ISO 13344:2004
(Main)Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents
Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents
ISO 13344:2004 provides a means for estimating the lethal toxic potency of the fire effluents produced from a material while exposed to the specific combustion conditions of a physical fire model. The lethal toxic potency values are specifically related to the fire model selected, the exposure scenario and the material evaluated. Lethal toxic potency values associated with 30-min exposures of rats are predicted using calculations which employ combustion atmosphere analytical data for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2) (vitiation) and, if present, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen fluoride (HF), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), acrolein and formaldehyde. If the fire effluent toxic potency cannot be attributed to the toxicants analysed, this is an indication that other toxicants or factors must be considered. ISO 13344:2004 is applicable to the estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluent atmospheres produced from materials, products or assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used in isolation to describe or appraise the toxic hazard or risk of materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire hazard assessment that takes into account all of the factors, which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use; see ISO/TS 19706. The intended use of fire safety-engineering calculations is for life-safety prediction for people and is most frequently for time intervals somewhat shorter than 30 min. This extrapolation across species and exposure intervals is outside the scope of ISO 13344:2004. ISO 13344:2004 does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of ISO 13344:2004 to establish appropriate safety and health practices.
Détermination du pouvoir toxique létal des effluents du feu
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13344
Second edition
2004-10-15
Estimation of the lethal toxic potency
of fire effluents
Détermination du pouvoir toxique létal des effluents du feu
Reference number
ISO 13344:2004(E)
©
ISO 2004
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ISO 13344:2004(E)
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ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
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ISO 13344:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Principle . 3
5 Significance and use . 4
6 Apparatus. 4
7 Hazards . 5
8 Test samples . 5
9 Calibration of the apparatus . 5
10 Procedures . 6
11 Calculations. 6
12 Test report. 9
13 Precision and bias . 10
Annex A (informative) Optional bioassay for confirmation of predicted LC values. 11
50
Bibliography . 14
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ISO 13344:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 13344 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat to
people and environment.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13344:1996), which has been technically
revised.
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ISO 13344:2004(E)
Introduction
The pyrolysis or combustion of every combustible material produces a fire effluent atmosphere, which, in
sufficiently high concentration, is toxic. It is, therefore, desirable to establish a standard test method for the
determination of the toxic potency of such fire effluents.
It is further desirable, in view of worldwide resistance to the exposure of animals in standard tests, that this
method should not make mandatory the use of such animals in its procedures. The mandatory portion of this
standard test does not, therefore, specify the use of animal exposures. It only refers to animal exposure data
already reported in the literature, with calculations being employed to express test results as they would have
been obtained had animals actually been employed.
For those cases in which confirmation of test results using animal exposures can be justifiably permitted, an
optional procedure to do so is presented in Annex A.
The two parameters calculated using this standard are the FED (Fractional Effective Dose) and the LC .
50
When either of these is used in performing a hazard analysis, certain information must accompany the term to
avoid confusion. In the case of the FED, that is the toxicological effect on which the FED is based and the
species for which the FED has been determined. In the case of the LC , that information is the length of the
50
exposure and the animal species for which the LC has been determined.
50
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13344:2004(E)
Estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluents
1 Scope
This International Standard provides a means for estimating the lethal toxic potency of the fire effluents
produced from a material while exposed to the specific combustion conditions of a physical fire model. The
lethal toxic potency values are specifically related to the fire model selected, the exposure scenario and the
material evaluated.
Lethal toxic potency values associated with 30-min exposures of rats are predicted using calculations which
employ combustion atmosphere analytical data for carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO ), oxygen (O )
2 2
(vitiation) and, if present, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr),
hydrogen fluoride (HF), sulfur dioxide (SO ), nitrogen dioxide (NO ), acrolein and formaldehyde. If the fire
2 2
effluent toxic potency cannot be attributed to the toxicants analysed, this is an indication that other toxicants or
factors must be considered.
This International Standard is applicable to the estimation of the lethal toxic potency of fire effluent
atmospheres produced from materials, products or assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions and
should not be used in isolation to describe or appraise the toxic hazard or risk of materials, products or
assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire hazard
assessment that takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of
a particular end use; see ISO/TS 19706.
The intended use of fire safety-engineering calculations is for life-safety prediction for people and is most
frequently for time intervals somewhat shorter than 30 min. This extrapolation across species and exposure
intervals is outside the scope of this International Standard.
This International Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
the responsibility of the user of this International Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 13571:2002, Life-threatening components of fires — Guidelines for the estimation of time available for
escape using fire data
ISO 13943:2000, Fire safety — Vocabulary
1)
ISO 19701— , Fire safety — Sampling and analytical methods for fire effluents
ISO/TS 19706, Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people
1) To be published.
