ISO 13822:2010
(Main)Bases for design of structures — Assessment of existing structures
Bases for design of structures — Assessment of existing structures
ISO 13822:2010 provides general requirements and procedures for the assessment of existing structures (buildings, bridges, industrial structures, etc.) based on the principles of structural reliability and consequences of failure. It is based on ISO 2394. ISO 13822:2010 is applicable to the assessment of any type of existing structure that was originally designed, analysed and specified based on accepted engineering principles and/or design rules, as well as structures constructed on the basis of good workmanship, historic experience and accepted professional practice. The assessment can be initiated under the following circumstances: an anticipated change in use or extension of design working life; a reliability check (e.g. for earthquakes, increased traffic actions) as required by authorities, insurance companies, owners, etc.; structural deterioration due to time-dependent actions (e.g. corrosion, fatigue); structural damage by accidental actions (see ISO 2394). ISO 13822:2010 is also applicable to heritage structures provided additional considerations shown in Annex I are taken into account. ISO 13822:2010 is applicable to existing structures of any material, although specific adaptation can be required depending on the type of material, such as concrete, steel, timber, masonry, etc. ISO 13822:2010 provides principles regarding actions and environmental influences. Further detailed considerations are necessary for accidental actions such as fire and earthquake. ISO 13822:2010 is intended to serve as a basis for preparing national standards or codes of practice in accordance with current engineering practice and the economic conditions.
Bases du calcul des constructions — Évaluation des constructions existantes
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13822
Second edition
2010-08-01
Bases for design of structures —
Assessment of existing structures
Bases du calcul des constructions — Évaluation des constructions
existantes
Reference number
ISO 13822:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 General framework of assessment.3
4.1 Objectives .3
4.2 Procedure.4
4.3 Specification of the assessment objectives.5
4.4 Scenario.5
4.5 Preliminary assessment .5
4.6 Detailed assessment.6
4.7 Results of assessment.7
5 Data for assessment .7
5.1 General .7
5.2 Actions and environmental influences .7
5.3 Material properties .8
5.4 Properties of the structure .8
5.5 Dimensions .8
6 Structural analysis .9
6.1 Models .9
6.2 Limit states.9
6.3 Basic variables .9
6.4 Model uncertainties.9
6.5 Conversion factors.9
6.6 Uncertainty about the condition of components .9
6.7 Deterioration models.9
7 Verification .10
7.1 Bases .10
7.2 Reliability assessment.10
7.3 Limit states.10
7.4 Plausibility check .10
7.5 Target reliability level.10
8 Assessment based on satisfactory past performance.10
8.1 Assessment of safety.10
8.2 Assessment of serviceability .11
9 Interventions .11
10 Report .11
10.1 General .11
10.2 Conclusions .11
10.3 Sufficient reliability .11
10.4 Insufficient reliability.12
10.5 Recommendations for interventions.12
10.6 Inspection and maintenance plan.12
10.7 Documented information.12
10.8 Reporting style .12
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
11 Judgement and decision.12
11.1 Decision .12
Annex A (informative) Hierarchy of terms .13
Annex B (informative) Flowchart for the general assessment of existing structures .14
Annex C (informative) Updating of measured quantities.15
Annex D (informative) Testing for static and dynamic properties of structures .21
Annex E (informative) Assessment of time-dependent reliability.24
Annex F (informative) Target reliability level.28
Annex G (informative) Test report format.30
Annex H (informative) Design of upgrading .33
Annex I (informative) Heritage structures.35
Bibliography .44
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 13822 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 98, Bases for design of structures, Subcommittee
SC 2, Reliability of structures.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13822:2001), which has been technically
revised, including the addition of a new Annex I, the associated change to the Foreword and with some minor
editorial changes.
