ISO 9098-1:2023
(Main)Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and tests — Part 1: Safety requirements
Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and tests — Part 1: Safety requirements
This document specifies requirements for the safety, strength and durability of bunk beds and high beds for domestic and non-domestic use. It applies to bunk beds and high beds with an internal length greater than 1 400 mm and a maximum bed base width of 1 200 mm, and with the upper surface of a bed base of 600 mm or more above the floor. Requirements for other products incorporated in a bunk bed/high bed, for example a table or storage furniture, are not included in this document. This document does not apply to bunk beds and high beds used for special purposes, including but not limited to prison, the military and fire brigades.
Lits superposés et lits hauts — Exigences de sécurité et essais — Partie 1: Exigences de sécurité
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9098-1
Second edition
2023-05
Bunk beds and high beds — Safety
requirements and tests —
Part 1:
Safety requirements
Lits superposés et lits hauts — Exigences de sécurité et essais —
Partie 1: Exigences de sécurité
Reference number
ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative reference .1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Safety requirements. 2
4.1 Construction . 2
4.1.1 General . 2
4.1.2 Accessible holes, gaps and openings . 4
4.1.3 Bed base(s) . 4
4.1.4 Safety barriers around upper beds . 6
4.1.5 Means of access . 7
4.1.6 Shear and squeeze points . 11
4.1.7 All other accessible holes, gaps or openings . 11
4.2 Strength of means of access: Attachment, deflection and strength. 11
4.3 Durability of frame and fastenings . 11
4.4 Stability (see A.5) . 11
4.5 Fastening of the upper bed to the lower bed .12
5 Product information .12
5.1 Marking . 12
5.2 Instructions for use .12
5.3 Purchase information . 13
Annex A (informative) Rationale .14
Annex B (informative) Forces, cycles, loads, heights for stability, strength and durability
tests of high beds and bunk beds .15
iii
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ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 136, Furniture.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9098-1:1994), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— modification of the title;
— specification of the scope;
— terms and definitions of high bed, tread, completely bound opening, partially bound opening, upper
bed, means of access, and handrail added;
— requirements for the materials improved;
— requirements for vertically protruding parts added;
— requirements for accessible holes, gaps and openings added;
— requirements for bed base(s) given in more detail;
— requirements for safety barriers around beds added;
— requirements for means of access added;
— requirements for shear and squeeze points added;
— requirements for platform and stairs added;
— requirements for all other accessible holes, gaps or openings added;
— requirements for strength of means of access: Attachment, deflection and strength added;
iv
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ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
— requirements for strength of frame and fastenings given in more detail;
— requirements for the stability given in more detail;
— requirements for the instructions for use given in more detail;
— requirements for the marking given in more detail;
— requirements for the purchase information added;
— addition of informative Annex A and informative Annex B.
A list of all parts in the ISO 9098 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and
tests —
Part 1:
Safety requirements
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for the safety, strength and durability of bunk beds and high
beds for domestic and non-domestic use.
It applies to bunk beds and high beds with an internal length greater than 1 400 mm and a maximum
bed base width of 1 200 mm, and with the upper surface of a bed base of 600 mm or more above the
floor.
Requirements for other products incorporated in a bunk bed/high bed, for example a table or storage
furniture, are not included in this document.
This document does not apply to bunk beds and high beds used for special purposes, including but not
limited to prison, the military and fire brigades.
2 Normative reference
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISO 9098-2:2023, Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and tests — Part 2: Test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bunk bed
set of components that can be assembled as two beds, one above the other, where the upper surface of
any bed base is 600 mm or more above floor
3.2
high bed
set of components that can be assembled as a bed, where the upper surface of the top bed base is
600 mm or more above the floor, irrespective of the use to which the space below is put
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/FDIS 9098-2:2022.
