ISO/TS 19700:2007

Controlled equivalence ratio method for the determination of hazardous components of fire effluents

ISO/TS 19700:2007 describes a tube-furnace method for the generation of fire effluent for the identification and measurement of its constituent combustion products, in particular, the yields of toxic products under a range of fire decomposition conditions. The test method described in ISO/TS 19700:2007 can be used solely to measure and describe the properties of materials, products or systems in response to heat or flame under controlled laboratory conditions. It is not suitable to be used by itself for describing or appraising the fire hazard of materials, products or systems under actual fire conditions, or as the sole source on which regulations pertaining to toxicity can be based.

Méthode du rapport d'équivalence contrôlée pour la détermination des substances dangereuses des effluents du feu

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 05-Mar-2007
• Withdrawal Date: 05-Mar-2007
• ICS: 13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 92/SC 3 - Fire threat to people and environment
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 92/SC 3 - Fire threat to people and environment
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 16-Sep-2016

Relations

• Revised: ISO/TS 19700:2016 - Controlled equivalence ratio method for the determination of hazardous components of fire effluents — Steady-state tube furnace
• Effective Date: 23-Jan-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19700
First edition
2007-03-15

Controlled equivalence ratio method for
the determination of hazardous
components of fire effluents
Méthode du rapport d'équivalence contrôlée pour la détermination des
substances dangereuses des effluents du feu




Reference number
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


©  ISO 2007
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Principle. 4
5 Apparatus . 5
5.1 General apparatus . 5
5.2 Tube furnace . 5
5.3 Calibrated thermocouples . 7
5.4 Quartz furnace tube. 7
5.5 Test-specimen boat . 7
5.6 Test-specimen-boat drive mechanism . 7
5.7 Mixing and measurement chamber. 8
5.8 Analysis of gases. 9
5.9 Determination of smoke. 11
5.9.1 Aerosols and particulates. 11
5.9.2 Optical density of smoke . 11
6 Establishment of air supplies. 11
7 Establishment of furnace temperature and setting of furnace temperature . 12
7.1 General. 12
7.2 Establishing furnace temperature profile to determine furnace suitability. 12
7.3 Setting the temperature for an individual experimental-run condition. 13
8 Test specimen preparation . 13
9 Selection of test decomposition conditions . 14
9.1 Selection of decomposition conditions for fire hazard analysis or fire-safety engineering. 14
9.2 Stage 1b: oxidative pyrolysis from externally applied radiation . 14
9.3 Stage 2: well-ventilated flaming . 14
9.4 Stage 3a: small vitiated fires in closed or poorly ventilated compartments . 15
9.5 Stage 3b: post-flashover fires in open compartments . 15
10 Procedure . 15
10.1 Decomposition of the test sample . 15
10.2 Sampling and analysis of fire effluent and measurement of smoke density . 17
10.2.1 General. 17
10.2.2 Sampling of fire effluent. 17
10.2.3 Determination of the mass of the specimen residue . 19
10.3 Validity of test run. 19
11 Calculations. 19
11.1 General. 19
11.2 Mass-charge concentration and mass-loss concentration. 20
11.2.1 Mass-charge concentration . 20
11.2.2 Mass-loss concentration. 20
11.3 Smoke density. 21
11.4 Yield. 21
11.5 Organic fraction . 22
12 Test report . 23
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
13 Repeatability and reproducibility . 24
13.1 Repeatability. 24
13.2 Reproducibility . 25
13.3 Accuracy . 25
Annex A (informative) Guidance on choice of additional decomposition conditions. 26
Annex B (informative) Calculation of lethal toxic potency for combustion products according to
ISO 13344 using tube-furnace data . 28
Annex C (informative) Application of data from the tube-furnace test to assessment of toxic
hazard in fires according to ISO 13571. 29
Annex D (informative) Guidance on application of data from the tube-furnace test to health and
safety assessments of combustion-products. 30
Annex E (informative) Guidance on application of data from the tube-furnace tests to assessment
of environmental hazards of combustion products from fires . 31
Annex F (informative) Use of the tube-furnace method for bioassay purposes. 32
Bibliography . 33

iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document:
— an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
— an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 19700 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat
to people and environment.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
Introduction
The framework for the long-term standardization of fire safety in support of performance-based design
(ISO/TC 92 SC 4) requires general engineering methods for specific performance aspects of fire safety, but is
applicable to all types of structural systems, products and processes. These are referred to in the document
as Level 2, Group B standards. One such aspect of fire safety is the yields of toxic products evolved in fires.
This Technical Specification has been developed to measure toxic product yields from materials and products
over a range of decomposition conditions in fires. The decomposition conditions are defined in terms of fuel/air
equivalence ratio, temperature and flaming behaviour.
The toxic potency of a fire effluent represents the combination of a number of factors, including the
concentrations of toxic products, gases, and smoke particles. The concentrations of toxic products in turn
depend upon a number of factors, one of which is the yield of each toxic product from the burning fuel. In
order to make a performance-based assessment of the toxic hazard in a fire, one required input is the yield of
toxic products under specified fire conditions.
For any specific material or product, the effluent yields in fires depend upon the thermal decomposition
conditions. The most important variables are whether the decomposition is non-flaming or flaming, and for
flaming decomposition the fuel/oxygen ratio. Based upon these variables, it is possible to classify fires into a
number of types, as detailed in ISO/TS 19706:2004, Table 1.
The use of this Technical Specification provides data on the range of toxic product yields likely to occur in
different types and stages of full-scale fires. More comprehensive data on the relationships between
decomposition conditions and product yields can be obtained by using a wider range of apparatus settings.
Guidance on the choice of additional decomposition conditions, the application of test data to ISO 13344 and
ISO 13571, to health and safety and environmental situations and the use of the tube-furnace method for
bioassay purposes is provided in the annexes.
This Technical Specification makes use of the same apparatus and a similar basic methodology as specified
in IEC 60695-7-50. The test method has been developed to fulfil the requirements of ISO 16312-1 and
ISO/TS 19706, for data on the yields of toxic products in fire effluents evolved under different fire conditions as
part of the data required for input to the toxic-hazard-assessment calculation methods described in ISO 13571.
The data may also be used as input for the toxic-potency calculation methods described in ISO 13344 and
ISO 13571.
vi © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)