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
Introduction
The continued use of existing structures is of great importance because the built environment is a huge
economic and political asset, growing larger every year. The assessment of existing structures is now a major
engineering task. The structural engineer is increasingly called upon to devise ways for extending the life of
structures whilst observing tight cost constraints. The establishment of principles for the assessment of
existing structures is required because it is based on an approach that is substantially different from design of
new structures and requires knowledge beyond the scope of design codes. This document is intended not
only as a statement of principals and procedures for the assessment of existing structures but also as a guide
for use by structural engineers and clients. Engineers can apply specific methods for assessment in order to
save structures and to reduce a client's expenditure. The ultimate goal is to limit construction intervention to a
strict minimum, a goal that is clearly in agreement with the principles of sustainable development.
The basis for the reliability assessment is contained in the performance requirements for safety and
serviceability of ISO 2394. Economic, social and sustainability considerations, however, result in a greater
differentiation in structural reliability for the assessment of existing structures than for the design of new
structures.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13822:2010(E)
Bases for design of structures — Assessment of existing
structures
1 Scope
This International Standard provides general requirements and procedures for the assessment of existing
structures (buildings, bridges, industrial structures, etc.) based on the principles of structural reliability and
consequences of failure. It is based on ISO 2394.
It is applicable to the assessment of any type of existing structure that was originally designed, analysed and
specified based on accepted engineering principles and/or design rules, as well as structures constructed on
the basis of good workmanship, historic experience and accepted professional practice. The assessment can
be initiated under the following circumstances:
⎯ an anticipated change in use or extension of design working life;
⎯ a reliability check (e.g. for earthquakes, increased traffic actions) as required by authorities, insurance
companies, owners, etc.;
⎯ structural deterioration due to time-dependent actions (e.g. corrosion, fatigue);
⎯ structural damage by accidental actions (see ISO 2394).
This International Standard is also applicable to heritage structures provided additional considerations shown
in Annex I are taken into account.
This International Standard is applicable to existing structures of any material, although specific adaptation
can be required depending on the type of material, such as concrete, steel, timber, masonry, etc.
This International Standard provides principles regarding actions and environmental influences. Further
detailed considerations are necessary for accidental actions such as fire and earthquake.
NOTE Fire resistance requires properties different from those for structural safety and integrity. Also fire hazards can
be created by change in use. Special requirements are necessary for seismic hazards taking the dynamic action and
structural response into account.
This International Standard is intended to serve as a basis for preparing national standards or codes of
practice in accordance with current engineering practice and the economic conditions.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2394:1998, General principles on reliability for structures
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2394 and the following apply.
NOTE See also Annex A.
3.1
assessment
set of activities performed in order to verify the reliability of an existing structure for future use
3.2
damage
unfavourable change in the condition of a structure that can affect structural performance
3.3
deterioration
process that adversely affects the structural performance, including reliability over time due to
⎯ naturally occurring chemical, physical or biological actions,
⎯ repeated action such as those causing fatigue
⎯ normal or severe environmental influences
⎯ wear due to use, or
⎯ improper operation and maintenance of the structure.
3.4
deterioration model
mathematical model that describes structural performance as a function of time, taking deterioration into
account
3.5
inspection
on-site non-destructive examination to establish the present condition of the structure
3.6
investigation
collection and evaluation of information through inspection, document search, load testing and other testing
3.7
load testing
test of the structure or part thereof by loading to evaluate its behaviour or properties, or to predict its load
bearing capacity
3.8
maintenance
routine intervention to preserve appropriate structural performance
3.9
material properties
mechanical, physical or chemical properties of structural materials
3.10
monitoring
frequent or continuous, normally long-term, observation or measurement of structural conditions or actions
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
3.11
reference period
chosen period of time which is used as a basis for assessing values of variable actions, time-dependent
material properties, etc.
NOTE The remaining working life or the minimum standard period for safety of an existing structure can be taken as
a reference period (see Annex F).
3.12
rehabilitation
work required to repair, and possibly upgrade, an existing structure
3.13
remaining working life
period for which an existing structure is intended/expected to operate with planned maintenance
3.14
repair, verb
improve the condition of a structure by restoring or replacing existing components that have
been damaged.