1
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ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
3.3
bed end structure
upright unit at the head and foot of the bed to which the side rails (3.6) are attached
3.4
bed base
support structure for a mattress
3.5
safety barrier
component intended to prevent an occupant from falling out of the upper bed (3.10) or the high bed (3.2)
3.6
side rail
longitudinal members attached to the bed end structure (3.3) by which the bed base (3.4) can be
supported
3.7
tread
structure intended as a foothold
3.8
completely bound opening
opening that is continuously surrounded
3.9
partially bound opening
opening that is partially surrounded
3.10
upper bed
bed for which the upper surface of its bed base is 600 mm or more above the floor
3.11
means of access
ladder(s) or stairs to facilitate access to and egress from the upper bed or an access platform
3.12
handrail
rail or another component intended to assist the user to balance
4 Safety requirements
4.1 Construction
4.1.1 General
When the bed is fully assembled, accessible edges and corners shall be rounded or chamfered and free
from burrs or sharp edges.
There shall be no open-ended tubes.
All assembly and pilot holes shall be made by the manufacturer.
There shall be no clothes hooks or similar items more than 600 mm from the floor.
If the lowest points of the vertically protruding parts are above 600 mm from the floor, they shall either:
a) have an uninterrupted minimum horizontal dimension of 300 mm without any other vertical
protrusion (see Figure 1 a), or
2
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
b) have an uninterrupted vertical dimension of at least 600 mm measured from the highest adjacent
part (see Figure 1 b), or
c) where the largest dimension is 50 mm or more (see Figure 1), have a maximum height at which a
line, drawn at 45° touches it, of not more than 5 mm above at least one adjacent/adjoining horizontal
component; the maximum vertical protrusion above that component shall not exceed 20 % of the
largest horizontal dimension of parts (see Figure 1 c), or
d) where the largest dimension is less than 50 mm, have a maximum height at which a line, drawn at
45° touches it, of not more than 5 mm above at least one adjacent/adjoining horizontal component;
the maximum vertical protrusion above that component shall not exceed 10 mm (see Figure 1) of
parts (see Figure 1 d).
It shall not be possible to dismantle the bed or its components without the use of a tool.
The dimensional requirements apply both before and after testing without re-tightening.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 vertically protruding part
2 highest adjacent part
w width of protruding part
H height of protruding part
v 45° angle to the horizontal
Figure 1 — Examples of a vertically protruding part
3
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ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
4.1.2 Accessible holes, gaps and openings
4.1.2.1 General
Accessible completely bound openings in rigid material shall be with a diameter/width less than 7 mm
or greater than 12 mm, unless the depth is less than 10 mm or unless the shape assessment probe enters
when tested according to 6.3.1 of ISO 9098-2:2023.
Additionally, accessible completely bound openings in safety barriers, bed bases and treads, shall fulfil
the requirements specified in the respective clauses, i.e. 4.1.3, 4.1.4 and 4.1.5.
4.1.2.2 Head entrapment on the outside of the bunk bed/high bed
The following requirements apply only to openings, where the lowest part is ≥ 600 mm from the floor.
Partially bound opening, V and irregular shaped openings shall be constructed so that:
a) portion B of the template shall not enter the opening to the full thickness of the template according
to 6.3.2 of ISO 9098-2:2023; or
b) the apex of portion A of the template shall contact the base of the opening when tested according to
6.3.2 of ISO 9098-2:2023.
4.1.3 Bed base(s)
4.1.3.1 Free space between bed bases in bunk beds
For bunk beds, the distance between the upper surface of the lower bed base and any part of the
underside of the upper bed base shall be at least 750 mm.
4.1.3.2 Gaps and openings (see A.2)
Gaps adjacent to the inner surfaces of the side and end rails (see Figure 2) shall be less than 25 mm.
For beds where the bed base is an independent component, which is fitted between the side and
end rails, the gap between the base and the side and end rails, shall be less than 25 mm when tested
according to 6.3.1 of ISO 9098-2:2023.
