ISO/TS 17938:2014
(Main)Health informatics — Semantic network framework of traditional Chinese medicine language system
Health informatics — Semantic network framework of traditional Chinese medicine language system
ISO/TS 17938:2014 defines the structure of the semantic network by describing the semantic types and semantic relations of TCM language system. ISO/TS 17938:2014 is intended to: a) support establishment of Unified Semantic Modelling TCM Language System; b) support develop of standardized TCM concepts and relationships of concepts; c) provide a conceptual framework for the concept representation of TCM Language; d) provide the minimal coding for the semantic network structure; e) support improvement in the processing of natural language by computer systems. ISO/TS 17938:2014 has been developed for the first time. The initial content described within it is intended to be used as a starting point for the application of the content in the information system.
Informatique de santé — Cadre de réseau sémantique du système de langage de la médecine traditionnelle chinoise
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 17938
First edition
2014-06-15
Health informatics — Semantic
network framework of traditional
Chinese medicine language system
Informatique de santé — Cadre de réseau sémantique du système de
langage de la médecine traditionnelle chinoise
Reference number
ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
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ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Semantic networks . 2
3.1 General . 2
3.2 Principles of terminology naming and definition . 2
3.3 Semantic types . 2
3.4 Semantic relationship . 8
Annex A (informative) Semantic types structure .12
Annex B (informative) Semantic relationship structure .14
Bibliography .15
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Foreword
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bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 215, Health informatics.
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Introduction
This Technical Specification constitutes preparatory work for the development of a standard for semantic
network framework of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Language System.
This Technical Specification is based on the needs of semantic networks of the Traditional Chinese
Medicine Language System (TCMLS). This Technical Specification describes the semantic relations of
traditional Chinese medicine associated with the semantic concepts, terminology, and the definition of
semantic networks.
Historically, the application and development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has continued for
a long period of time and the terms used vary in different geographical contexts over time. In the past,
it was less problematic for information processing because information exchange and integration were
rare. But recently, there has been a greater need for information integration processing and exchange
between different organizations, while still maintaining the accurate and unified meaning of messages.
Automated machine-aided information processing is now becoming more important, and so the
establishment of standardized concepts and relationships of TCM terms becomes important.
TCMLS consists of TCM terms, language translation, natural language processing, and language
standardized tools. The core of TCMLS is the semantic network of TCM concepts, which facilitates
machine processing.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Health informatics — Semantic network framework of
traditional Chinese medicine language system
1 Scope
This Technical Specification defines the structure of the semantic network by describing the semantic
types and semantic relations of TCM language system.
This Technical Specification is intended to:
a) support establishment of Unified Semantic Modelling TCM Language System;
b) support develop of standardized TCM concepts and relationships of concepts;
c) provide a conceptual framework for the concept representation of TCM Language;
d) support improvement in the processing of natural language by computer systems.
This Technical Specification has been developed for the first time. The initial content described below
is intended to be used as a starting point for the application of the content in the information system.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
traditional Chinese medicine
traditional medicine that originated in China, and is characterized by holism and treatment based on
pattern identification/syndrome differentiation
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Medicine in the Western
Pacific Region.
2.2
Traditional Chinese Medicine Language System
TCMLS
language system that is designed to facilitate the development of computer systems that understand
the meaning of the natural language of traditional Chinese medicine, containing two sections in TCMLS,
TCM terms dictionary, and the semantic network
2.3
semantic networks
modelling framework that consists of (1) a set of broad subject categories, or semantic types, that
provide a consistent categorization of all concepts represented in the TCMLS, and (2) a set of useful and
important relationships, or semantic relations, that exist between semantic types
Note 1 to entry: The semantic network contains 96 semantic types and 58 relationships.
2.4
semantic type
node in the semantic network, which helps to organize concepts in hierarchy and assign at least one
attribute for every concept
Note 1 to entry: A semantic type is mainly classified into entity and event.
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
2.5
semantic relationship
relationship that connects between semantic types, divided into two classes: hierarchy and correlation
Note 1 to entry: There are 58 semantic relationships in TCM domain, which forms the skeleton of TCM semantic
networks.