3.15
safety plan
plan specifying the performance objectives, the scenarios to be considered for the structure, and all present
and future measures (design, construction, or operation such as monitoring) to ensure the safety of the
structure
3.16
structural performance
qualitative or quantitative representation of the behaviour of a structure (e.g. load bearing capacity, stiffness)
in terms of its safety and serviceability
3.17
target reliability level
level of reliability required to ensure acceptable safety and serviceability
3.18
upgrading
modifications to an existing structure to improve its structural performance
3.19
utilization plan
plan containing the intended use (or uses) of the structure, and listing the operational conditions of the
structure including maintenance requirements, and the corresponding performance requirements
4 General framework of assessment
4.1 Objectives
The objective of the assessment of an existing structure in terms of its required future structural performance
shall be specified in consultation with the client (the owner, the authority, insurance companies, etc.) based on
the following performance levels:
a) safety performance level, which provides appropriate safety for the users of the structure;
b) continued function performance level, which provides continued function for special structures such as
hospitals, communication buildings or key bridges in the event of an earthquake, impact, or other
foreseen hazard;
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
c) special performance requirements of the client related to property protection (economic loss) or
serviceability. The level of this performance is generally based on life cycle cost and special functional
requirements.
4.2 Procedure
The procedure depends on the assessment objectives (see 4.1), and on specific circumstances (e.g. the
availability of the design documents, the observation of damage, the use of the structure). A site visit is
recommended prior to initiating the procedure.
The assessment is carried out taking into account the actual conditions of the structures (see the flowchart in
Annex B) and is composed in general of steps a) to f):
a) specification of the assessment objectives;
b) scenarios;
c) preliminary assessment:
1) study of documents and other evidence,
2) preliminary inspection,
3) preliminary checks,
4) decisions on immediate actions,
5) recommendation for detailed assessment;
d) detailed assessment:
1) detailed documentary search and review,
2) detailed inspection and material testing,
3) determination of actions,
4) determination of properties of the structures,
5) structural analysis,
6) verification;
e) results of assessment:
1) report,
2) conceptual design of construction interventions,
3) control of risk;
f) repetition of the sequence if necessary.
The procedure outlined above may be applied to both the assessment of one specific structure and the
assessment of a group of structures.
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
4.3 Specification of the assessment objectives
At the outset, the objective of the assessment of the structure shall be clearly specified in terms of its future
performance in an agreement between the client, the authorities when relevant and the assessing engineer
(see 4.1). The required future performance shall be specified in the utilization plan and safety plan.
4.4 Scenario
Scenarios related to a change in structural conditions or actions should be specified in the safety plan in order
to identify possible critical situations for the structure. Each scenario is characterized by a predominant
process or action and, where appropriate, by one or more accompanying processes or actions. The
identification of scenarios represents the basis for the assessment and design of interventions to be taken to
ensure structural safety and serviceability.
4.5 Preliminary assessment
4.5.1 Study of documents and other evidence
Design and inspection documents contain important information that is necessary for a thorough assessment
of an existing structure. It shall be verified that the documents are correct and, in that context, they are
updated to include information of any previous intervention to the structure. Other evidence, such as the
occurrence of significant environmental or seismic actions, large actions, changes in soil conditions, corrosion,
and misuse of the structure, shall be recorded and documented.
4.5.2 Preliminary inspection
The aim of a preliminary inspection is to identify the structural system and possible damage of the structure by
visual observation with simple tools. The information collected is related to aspects such as surface
characteristics, visible deformations, cracks, spalling, corrosion, etc. The results of the preliminary inspection
are expressed in terms of a qualitative grading of structural conditions (e.g. none, minor, moderate, severe,
destructive, unknown) for possible damage.
4.5.3 Preliminary checks
The purpose of the preliminary checks is to identify the critical deficiencies related to the future safety and
serviceability of the structure with a view to focussing resources on these aspects in subsequent assessment.