4
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ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
Key
1 bed frame (side and end rails)
2 bed base (slat)
3 gaps between bed base and bed frame
Figure 2 — Illustration of zone in which 25 mm gaps are not permitted
For beds, where the side and/or end rails are an integral part of the bed base, e.g. where slats are
mounted directly into the side and/or end rails, or where a slatted bed base is supported by a load
bearing component fixed to the side and/or end rails, all gaps directly adjacent to the side and end rails
shall be less than 25 mm. These designs shall be tested according to ISO 9098-2:2023, 6.3.1.
All gaps between bed base components, (e.g. slats, mesh) shall be less than 75 mm when measured in
accordance with ISO 9098-2:2023, 6.3.1.
4.1.3.3 Ventilation (see A.3)
The bed base(s) shall allow ventilation.
2
This requirement is fulfilled if there is a minimum ventilation area of 35 cm distributed across the
bed base (e.g. 8 holes with a diameter of 24 mm in a solid bed base, gaps between slats). The ventilation
shall be in more than one location. The openings shall fulfil the requirements in 4.1.2.
4.1.3.4 Structural integrity
The bed shall have a means (e.g. fastening) of preventing the side rails from bending outwards. This
requirement is fulfilled if the bed base or its elements do not break or become detached when tested
with the horizontal outwards force according to ISO 9098-2:2023, 6.4.2.1.
When tested in accordance with 6.4.2.2, 6.4.2.3 and 6.4.2.4 of ISO 9098-2:2023, the bed base(s) and/or
its elements shall not break or become detached.
The forces, height and the number of cycles shall be as specified in Annex B, Tables B.2 to B.4.
5
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ISO 9098-1:2023(E)
4.1.4 Safety barriers around upper beds
4.1.4.1 General requirements
Any upper bed shall be equipped with a continuous safety barrier all around the bed with the following
exceptions to facilitate access and egress:
— a single opening in the barrier leading directly to the means of access is permitted on the long side
of the bed or
— a single opening in the barrier leading directly to an access platform conforming to 4.1.5.5 is
permitted on any side of the bed.
When the bed is intended for use only in non-domestic settings, the structure of the building can act
as a safety barrier, provided that the bed is fastened to it according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
4.1.4.2 Dimensional requirements
The distance between the upper edge of the safety barriers and the upper surface of the bed base shall
be at least 260 mm.
The top of the mattress shall be at least 160 mm below the upper edge of the safety barriers. The
maximum thickness of the mattress shall be permanently marked (see 5.1 b)). The measurement shall
be made from the maximum mattress thickness mark (see Figure 3) to the upper edge of the safety
barriers.
With the exception of the upper corners of the safety barrier, which may end in a maximum radius of
85 mm, the opening for access in the safety barrier shall have a width between 300 mm and 400 mm
from the maximum mattress thickness mark (see 5.1 b)) to 160 mm above it (see Figure 3).