3 Semantic networks
3.1 General
The TCMLS semantic network provides a consistent categorization of all concepts represented in TCM
terms dictionary and to provide a set of useful relationships between these concepts. The current release
of the semantic network contains 96 semantic types and 58 relationships.
3.2 Principles of terminology naming and definition
3.2.1 Marking with the letters TCM in superscript represents the terms which have the same
nomenclature with conventional medicine but have the different definition.
3.2.2 Concept is defined by comprehensive description using well known terms.
3.2.3 Definition is given by using standardized terms.
3.2.4 Definition explains the concept, and does not include composition terms.
3.2.5 Each concept is expressed by hierarchical classification and property definition.
3.2.6 Each concept includes both Chinese and English terminology and annotation.
3.3 Semantic types
The semantic types (given in Table 1) are the nodes in the semantic network. The network defines
semantic types for all concepts in TCM terms dictionary, both with textual descriptions and by means
of the information inherent in its hierarchies. There are two major categories of semantic types: entity
and events.
The semantic types structure is shown in Annex A.
Table 1 — Semantic types description and definition
ID Semantic types Definition
1 Entity A broad type for grouping physical and conceptual entities. (UMLS)
Physical and presenta-
1.1 An object perceptible to the sense of vision or touch. (UMLS)
tional object
Basic material in the In Chinese medicine, the basic elements, constituents, or substances of
1.1.1 human body in Chi- which the human body is composed or can be made according to TCM
nese medicine theory.
The fundamental substance that maintains body function and keeps the
Basic substance in the
1.1.1.1 physiological activity of the whole body in balance, such as qi, blood, and
human body
body fluid.
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
ID Semantic types Definition
Essence means two things: (1) the fundamental substance that builds
up the physical structure and maintains body function; (2) reproductive
TCM
1.1.1.1.1 Essence essence stored in the kidney.(WHO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TER-
MINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC
REGION)
The red fluid circulating through the blood vessels, and nourishing and
moistening the whole body.
TCM
1.1.1.1.2 Blood
(WHO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADI-
TIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
The basic element that constitutes the cosmos and, through its move-
ments, changes and transformations, produces everything in the world,
including the human body and life activities. In the field of medicine,
TCM
1.1.1.1.3 Qi qi refers both to the refined nutritive substance that flows within the
human body as well as to its functional activities. (WHO INTERNA-
TIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN
THE WESTERN PACITIC REGION)
A general term for all kinds of normal liquid in the body, except the
blood, also known as body liquids. (WHO INTERNATIONAL STAND-
TCM
1.1.1.1.4 Liquid and humor
ARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN
PACIFIC REGION)
A collective term for internal organs, also called zang-organs and fu-
TCM
1.1.1.2 Viscera and Bowels
organs.
A system of conduits through which qi and blood circulate, connecting
the bowels, viscera, extremities, superficial organs and tissues, making
Meridian and col- the body an organic whole, the same as channels and networks; merid-
1.1.1.3
lateral ians or channels, in short. (WHO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TER-
MINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC
REGION)
The point where a needle is inserted and manipulated in acupuncture
1.1.1.4 Acupuncture point therapy. (WHO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRA-
DITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
Body constituent and A collective term for skin, vessels, flesh, sinews, bones and the external
1.1.1.5
orifice of sense organ opening of sense organs.
The characteristics of an individual, including structural and functional
characteristics, temperament, adaptability to environmental changes
and susceptibility to disease. It is relatively stable, being in part, geneti-
1.1.1.6 Constitution
cally determined and in part, acquired. (WHO INTERNATIONAL STAND-
ARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN
PACIFIC REGION)
Medicinal animal plant Generally refers to all animals, plants and minerals that can be used as
1.1.2
and mineral drugs
Generally refers to those animals that have therapeutic function or can
1.1.2.1 Medicinal animal
be used to prevent and treat the disease.
Generally refers to those plants that have therapeutic function or can be
1.1.2.2 Medicinal plant
used to prevent and treat the disease.
A naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a
1.1.2.3 Medicinal mineral definite chemical composition, and have therapeutic function or can be
used to prevent and treat the disease.