Based on these results, it is then judged whether or not a further investigation is necessary.
4.5.4 Decisions on immediate actions
When the preliminary inspections and/or checks clearly indicate that the structure is in a potentially dangerous
condition, it is necessary to report to the client that interventions should be taken immediately to reduce the
danger with respect to public safety. If there is uncertainty, the critical deficiencies should be assessed
immediately and actions taken, if necessary.
4.5.5 Recommendations for detailed assessment
The preliminary checks may clearly show the specific deficiencies of the structure, or that the structure is
reliable for its intended use over the remaining working life, in which case a detailed assessment is not
required. Where there is uncertainty in the actions, action effects or properties of the structure, a detailed
assessment should be recommended in accordance with 4.6.
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
4.6 Detailed assessment
4.6.1 Detailed documentary search and review
The following documents, if available, should be reviewed:
⎯ drawings, specifications, structural calculations, construction records, inspection and maintenance
records, details of modifications;
⎯ regulations and by-laws, codes of practice and standards that were used for constructing the structure;
⎯ topography, subsoil conditions, groundwater level at the site.
4.6.2 Detailed inspection and material testing
The details and dimensions of the structure as well as characteristic values of material properties can be
obtained from design documents, provided that the documents exist and that there is no reason for doubt. In
case of any doubts, details and dimensions of components and properties of materials assumed for the
analysis shall be determined from a detailed inspection and material testing. The planning of such an
inspection is based on information that is already available. The detailed quantitative inspection results in a
set of updated values or distributions for certain relevant parameters that affect the properties of the structure
(see Annex C).
4.6.3 Determination of action
Actions and in particular environmental actions on structures shall be determined by analysis in accordance
with ISO 2394, taking into account provisions laid down in the safety plan and utilisation plan.
4.6.4 Determination of properties of the structures
Testing of the structure is used to measure its properties and/or to predict a load bearing capacity when other
approaches such as detailed structural analysis or inspection alone do not provide clear indication or have
failed to demonstrate adequate structural reliability (see Annex D).
4.6.5 Structural analysis
Structural analysis in accordance with ISO 2394 shall be carried out to determine the effects of the actions on
the structure. The capacity of structural components to resist action effects shall also be determined. The
deterioration of an existing structure shall be taken into consideration. When deterioration of an existing
structure is observed, the reliability assessment of the structure becomes a time-dependent deterioration
problem as described in ISO 2394, and an appropriate analysis method shall be used. In the case of
deteriorated structures, it is essential to understand the causes for the observed damage or malfunction.
Some examples of appropriate analysis methods to assess time-dependent reliability can be found in Annex E.
NOTE For deterioration, it is often more practical to use service-life predictors (such as S-N curves for fatigue or
time-to spalling models for corrosion of reinforcement) based on test data.
4.6.6 Verification
The verification of an existing structure should normally be carried out to ensure a target reliability level that
represents the required level of structural performance (see 4.1 and Annex F). Current codes or codes
equivalent to ISO 2394 that have produced sufficient reliability over a long period of application may be used.
Former codes that were valid at the time of construction of an existing structure should be used as informative
documents. Alternatively, verification may be based on satisfactory past performance (see Clause 8).
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ISO 13822:2010(E)
4.7 Results of assessment
4.7.1 Report
The results of assessment shall be documented in a report (see Annex G for example).
4.7.2 Conceptual design of construction interventions
If the structural safety or serviceability is shown to be inadequate, the results of the assessment should be
used to recommend construction interventions for repair, rehabilitation or upgrading of the structure to perform
in accordance with the objective of the assessment for its remaining working life (see Annex H).
4.7.3 Control of risk
An alternative approach to construction interventions, which may be appropriate in some circumstances, is to
control or modify the risk. Various measures to control the risk environment include imposing load restrictions,
altering aspects of the use of the structure, and implementing some form of in-service monitoring and control
regime.
5 Data for assessment
5.1 General
Data for assessment should be related to the material properties, str
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