Dimension in millimetres
Key
1 safety barrier
2 maximum mattress thickness mark
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 9098-1
ISO/TC 136
Bunk beds and high beds — Safety
Secretariat: UNI
requirements and tests —
Voting begins on:
2023-02-02
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
Safety requirements
2023-03-30
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 9098-1
ISO/TC 136
Bunk beds and high beds — Safety
Secretariat: UNI
requirements and tests —
Voting begins on:
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
Safety requirements
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative reference .1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Safety requirements. 2
4.1 Construction . 2
4.1.1 General . 2
4.1.2 Accessible holes, gaps and openings . 4
4.1.3 Bed base(s) . 4
4.1.4 Safety barriers around upper beds . 6
4.1.5 Means of access . 7
4.1.6 Shear and squeeze points . 11
4.1.7 All other accessible holes, gaps or openings . 11
4.2 Strength of means of access: Attachment, deflection and strength. 11
4.3 Durability of frame and fastenings . 11
4.4 Stability (see A.5) . 11
4.5 Fastening of the upper bed to the lower bed .12
5 Product information .12
5.1 Marking . 12
5.2 Instructions for use .12
5.3 Purchase information . 13
Annex A (informative) Rationale .14
Annex B (informative) Forces, cycles, loads, heights for stability, strength and durability
tests of high beds and bunk beds .15
iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 136, Furniture.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9098-1:1994), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— Modification of the title;
— Specification of the scope;
— Terms and definitions of high bed, tread, completely bound opening, partially bound opening, upper
bed, means of access, and handrail added;
— Requirements for the materials improved;
— Requirements for vertically protruding parts added;
— Requirements for accessible holes, gaps and openings added;
— Requirements for bed base(s) given in more detail;
— Requirements for safety barriers around beds added;
— Requirements for means of access added;
— Requirements for shear and squeeze points added;
— Requirements for platform and stairs added;
— Requirements for all other accessible holes, gaps or openings added;
— Requirements for strength of means of access: Attachment, deflection and strength added;
iv
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
— Requirements for strength of frame and fastenings given in more detail;
— Requirements for the stability given in more detail;
— Requirements for the instructions for use given in more detail;
— Requirements for the marking given in more detail;
— Requirements for the purchase information added;
— Addition of informative Annex A and informative Annex B.
A list of all parts in the ISO 9098 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and
tests —
Part 1:
Safety requirements
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for the safety, strength and durability of bunk beds and high
beds for domestic and non-domestic use.
It applies to bunk beds and high beds with an internal length greater than 1 400 mm and a maximum
bed base width of 1 200 mm, and with the upper surface of a bed base of 600 mm or more above the
floor.
Requirements for other products incorporated in a bunk bed/high bed, for example a table or storage
furniture, are not included in this document.
This document does not apply to bunk beds and high beds used for special purposes, including but not
limited to prison, the military and fire brigades.
2 Normative reference
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1)
ISO 9098-2:—, Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and tests — Part 2: Test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bunk bed
set of components that can be assembled as two beds, one above the other, where the upper surface of
any bed base is 600 mm or more above floor
3.2
high bed
set of components that can be assembled as a bed, where the upper surface of the top bed base is
600 mm or more above the floor, irrespective of the use to which the space below is put
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/FDIS 9098-2:2022.
1
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---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
3.3
bed end structure
upright unit at the head and foot of the bed to which the side rails (3.6) are attached
3.4
bed base
support structure for a mattress
3.5
safety barrier
component intended to prevent an occupant from falling out of the upper bed (3.10) or the high bed (3.2)
3.6
side rail
longitudinal members attached to the bed end structure (3.3) by which the bed base (3.4) can be
supported
3.7
tread
structure intended as a foothold
3.8
completely bound opening
opening that is continuously surrounded
3.9
partially bound opening
opening that is partially surrounded
3.10
upper bed
bed for which the upper surface of its bed base is 600 mm or more above the floor
3.11
means of access
ladder(s) or stairs to facilitate access to and egress from the upper bed or an access platform
3.12
handrail
rail or another component intended to assist the user to balance
4 Safety requirements
4.1 Construction
4.1.1 General
When the bed is fully assembled, accessible edges and corners shall be rounded or chamfered and free
from burrs or sharp edges.
There shall be no open-ended tubes.
All assembly and pilot holes shall be made by the manufacturer.
There shall be no clothes hooks or similar items more than 600 mm from the floor.
If the lowest points of the vertically protruding parts are above 600 mm from the floor, they shall either:
a) have an uninterrupted minimum horizontal dimension of 300 mm without any other vertical
protrusion (see Figure 1 a), or
2
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
b) have an uninterrupted vertical dimension of at least 600 mm measured from the highest adjacent
part (see Figure 1 b), or
c) where the largest dimension is 50 mm or more (see Figure 1), have a maximum height at which a
line, drawn at 45° touches it, of not more than 5 mm above at least one adjacent/adjoining horizontal
component; the maximum vertical protrusion above that component shall not exceed 20 % of the
largest horizontal dimension of parts (see Figure 1 c), or
d) where the largest dimension is less than 50 mm, have a maximum height at which a line, drawn at
45° touches it, of not more than 5 mm above at least one adjacent/adjoining horizontal component;
the maximum vertical protrusion above that component shall not exceed 10 mm (see Figure 1) of
parts (see Figure 1 d).