Controlled equivalence ratio method for the determination of
hazardous components of fire effluents
1 Scope
This Technical Specification describes a tube-furnace method for the generation of fire effluent for the
identification and measurement of its constituent combustion products, in particular, the yields of toxic
products under a range of fire decomposition conditions.
It uses a moving test specimen and a tube furnace at different temperatures and air flow rates as the fire
model. The use of this apparatus is generally applicable to individual materials, to products that are layered
such that the layering will not result in a significant change in product yields with time in real fires, i.e. to
products where the upper surface does not provide major protection to the sub-layers.
This method has been designed as a TC 92 Level Group B performance-based engineering method to
provide data for input to hazard assessments and fire-safety engineering design calculations. The method can
be used to model a wide range of fire conditions by using different combinations of temperature, non-flaming
and flaming decomposition conditions and different fuel/oxygen ratios in the tube furnace. These include the
following types of fires, as detailed in ISO/TS 19706:2004, Table 1:
⎯ Stage 1: Non-flaming:
⎯ Stage 1b) Oxidative pyrolysis from externally applied radiation;
⎯ Stage 2: Well-ventilated flaming (representing a flaming developing fire) (see Note 1);
⎯ Stage 3: Less well-ventilated flaming (see Note 2):
⎯ Stage 3a) Small vitiated fires in closed or poorly ventilated compartments;
⎯ Stage 3b) Post-flashover fires in large or open compartments.
NOTE 1 Where the fire size is small in relation to the size of the compartment, the flames are below the base of the hot
layer and the fire size is fuel-controlled.
NOTE 2 Where the fire size may be large in relation to the size of the compartment, the flames are partly above the
base of the hot layer and the fire size is ventilation-controlled.
For each flaming fire type, the minimum conditions of test are specified in terms of the equivalence ratio φ as
follows:
Stage 2: φ < 0,75;
Stages 3a) and 3b) φ = 2 ± 0,2.
Guidance on the choice of additional decomposition conditions is given in Annex A.
The data on toxic product concentrations and yields obtained using this Technical Specification may be used
as part of the assessment of toxic potencies, in conjunction with toxic potency calculation methods in
ISO 13344, and as an input to the toxic hazard assessment from fires in conjunction with fire growth and
effluent dispersal modelling, and fractional effective dose (FED) calculation methods in ISO 13571.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
Application of data from the tube-furnace test to the calculation of lethal toxic potency according to ISO 13344,
and to the assessment of toxic hazards in fires according to ISO 13571 is considered in Annex B and Annex C,
respectively.
Guidance on application of data from the tube-furnace test to health and safety assessments of combustion
products, and to the assessment of environmental hazards of combustion products from fires is given in
Annex D and Annex E, respectively. Guidance on the use of the tube-furnace method for bioassay purposes
is given in Annex F.
The test method described in this Technical Specification can be used solely to measure and describe the
properties of materials, products or systems in response to heat or flame under controlled laboratory
conditions. It is not suitable to be used by itself for describing or appraising the fire hazard of materials,
products or systems under actual fire conditions, or as the sole source on which regulations pertaining to
toxicity can be based.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291:2005, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 554:1976, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 5660-2:2002, Reaction-to-fire tests — Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate — Part 2:
Smoke production rate (dynamic measurement)
ISO 13344:2004, Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents
ISO 13571, Life-threatening components of fire — Guidelines for the estimation of time available for escape
using fire data
ISO/IEC 13943, Fire safety — Vocabulary
ISO 19701:2005, Methods for sampling and analysis of fire effluents
ISO 19702:2006, Toxicity testing of fire effluents — Guidance for analysis of gases and vapours in fire
effluents using FTIR gas analysis
ISO/TS 19706:2004, Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13344, ISO 13571, ISO 13943, and
the following apply.
3.1
combustible load
mass of the components of a test specimen capable of combustion in the furnace
NOTE This usually includes all components of a specimen excluding inert fillers and other non-combustible
components, such as metal frames.
2 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
3.2
equivalence ratio
φ
fuel mass to oxygen mass ratio in the test divided by the stoichiometric fuel mass to oxygen mass ratio
NOTE For the tube-furnace method, this is the mass loss rate of combustible effluent from the test specimen, in
−1
milligrams per minute (mg⋅min ), divided by the mass flow rate of oxygen in the primary air introduced into the furnace, in
−1
milligrams per minute (mg⋅min ), divided by the stoichiometric fuel mass to oxygen mass ratio for the material under test.
3.3
exposure dose
Ct
product of a gaseous toxicant or of a fire effluent which is available for inhalation, i.e. the integrated area
under the concentration(C)-time(t) curve
3.4
extinction coefficient
natural logarithm of the ratio of incident light intensity to transmitted light intensity, per unit light path length
3.5
fractional effective concentration
FEC
ratio of the concentration of an irritant to that expected to produce a given effect on an exposed subject of
average susceptibility
NOTE 1 As a concept, FEC may refer to any effect, including incapacitation, lethality or even other endpoints. Within
the context of this Technical Specification, FEC refers only to incapacitation.
NOTE 2 When not used with reference to a specific irritant, the term FEC represents the summation of FECs for all
irritants in a combustion atmosphere.
NOTE 3 When FEC = 1, the defined effect (incapacitation or death) is predicted to occur.
3.6
fractional effective dose
FED
ratio of the Ct product for an asphyxiant toxicant to that Ct product of the asphyxiant expected to produce a
given effect on an exposed subject of average susceptibility
NOTE 1 As a concept, FED may refer to any effect, including incapacitation, lethality or even other endpoints. Within
the context of this Technical Specification, FED refers only to incapacitation.
NOTE 2 When FED = 1, the defined effect (incapacitation or death) is predicted to occur.
3.7
LC
50
concentration of a toxic gas or fire effluent statistically calculated from concentration-response data to produce
lethality in 50 % of test animals within a specified exposure and post-exposure time
−3
NOTE The typical units are µL/L for a gaseous toxicant and gm for fire effluent.
3.8
LCt
50
product of LC and the exposure duration over which it was determined
50

