image degradation and would confound the measurement of
change attributable to ozone. In any case, the reporting shall reference the manufacturer’s specification
for ozone purity.
Air used for generation of ozone shall first be purified, for example, by passing it over activated
charcoal. It shall be free from any contaminants likely to affect the ozone concentration, sample fading,
or estimation of ozone concentration.
The ozonized air shall be fed from the generator into the air delivery system. A heat exchanger shall be
provided to adjust the gas temperature to that required by the test and shall be brought to the specifie
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