It shall not be possible to dismantle the bed or its components without the use of a tool.
The dimensional requirements apply both before and after testing without re-tightening.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 vertically protruding part
2 highest adjacent part
w width of protruding part
H height of protruding part
v 45° angle to the horizontal
Figure 1 — Examples of a vertically protruding part
3
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---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
4.1.2 Accessible holes, gaps and openings
4.1.2.1 General
Accessible completely bound openings in rigid material shall be with a diameter/width less than 7 mm
or greater than 12 mm, unless the depth is less than 10 mm or unless the shape assessment probe enters
when tested according to 6.3.1 of ISO 9098-2:—.
Additionally, accessible completely bound openings in safety barriers, bed bases and treads, shall fulfil
the requirements specified in the respective clauses, i.e. 4.1.3, 4.1.4 and 4.1.5.
4.1.2.2 Head entrapment on the outside of the bunk bed/high bed
The following requirements apply only to openings, where the lowest part is ≥ 600 mm from the floor.
Partially bound opening, V and irregular shaped openings shall be constructed so that:
a) portion B of the template shall not enter the opening to the full thickness of the template according
to 6.3.2 of ISO 9098-2:—; or
b) the apex of portion A of the template shall contact the base of the opening when tested according to
6.3.2 of ISO 9098-2:—.
4.1.3 Bed base(s)
4.1.3.1 Free space between bed bases in bunk beds
For bunk beds, the distance between the upper surface of the lower bed base and any part of the
underside of the upper bed base shall be at least 750 mm.
4.1.3.2 Gaps and openings (see A.2)
Gaps adjacent to the inner surfaces of the side and end rails (see Figure 2) shall be less than 25 mm.
For beds where the bed base is an independent component, which is fitted between the side and
end rails, the gap between the base and the side and end rails, shall be less than 25 mm when tested
according to 6.3.1 of ISO 9098-2:—.
4
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
Key
1 bed frame (side and end rails)
2 bed base (slat)
3 gaps between bed base and bed frame
Figure 2 — Illustration of zone in which 25 mm gaps are not permitted
For beds, where the side and/or end rails are an integral part of the bed base, e.g. where slats are
mounted directly into the side and/or end rails, or where a slatted bed base is supported by a load
bearing component fixed to the side and/or end rails, all gaps directly adjacent to the side and end rails
shall be less than 25 mm. These designs shall be tested according to ISO 9098-2:—, 6.3.1.
All gaps between bed base components, (e.g. slats, mesh) shall be less than 75 mm when measured in
accordance with ISO 9098-2:—, 6.3.1.
4.1.3.3 Ventilation (see A.3)
The bed base(s) shall allow ventilation.
2
This requirement is fulfilled if there is a minimum ventilation area of 35 cm distributed across the
bed base (e.g. 8 holes with a diameter of 24 mm in a solid bed base, gaps between slats). The ventilation
shall be in more than one location. The openings shall fulfil the requirements in 4.1.2.
4.1.3.4 Structural integrity
The bed shall have a means (e.g. fastening) of preventing the side rails from bending outwards. This
requirement is fulfilled if the bed base or its elements do not break or become detached when tested
with the horizontal outwards force according to ISO 9098-2:—, 6.4.2.1.
When tested in accordance with 6.4.2.2, 6.4.2.3 and 6.4.2.4 of ISO 9098-2:—, the bed base(s) and/or its
elements shall not break or become detached.