−1 −3
NOTE The typical units are µLL min for a gaseous toxicant and gm min for fire effluent. This constitutes a measure
of lethal toxic potency.
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
3.9
mass-charge concentration
concentration of fire effluents from a material defined in terms of the mass of material exposed to burning
−3
conditions (mass charge) and the volume into which the effluent is dispersed, expressed in g⋅m
3.10
mass loss concentration
concentration of fire effluents from a material defined in terms of the mass of material decomposed (mass
−3
loss) and the volume into which the effluent is dispersed, expressed in g⋅m
3.11
mass loss exposure dose
−3
mass loss concentration multiplied by the exposure time, expressed in g⋅m min
[BS 7899-2:1999, definition 2.22]
3.12
smoke extinction area
SEA
−1
ratio of the smoke extinction coefficient, in reciprocal metres (m ) to the mass loss concentration of the test
−3 2 −1
specimen, expressed as grams per cubic metre (g⋅m ) having units of metres squared per gram (m⋅g )
3.13
smoke obscuration
reduction, usually expressed as a percentage, in the intensity of light due to its passage through smoke
3.14
smoke production
integral of the smoke production rate over the steady-state burn period being considered
3.15
volume yield
volume of an effluent component at 20 °C and 101,325 kPa divided by the mass loss of the test specimen
associated with the production of that volume of the effluent component
3.16
yield
mass of an effluent component divided by the mass loss of the test specimen associated with the production
of that mass of the effluent component
4 Principle
Since the yields of products in fires depend upon the decomposition conditions (references [1] to [5]), it is
possible to examine the relationships between product yield and a range of variables affecting the
decomposition conditions using this apparatus and the methodology described. The specified test conditions
represent a minimum set designed to obtain data for oxidative pyrolysis under non-flaming conditions, for well-
ventilated flaming conditions at an equivalence ratio of less than 0,75, and for vitiated flaming conditions at an
equivalence ratio of more than 2. The test is designed to replicate real fire conditions, and it is essential that
proper observations are made to ensure that those conditions are being met.
Samples of a material or product are combusted under steady-state conditions in one or more of four
environments whose temperature and equivalence ratio are representative of a particular stage of a fire. The
four types of fire to be represented are: oxidative pyrolysis, well-ventilated flaming developing fires, small
flaming vitiated fires, and post-flashover vitiated fires, as defined in ISO/TS 19706.
A test specimen in granular or rod form, or a product, is placed in a quartz boat, and introduced at a constant
rate into a furnace tube through the hot zone of a fixed tubular furnace. A stream of primary air is passed
through the furnace tube and over the test specimen at constant flow rate, to support combustion. The fire
4 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19700:2007(E)
effluent is expelled from the quartz furnace tube into a mixing and measuring chamber, where it is diluted with
1
−
secondary air to a nominal total air flow rate of (50 ± 1) l⋅min through the chamber and then exhausted to
waste.
In the oxidative pyrolysis mode, the furnace temperature is set below the auto-ignition temperature. The three
flaming modes are accomplished by using vapour temperatures above typical auto-ignition temperatures. For
flaming decomposition conditions, different fuel-to-oxygen ratios, and hence different equivalence ratios, are
obtained when different, constant primary air flows are used in relation to the constant rate of introduction of
the fuel. To achieve the required gasification rates, materials may be combusted under different conditions
from each other.
The secondary, dilution air is added to generate a greater sample flow and cooler effluent which permits a
large number of gas and smoke sampling procedures to be used without the need for a large number of
replicate tests.
The requirement in each test run is to obtain stable, steady-state decomposition conditions for at least 5 min
during which the concentrations of effluent gases and particles can be measured. The time taken for steady-
state conditions to be established varies, depending upon the nature of the test specimen and the test
conditions.
The concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen are recorded to establish the steady-state period and
samples of the effluent mixture are taken from the chamber during the steady-state period for analysis. Smoke
obscuration and smoke yield are calculated from measurement of the attenuation of a light beam by the
combustion effluent stream in the mixing chamber. A sample of smoke is drawn through a filter, and the mass
of particles is determined.
5 Apparatus
5.1 General apparatus
The apparatus consists of a tube furnace and a quartz tube which passes through the furnace and into a
mixing and measurement chamber. A drive mechanism pushes the specimen boat into the furnace tube at a
preset, controlled rate. A constant, predetermined stream of primary air is provided at the furnace-tube entry
and a preset, secondary supply into the mixing and measurement chamber. Gas samples are taken from the
mixing and measurement chamber. A light/photo cell system is used to determine smoke density across the
mixing and measurement chamber.
The arrangement of the apparatus is shown in Figure 1. Unless otherwise stated, all tolerances are ± 5 mm.
5.2 Tube furnace
The tube furnace sh
...