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ISO 13344:2004(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943:2000 and the following apply
3.1
carboxyhaemoglobin saturation
percentage of blood haemoglobin converted to carboxyhaemoglobin from the reversible reaction with inhaled
carbon monoxide
3.2
concentration-time curve
plot of the concentration of a gaseous toxicant or fire effluent as a function of time
−3
NOTE The typical units for the concentration of a toxic gas are µl/l and, for fire effluent, g⋅m . The units of µl/l are
numerically identical to ppm by volume, the use of which is discouraged.
3.3
exposure dose
measure of a gaseous toxicant or of a fire effluent available for inhalation, calculated by integration of the area
under a concentration-time curve
−1 −3
NOTE The typical units are µl⋅l ⋅min for a gaseous toxicant and g⋅m ⋅min for fire effluent. The units of µl/l are
numerically identical to ppm by volume, the use of which is discouraged.
3.4
fractional effective dose
FED
ratio of the exposure dose for an asphyxiant toxicant to that exposure dose of the asphyxiant expected to
produce a specified effect on an exposed subject of average susceptibility
NOTE 1 As a concept, FED refers to any effect, including incapacitation, lethality or other endpoints.
NOTE 2 Values of FED that are based on lethality are designated as L , while those based on incapacitation are
FED
designated as I .
FED
NOTE 3 When not used with reference to a specific asphyxiant, the term FED represents the summation of FED values
for all asphyxiants in a combustion atmosphere.
3.5
lethal concentration 50
LC
50
concentration of a toxic gas or fire effluent statistically calculated from concentration-response data that
causes death in 50 % of a population of a given species within a specified exposure and post-exposure time
−3
NOTE The typical units are µl/l for a gaseous toxicant and g⋅m for fire effluent. The units of µl/l are numerically
identical to ppm by volume, the use of which is discouraged.
3.6
mass charge concentration
mass of a test sample placed in a combustion chamber per unit chamber volume (for a closed system) or per
total volume of air passing through an open system
−3
NOTE 1 The typical units are g⋅m .
NOTE 2 For an open system, the definition assumes that the mass is dispersed in the airflow uniformly over time.
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ISO 13344:2004(E)
3.7
mass loss concentration
mass of a test sample consumed during combustion per unit chamber volume (for a closed system) or per
total air flow passing through an open system
−3
NOTE 1 The typical units are g⋅m .
NOTE 2 For an open system, the definition assumes that the mass is dispersed in the airflow uniformly over time.
3.8
predicted LC
50
LC for the effluent of a combusted test sample, calculated from combustion atmosphere analytical data, as
50
that effluent concentration that would yield an FED equal to 1
−3
NOTE The typical units are µl/l for a gaseous toxicant and g⋅m for fire effluent. The units of µl/l are numerically
identical to ppm by volume, the use of which is discouraged.
4 Principle
4.1 This method subjects a test sample to the combustion conditions of a specific physical fire model.
Concentrations of the major gaseous toxicants in the fire effluent atmosphere are monitored over a 30-min
period, with (C⋅t) products for each interval being determined from integration of the areas under the
respective concentration vs time plots. The (C⋅t) product data, along with either the mass charge or the mass
loss of the test sample during the test, are then used in calculations to predict the 30-min LC of the test
50
sample.
4.2 Since there can be toxicants present other than those measured, this value of the LC is a maximum.
50
If the chemical formulation and professional experience suggest that additional toxicants might contribute
significantly to the LC value, the accuracy of the predicted LC may then be experimentally determined
50 50
using a bioassay (see Annex A). Agreement within the experimental uncertainty supports attributing the
lethality of the smoke to the monitored toxicants.
4.3 The strategy employed in this method for quantification of fire effluent toxic potency represents
utilization of the latest in state-of-the-art understanding of the prediction of the toxic effects of fire effluents as
[2]
reported in ISO/TR 9122-5 .
Toxic potencies are calculated from combustion product analytical data without the exposure of experimental
animals. Such a methodology is based on extensive experimentation using exposure of rats to the common
fire gases, both singly and in combinations; see Reference [2]. The principal can be expressed mathematically,
as shown in Equation (1); see Reference [3]:
t
n
C
i
L = dt (1)
FED ∑
∫
()Ct⋅
i
i=1
0
where
C is the concentration, expressed in microlitres per litre, of the toxic component, i;
i
(C⋅t) is the concentration-time product, expressed in microlitres per litre times minutes, for the specific
i
exposure doses required to produce the toxicological effect.
When, as in this test method, the time values of 30 min numerically cancel, the FED becomes simply the ratio
of the average concentration of a gaseous toxicant to its LC value for the same exposure time. When the
50
FED is equal to 1, the mixture of gaseous toxicants should be lethal to 50 % of exposed animals.