The forces, height and the number of cycles shall be as specified in Annex B, Tables B.2 to B.4.
5
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2023(E)
4.1.4 Safety barriers around upper beds
4.1.4.1 General requirements
Any upper bed shall be equipped with a continuous safety barrier all around the bed with the following
exceptions to facilitate access and egress:
— a single opening in the barrier leading directly to the means of access is permitted on the long side
of the bed or
— a single opening in the barrier leading directly to an access platform conforming to 4.1.5.5 is
permitted on any side of the bed
When the bed is intended for use only in non-domestic settings, the structure of the building can act
as a safety barrier, provided that the bed is fastened to it according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
4.1.4.2 Dimensional requirements
The distance between the upper edge of the safety barriers and the upper surface of the bed base shall
be at least 260 mm.
The top of the mattress shall be at least 160
...
ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2022(E)
ISO/TC 136
Secretariat: UNI
Date: 2022-12-192023-01-18
Second edition
Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and tests —
Part 1:
Safety requirements
FDIS stage
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
© ISO 20222023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can
be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
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Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
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Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
Contents
Foreword . iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative reference . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Safety requirements . 2
4.1 Construction . 2
4.1.1 General . 2
4.1.2 Accessible holes, gaps and openings . 4
4.1.3 Bed base(s) . 5
4.1.4 Safety barriers around upper beds . 6
4.1.5 Means of access . 8
4.1.6 Shear and squeeze points . 12
4.1.7 All other accessible holes, gaps or openings . 13
4.2 Strength of means of access: Attachment, deflection and strength . 13
4.3 Durability of frame and fastenings . 13
4.4 Stability (see A.5) . 13
4.5 Fastening of the upper bed to the lower bed . 13
5 Product information . 14
5.1 Marking . 14
5.2 Instructions for use . 15
5.3 Purchase information . 16
Annex A (informative) Rationale . 17
Annex B (informative) Forces, cycles, loads, heights for stability, strength and durability tests of high
beds and bunk beds . 18
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 136, Furniture.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9098-1:1994), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— Modification of the title;
— Specification of the scope;
— Terms and definitions of high bed, tread, completely bound opening, partially bound opening, upper
bed, means of access, and handrail added;
— Requirements for the materials improved;
— Requirements for vertically protruding parts added;
— Requirements for accessible holes, gaps and openings added;
— Requirements for bed base(s) given in more detail;
— Requirements for safety barriers around beds added;
— Requirements for means of access added;
— Requirements for shear and squeeze points added;
— Requirements for platform and stairs added;
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
— Requirements for all other accessible holes, gaps or openings added;
— Requirements for strength of means of access: Attachment, deflection and strength added;
— Requirements for strength of frame and fastenings given in more detail;
— Requirements for the stability given in more detail;
— Requirements for the instructions for use given in more detail;
— Requirements for the marking given in more detail;
— Requirements for the purchase information added;
— Addition of informative Annex AAnnex A and informative Annex BAnnex B.
A list of all parts in the ISO 9098 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
Field Code Changed
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 9098-1:2022(E)
Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and tests —
—
Part 1:
Safety requirements
1. Scope
This document specifies requirements for the safety, strength and durability of bunk beds and high beds
for domestic and non-domestic use.
It applies to bunk beds and high beds with an internal length greater than 1 400 mm and a maximum bed
base width of 1 200 mm, and with the upper surface of a bed base of 600 mm or more above the floor.
Requirements for other products incorporated in a bunk bed/high bed, for example a table or storage
furniture, are not included in this document.
This document does not apply to bunk beds and high beds used for special purposes, including but not
limited to prison, the military and fire brigades.