A substance used in the treatment or prevention of pathologic disor-
1.1.3 Medicinal substance ders. This includes substances that occur naturally in the body and are
administered therapeutically.
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
ID Semantic types Definition
Usually referring to those medicinal substances recorded in Chinese
materia medica.
1.1.3.1 Chinese medicinal
(WHO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADI-
TIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
A prescription that is formed from Chinese medicinals. TCM pharma-
cists typically combine various medicinals into in a formula or prescrip-
1.1.3.2 Formula tion after carefully considering the dosage, usage, and combination,
according to the results of Pattern differentiation as well as therapeutic
principles.
Chemical constituent Molecular components that are extracted from Chinese medicinal after
1.1.3.3
of Chinese medicine extraction, separation, identification, structure determination.
Any substance generally containing nutrients, such as carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living organism and metabo-
1.1.4 Food
lized into energy and body tissue. Some foods are naturally occurring,
others are either partially or entirely made by humans.(UMLS)
1.1.5 Artificial device Substances made or synthesized by human.
A manufactured object used primarily in carrying out scientific research
1.1.5.1 Research device
or experimentation.
A manufactured object used primarily in the diagnosis, treatment, or
1.1.5.2 Medical device
prevention of physiologic or anatomic disorders.
A manufactured object used primarily in the medical experiment, Chi-
1.1.5.3 Pharmacologic device nese medicinal identification, formulation analysis and pharmaceutical
technology, etc.
1.2 Conceptual entity A broad type for grouping abstract entities or concepts.(UMLS)
In Chinese medicine, a system of ideas formed from Chinese medical phi-
Traditional Chinese losophy in combination with practical experiences on medicine, such as
1.2.1
medicine theory yin-yang theory, visceral manifestation theory, meridian and collateral
theory, essential qi theory, and five-phase theory.
An ancient Chinese philosophical concept, dealing with two opposite
aspects of matters in nature which are interrelated with each other.
1.2.1.1 Yin-yang theory Its principle is widely applied to traditional Chinese medicine. (WHO
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL
MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
One of the philosophical theories of medical practice in ancient China,
concerning the composition and evolution of the physical universe, epit-
omized by the nature and the inhibition-generation relationships of the
five phases, wood, fire, earth, metal and water, serving as the guiding
1.2.1.2 Five phase theory
ideology and methodology of physiology, pathology, clinical diagnosis
and treatment, also known as five elements theory. (WHO INTERNA-
TIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN
THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
Theories of schools
1.2.1.3 of traditional Chinese Refers to a TCM theory that is from various factions.
medicine
The prolonged history of traditional Chinese medicine has witnessed a
plurality of famous figures, who not only inherited theories and experi-
ences from their antecessors, but also formed their own opinions and
Traditional Chinese doctrines.
1.2.1.3.1
Medicine Schools The inheritance of academic tradition, achieved through apprenticeship
training, in addition to the creativity of famous figures recognized for
their outstanding works, gave rise to the different schools of traditional
Chinese medicine.
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
ID Semantic types Definition
The people who dedicated their lives to the development of (traditional
1.2.1.3.2 Medical specialist Chinese) medicine from ancient times, particularly the ancestors who
are symbolized as Huangdi and Shennong.
Traditional Chinese A subject that originated in China evolved a unique theoretical system,
1.2.2
medicine subject which is based on the Chinese people’s long-term medical practice.
Related subjects of
1.2.3 traditional Chinese Referring to a subject that is connected to Traditional Chinese Medicine.
medicine
Related nature physics
A subject that involves the study of natural phenomena or physical phe-
1.2.3.1 subjects of traditional
nomena related TCM.
Chinese medicine
Philosophical thought that was developed by ancient Chinese, through
Traditional Chinese
1.2.3.2 the generalization and summarization of their natural and social knowl-
philosophy
edge.
Traditional Chinese A social group organized for some end or tasks related to health care,
1.2.4
medicine organization education, and scientific research in traditional Chinese medicine .
Traditional Chinese The body of written works (e.g. books, magazines) on the subject of tra-
1.2.5
medicine literatures ditional Chinese medicine .