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ISO 13344:2004(E)
5 Significance and use
5.1 This test method has been designed to provide data for use in the assessment of lethal toxic fire hazard
as a means for the evaluation of materials and products and to assist in their research and development.
The data are not, in themselves, an indication of toxic hazard or relative toxic hazard of a commercial product.
5.2 The method is used to predict the LC of fire effluents produced upon exposure of a material or
50
product to fire.
Experimental confirmation might be needed to determine whether the major gaseous toxicants can account
for the observed toxic effects as well as for the lethal toxic potency (see Annex A).
5.3 Predicted LC values determined in this test method are associated only with the physical fire model
50
used.
5.4 This test method does not attempt to address the toxicological significance of changes in
particulate/aerosol size, fire effluent transport, distribution or deposition, or changes in the concentration of
any fire effluent constituent as a function of time as may occur in a real fire.
5.5 The propensity for fire effluents from any material to have the same effects on humans as on rats in fire
situations can only be inferred to the extent that the biological system of the rat is correlated with the human
system.
5.6 This test method does not address any other acute sublethal effects of smoke, e.g., sensory and upper-
respiratory-tract irritation, reduced motor capability, heat or thermal radiation injury, etc.
5.7 This test method does not address the long-term lethal effects of smoke exposure or the lethal effects
of chronic exposures to smoke.
5.8 The FED values, L , estimated from this method differ from those obtained using the equations in
FED
ISO/TS 13571. The values obtained here are derived from rat lethality data. The FED values from
ISO/TS 13571 are derived from consensus estimates of the incapacitating effects of fire gases on people.
6 Apparatus
6.1 Physical fire model
6.1.1 The physical fire model, or laboratory combustion device, and the conditions under which it is
operated shall be chosen so as to have demonstrated relevance to one or more of the specific classes or
stages of fires identified and characterized in ISO/TS 19706.
6.1.2 When obtaining data on the effluent from the combustion of a commercial product or assembly, i.e.,
other than a homogeneous material, the configuration and condition of the test sample in the physical fire
model shall be relevant to the appropriate fire exposure of the commercial product or assembly.
6.1.3 Repeatability and inter-laboratory reproducibility of the physical fire model shall be demonstrated to be
within the uncertainty range for the FED calculations for irritant and asphyxiant gases in ISO/TS 13571.
6.1.4 The physical fire model shall be adaptable to analytical requirements.
6.2 Gas sampling
6.2.1 Continuous gas sampling shall be used to measure CO, CO and O levels.
2 2
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ISO 13344:2004(E)
6.2.2 The gas analysers shall have the following ranges, as a minimum:
carbon monoxide, 0 % to 1 % (0 µl/l to 10 000 µl/l);
carbon dioxide, 0 % to 10 %;
oxygen, 0 % to 21 %.
6.2.3 Other gas analyses (for example, for HCN, HCl, HBr, NO SO , acrolein, formaldehyde and other
,
x 2
chemical species) shall be performed, as appropriate to the chemical composition of the test sample and/or
expectation of potential combustion products, by a method of choice with guidance from ISO 19701.
7 Hazards
7.1 This test procedure involves combustion processes.
Therefore, hazards to operating personnel exist from inhalation of combustion products. To avoid accidental
leakage of toxic combustion products into the surrounding atmosphere, the entire exposure system shall be
placed in a laboratory fume hood or under a canopy hood.
7.2 The venting system shall be checked for proper operation before testing and shall discharge into an
exhaust system with adequate capacity.
7.3 Operating personnel have the responsibility to assure that they are in compliance with all pertinent
regulations regarding release and/or disposal of combustion products or gases.
8 Test samples
8.1 Test samples shall be prepared in accordance with the operating restrictions and conditions applicable
to the physical fire model used and with consideration of the end use of the finished product being examined.
8.2 Test samples shall be conditioned at an ambient temperature of 23 °C ± 3 °C (73 °F ± 5 °F) and relative
humidity of (50 ± 10) % for at least 24 h prior to testing or until constant weight is attained.
9 Calibration of the apparatus
9.1 Physical fire model calibrations shall be conducted in accordance with the applicable operating
methodology of the physical fire model.
9.2 Gas analyser calibrations shall be conducted at the beginning of each series of tests.
9.2.1 The gas analysers (for O , CO , and CO) shall be calibrated using nitrogen gas for “zeroing” and an
2 2
appropriate gas mixture close to, but less than, the analyser full-scale reading.
For all calibrations, the gas shall be set to flow at the same rate and pressure as the sample gas. For
calibration of the O analyser, ambient air (20,9 % O if the air is dry) shall be used, while for the CO and CO
2 2 2
analysers, bottled gases containing CO or CO at known concentration are required. A single mixture
2
containing both CO and CO may be used. During the cal
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