2. Normative reference
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1
ISO 9098--2:—:—, , Bunk beds and high beds — Safety requirements and tests — Part 2: Test methods
3. Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
bunk bed
set of components that can be assembled as two beds, one above the other, where the upper surface of
any bed base is 600 mm or more above floor
3.2
high bed
set of components that can be assembled as a bed, where the upper surface of the top bed base is 600 mm
or more above the floor, irrespective of the use to which the space below is put
3.3
bed end structure
upright unit at the head and foot of the bed to which the side rails (3.6(3.6)) are attached
1
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/FDIS 9098-2:2022.
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
3.4
bed base
support structure for a mattress
3.5
safety barrier
component intended to prevent an occupant from falling out of the upper bed (3.10(3.10)) or the high bed
(3.2(3.2))
3.6
side rail
longitudinal members attached to the bed end structure (3.3(3.3)) by which the bed base (3.4(3.4)) can
be supported
3.7
tread
structure intended as a foothold
3.8
completely bound opening
opening that is continuously surrounded
3.9
partially bound opening
opening that is partially surrounded
3.10
upper bed
bed for which the upper surface of its bed base is 600 mm or more above the floor
3.11
means of access
ladder(s) or stairs to facilitate access to and egress from the upper bed or an access platform
3.12
handrail
rail or another component intended to assist the user to balance
4. Safety requirements
1. Construction
1. General
When the bed is fully assembled, accessible edges and corners shall be rounded or chamfered and free
from burrs or sharp edges.
There shall be no open-ended tubes.
All assembly and pilot holes shall be made by the manufacturer.
There shall be no clothes hooks or similar items more than 600 mm from the floor.
If the lowest points of the vertically protruding parts are above 600 mm from the floor, they shall either:
1. a) have an uninterrupted minimum horizontal dimension of 300 mm without any other
vertical protrusion (see Figure 1Figure 1 a), or
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
2. b) have an uninterrupted vertical dimension of at least 600 mm measured from the highest
adjacent part (see Figure 1Figure 1 b), or
3. c) where the largest dimension is 50 mm or more (see Figure 1Figure 1),), have a maximum
height at which a line, drawn at 45° touches it, of not more than 5 mm above at least one
adjacent/adjoining horizontal component; the maximum vertical protrusion above that
component shall not exceed 20 % of the largest horizontal dimension of parts (see
Figure 1Figure 1 c), or
4. d) where the largest dimension is less than 50 mm, have a maximum height at which a line,
drawn at 45° touches it, of not more than 5 mm above at least one adjacent/adjoining horizontal
component; the maximum vertical protrusion above that component shall not exceed 10 mm (see
Figure 1Figure 1)) of parts (see Figure 1Figure 1 d).
It shall not be possible to dismantle the bed or its components without the use of a tool.
The dimensional requirements apply both before and after testing without re-tightening.
Dimensions in millimetres
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
Key
1 vertically protruding part
2 highest adjacent part
w width of protruding part
H height of protruding part
v 45° angle to the horizontal
Figure 1 — Examples of a vertically protruding part
1. Accessible holes, gaps and openings
1. General
Accessible completely bound openings in rigid material shall be with a diameter/width less than 7 mm
or greater than 12 mm, unless the depth is less than 10 mm or unless the shape assessment probe enters
when tested according to 6.3.1 of ISO 9098-2:202X.:—.
Additionally, accessible completely bound openings in safety barriers, bed bases and treads, shall fulfil
the requirements specified in the respective clauses, i.e. 4.1.34.1.3, 4.1.4, 4.1.4 and 4.1.54.1.5.
2. Head entrapment on the outside of the bunk bed/high bed
The following requirements apply only to openings, where the lowest part is ≥ 600 mm from the floor.
Partially bound opening, V and irregular shaped openings shall be constructed so that:
1. a) portion B of the template shall not enter the opening to the full thickness of the template
according to 6.3.2 of ISO 9098-2:202X;:—; or
2. b) the apex of portion A of the template shall contact the base of the opening when tested
according to 6.3.2 of ISO 9098-2:202X.:—.