1.2.6 Geographic area Name that about geographical field.
2 Event A broad type for grouping activities, processes and states.(UMLS)
Phenomenon and A process or state which occurs naturally or as a result of an activity.
2.1
process (UMLS)
Physiology phenom-
2.1.1 Phenomena or process that organism itself have or due to some activity.
enon or process
Traditional Chinese
2.1.1.1 medicine physiological Study of human physiological state according to TCM Theory.
function
The function of The function of essence includes construction of the body, generation of
2.1.1.1.1
essence offspring, maintaining the vital activities and metabolism of the body.
Qi is moving constantly inside the body to proper and stimulate the
physiological functions of the body. The functions of qi include: pro-
TCM
2.1.1.1.2 The function of qi
moting action, warming action, defending action, consolidating action,
transforming action.
The function of Blood is a intravascular red liquid rich in nutrients. The main physiologi-
2.1.1.1.3
TCM
blood cal function of blood is to nourish and moisten the whole body.
The function of fluid The physiological functions of the body fluid and humor are to moisten
2.1.1.1.4
TCM
and humor and nourish the body.
The function of vis- Five viscera have physiological function of producing and storing
2.1.1.1.5
ceras essence qi. Six bowels possess the functions of reception.
Physiologically the meridian and collateral serve as the pathways for qi
The function of merid-
2.1.1.1.6 and blood to flow and circulate in the body. Pathologically the meridian
ian and collateral
and collateral transmit pathogenic factors into the body.
The functions of acupuncture point are transporting qi and blood,
The function of acu-
2.1.1.1.7 reflecting the condition of disease and syndrome, assisting diagnosis
puncture point
and preventing the disease.
The general descriptive terms for the two opposite, complementary and
The function of yin-
2.1.1.1.8 inter-related cosmic forces found in all matter in nature. The ceaseless
yang
motion of both yin and yang gives rise to all changes seen in the world.
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
ID Semantic types Definition
The function of five phases refers to the movement of five phases, which
is mainly characterized by inter-generation, inter-restriction, over-
The function of five restriction, counter-restriction and mutual interaction between mother-
2.1.1.1.9
phases organ and child-organ. The movement of five phases shows the inter-
relationship of all things, using it to illustrate the existence and changes
of the entire material world.
Traditional Chinese
2.1.1.2 Study of human psychological state according to TCM Theory.
medicine psychology
A collective term for joy, anger, thought, anxiety, sorrow, fear and fright,
taken as endogenous factors causing diseases if in excess. (WHO INTER-
.2.1.1.2.1 Seven emotions
NATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
Mental activities, referring to mind, consciousness, thinking and feel-
TCM
2.1.1.2.2 Mind ing. (WHO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADI-
TIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
Etiology, pathogenesis Study of the etiology, development and mechanism of disease according
2.1.2
TCM
and disease to TCM theory.
Etiology and patho- Study of the cause, development, and mechanism of disease according to
2.1.2.1
TCM
genesis the basic theory of TCM.
A condition of being (more or less seriously) out of health; illness, sick-
TCM
2.1.2.2 Disease ness. (WHO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADI-
TIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
(1) diagnostic conclusion of the pathological changes at a certain stage
of a disease, including the location, cause, and nature of the disease as
well as the trend of development; (2) conditions suggesting appropri-
2.1.2.3 Pattern
ate treatment; (3) condition specific to the individual.(WHO INTERNA-
TIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN
THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
A (bodily or mental) phenomenon, circumstance, or change of condition
arising from and accompanying a disease or other pathological condi-
tion, and constituting an indication or evidence of it; a characteristic
2.1.2.4 Symptom sign of a particular disease. Especially, in modern use, a subjective
indication, perceptible to the patient. (WHO INTERNATIONAL STAND-
ARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN
PACIFIC REGION)
Property and function Refer to the property, flavour, meridian entry, upbearing, downbearing,
2.1.3
of Chinese medicinal floating and sinking, toxin, and function of traditional Chinese drugs.
Nature of Chinese The basic properties of a medicinal mainly includes four qi, five flavours,
2.1.3.1
medicinals meridian entry, upbearing, downbearing, floating, sinking, toxin, etc.