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
1. Bed base(s)
1. Free space between bed bases in bunk beds
For bunk beds, the distance between the upper surface of the lower bed base and any part of the
underside of the upper bed base shall be at least 750 mm.
2. Gaps and openings (see A.2A.2))
Gaps adjacent to the inner surfaces of the side and end rails (see Figure 2Figure 2)) shall be less than
25 mm.
For beds where the bed base is an independent component, which is fitted between the side and end rails,
the gap between the base and the side and end rails, shall be less than 25 mm when tested according to
6.3.1 of ISO 9098-2:202X.:—.
Key
1 bed frame (side and end rails)
2 bed base (slat)
3 gaps between bed base and bed frame
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
Figure 2 — Illustration of zone in which 25 mm gaps are not permitted
For beds, where the side and/or end rails are an integral part of the bed base, e.g. where slats are mounted
directly into the side and/or end rails, or where a slatted bed base is supported by a load bearing
component fixed to the side and/or end rails, all gaps directly adjacent to the side and end rails shall be
less than 25 mm. These designs shall be tested according to 6.3.1 of ISO 9098-2:202X:—, 6.3.1.
All gaps between bed base components, (e.g. slats, mesh) shall be less than 75 mm when measured in
accordance with 6.3.1 of ISO 9098-2:202X:—, 6.3.1.
3. Ventilation (see A.3A.3))
The bed base(s) shall allow ventilation.
2
This requirement is fulfilled if there is a minimum ventilation area of 35 cm distributed across the bed
base (e.g. 8 holes with a diameter of 24 mm in a solid bed base, gaps between slats). The ventilation shall
be in more than one location. The openings shall fulfil the requirements in 4.1.24.1.2.
4. Structural integrity
The bed shall have a means (e.g. fastening) of preventing the side rails from bending outwards. This
requirement is fulfilled if the bed base or its elements do not break or become detached when tested with
the horizontal outwards force according to 6.4.2.1 of ISO 9098-2:202X:—, 6.4.2.1.
When tested in accordance with 6.4.2.2, 6.4.2.3 and 6.4.2.4 of ISO 9098-2:202X,:—, the bed base(s) and/or
its elements shall not break or become detached.
The forces, height and the number of cycles shall be as specified in Annex BAnnex B, Tables B.2, Tables B.2
to B.4B.4.
2. Safety barriers around upper beds
1. General requirements
Any upper bed shall be equipped with a continuous safety barrier all around the bed with the following
exceptions to facilitate access and egress:
— a single opening in the barrier leading directly to the means of access is permitted on the long side of
the bed or
— a single opening in the barrier leading directly to an access platform conforming to 4.1.5.54.1.5.5 is
permitted on any side of the bed
When the bed is intended for use only in non-domestic settings, the structure of the building can act as a
safety barrier, provided that the bed is fastened to it according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
2. Dimensional requirements
The distance between the upper edge of the safety barriers and the upper surface of the bed base shall be
at least 260 mm.
The top of the mattress shall be at least 160 mm below the upper edge of the safety barriers. The
maximum thickness of the mattress shall be permanently marked (see 5.15.1 b)). The measurement shall
be made from the maximum mattress thickness mark (see Figure 3Figure 3)) to the upper edge of the
safety barriers.
With the exception of the upper corners of the safety barrier, which may end in a maximum radius of
85 mm, the opening for access in the safety barrier shall have a width between 300 mm and 400 mm from
the maximum mattress thickness mark (see 5.15.1 b)) to 160 mm above it (see Figure 3Figure 3).).
Dimension in millimetres
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ISO/FDIS 9098-1:20222023(E)
Key
1 safety barrier
2 maximum mattress thickness mark
Figure 3 — Opening in the top safety barrier – Example
With the exception of the means of access, the horizontal distance between the outside of the top safety
barrier and the vertical projection of the outermost point of the legs/posts/panels (a), shall not exceed
55 mm or shall be more than 230 mm (see Figure 4Figure 4).).
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...
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