A collective term of four qi and five flavours. The four basic properties of
medicinals, cold, hot, warmth, and coolness. The five tastes of medici-
Four qi and five fla- nals, pungency, sweetness, sourness, bitterness, and saltiness, repre-
2.1.3.1.1
vours senting the basic actions of the medicinals. (WHO INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE
WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
Orientation of the medicinal action according to the meridian/chan-
nel on which the therapeutic action is manifested, also called meridian
2.1.3.1.2 Meridian entry
tropism. (WHO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
Any virulent pathogen that causes a fulminating disease. (WHO INTER-
TCM
2.1.3.1.3 Toxin NATIONAL STANDARD TERMINOLOGIES ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC REGION)
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
ID Semantic types Definition
The function of Chi-
2.1.3.2 Refers to the effect that Chinese medicinal produced on the body.
nese medicinal
Chinese medicinal Use various medicinals jointly in a formula or prescription for producing
2.1.3.2.1
combination the desired therapeutic effect and reducing toxic or side effects.
Natural phenomenon A phenomenon or process that occurs irrespective of the activities of
2.1.4
or process human beings.(UMLS)
Related natural
2.1.4.1 phenomenon of five A natural phenomenon or process related five phases.
phases
2.1.4.1.1 Five seasons A collective term for spring, summer, later summer, autumn, and winter .
2.1.4.1.2 Five directions A collective term for east, south, central, west and north.
A collective term for generation, growth, transformation, harvest and
2.1.4.1.3 Five varieties
storage.
2.1.4.1.4 Five colours A collective term for blue, red, yellow, white and black.
2.1.4.1.5 Five notes A collective term for Jiao, Zhi, Gong, Shang and Yu.
An operation or series of operations that an organism or machine car-
2.2 Activity
ries out or participates in.(UMLS)
Determination of the nature of a diseased condition; identification of a
Traditional Chinese
2.2.1 disease by careful investigation of its symptoms and history; also, the
diagnostics
opinion (formally stated) resulting from such investigation.
2.2.1.1 Diagnostic method The basic method of collecting data to determine the disease condition.
The process of overall analysis of clinical data to determine the location,
2.2.1.2 Pattern differentiation cause and nature of a patient’s disease and achieving a diagnosis of a
pattern/syndrome, also called pattern differentiation.
Traditional Chinese Treat the disease with the idea and method of Pattern differentiation
2.2.2
medicine treatment and treatment.
2.2.2.1 Therapeutic principle A general rule that should be followed in treating disease.
Any specific intervention derived from a principle of treatment, e.g. dia-
2.2.2.2 Therapeutic methods phoresis, emesis, purgation, mediation, warming, clearing, tonification
and resolution.
Chinese medicinal Under the guidance of the basic TCM theory, prescribe Chinese medici-
2.2.2.2.1
therapy nal to treat the disease.
Treatment of disease by inserting needles into the human body along
specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease
2.2.2.2.2 Acupuncture therapy
being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibus-
tion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
Rubbing, kneading, or percussion of the soft tissues and joints of the
2.2.2.2.3 Massage body with the hands, usually performed by one person on another, esp.
to relieve tension or pain.
Qigong is a therapeutic method used to prevent and cure disease by
2.2.2.2.4 Qigong therapy
means of bringing the consciousness of the patient into full awareness.
Also known as the food therapy. It is a way that will regulate the body
and treat disease according to the different nature of food flavours and
2.2.2.2.5 Diet therapy
acting on different organs. Use nutritious food or medicinal food prod-
ucts to reinforce the healthy qi and strong physique.
Chinese medicine Under the guidance of TCM theory to prevent the occurrence and devel-
2.2.3
prevention opment of disease.
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ISO/TS 17938:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
ID Semantic types Definition
Traditional Chinese Concerned with promotion of health, prevention of disease, longevity,
2.2.4 life nurturing and and also concerned with the restoration of function after injury or ill-
rehabilitation ness.
Chinese medicine
2.2.5 System management of TCM institution and organization.
management
Chinese medicine In Chinese medicine, a formal process through which
...
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