ISO 19984-2:2017
(Main)Rubber and rubber products — Determination of biobased content — Part 2: Biobased carbon content
Rubber and rubber products — Determination of biobased content — Part 2: Biobased carbon content
ISO 19984-2:2017 specifies measuring methods for the determination of biobased carbon contents in rubber and rubber products, including polyurethanes. The methods focus on carbon atoms in rubber or rubber products, and determine whether the carbon-containing component is biobased or not judging from the concentration of 14C, radiocarbon isotope. ISO 19984-2:2017 applies to rubber and rubber products such as raw materials, materials and final products.
Élastomères et produits à base d'élastomères — Détermination de la teneur en composés biosourcés — Partie 2: Teneur en carbone biosourcé
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19984-2
First edition
2017-08
Rubber and rubber products —
Determination of biobased content —
Part 2:
Biobased carbon content
Élastomères et produits à base d’élastomères — Détermination de la
teneur en composés biosourcés —
Partie 2: Teneur en carbone biosourcé
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Sampling . 3
6 Measuring method of biobased carbon content by determination of C content for
rubber products and raw materials . 3
6.1 General . 3
6.2 Sample preparation and two methods to determine C concentration . 4
6.3 Calculation of the biobased carbon content . 4
6.3.1 General. 4
6.3.2 Correction factor . 4
TC
6.3.3 Calculation of χ , the biobased carbon content by Method A (AMS) . 5
B
TC
6.3.4 Calculation of χ , the biobased carbon content by Method B (LSC) . 5
B
6.3.5 Examples . 5
7 Precision . 6
8 Test report . 6
Annex A (normative) Method A — Determination by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) .7
Annex B (normative) Method B — Determination by liquid scintillation counter (LSC).10
Annex C (informative) Examples of the determination of biobased carbon content for
rubber and rubber products .13
Annex D (informative) Determination of the biobased carbon content of a tyre .15
Annex E (informative) Precision results from an interlaboratory test programme .18
Bibliography .20
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
Subcommittee SC 2, Testing and analysis.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19984 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The use of biomass materials in rubber compounds helps to decrease the rubber industry’s dependence
on fossil resources. It is also expected to lead to a reduction of carbon dioxide emission, reducing global
warming and promoting a sustainable global environment.
In the ISO 19984 series, biomass is the term used for the biological material from living or recently
living organisms such as wood and agricultural waste materials.
Industrial scale biomass is now readily being grown from numerous types of plants sources and a variety
of tree species. Biomass nowadays also includes plant or animal matter used for the production of fibres
or chemicals. It may also include biodegradable wastes. Biomass excludes organic materials which have
been transformed by geological processes into substances, such as petroleum or coal. Although fossil
fuels have their origin in ancient biomass, they are not considered biomass by the generally accepted
definition because they contain carbon that has been “out” of the modern carbon cycle.
The composition of biomass is mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen and small quantities of
other elements can also be found.
The ISO 19984 series specifies methods for the determination of the biobased content of rubber and
rubber products. The results will give manufacturers and users a quantitative indication of their
contribution to the preservation of the environment.
ISO 19984-1 specifies how to categorize constituents of rubber and rubber products and also how to
calculate the biobased content using the compound formulation and the chemical structure of each
constituent.
ISO 19984-2 specifies how to determine the biobased carbon content by radio chemical analyses,
i.e. determination of C. It can be obtained from the fraction of carbon atoms derived from biomass
against the whole amount of carbon atoms in the rubber or rubber products. The methods specified in
ISO 19984-2 allow consumers to determine the biobased carbon content even when the formulation of
the rubber is unavailable.
ISO 19984-3 specifies how to separate rubber compounds into constituents, how to obtain each
constituent’s composition ratio and how to determine the biobased carbon content of each constituent
by chemical analyses. Thus, the biobased mass content for each constituent can be derived and the
biobased mass content for the whole rubber can be obtained by summing up all the constituent values.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19984-2:2017(E)
Rubber and rubber products — Determination of biobased
content —
Part 2:
Biobased carbon content
WARNING 1 — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.
This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
determine the applicability of any other restrictions.
WARNING 2 — Certain procedures specified in this document might involve the use or generation
of substances, or the generation of waste, that could constitute a local environmental hazard.
Reference should be made to appropriate documentation on safe handling and disposal after use.
1 Scope
This document specifies measuring methods for the determination of biobased carbon contents in
rubber and rubber products, including polyurethanes. The methods focus on carbon atoms in rubber or
rubber products, and determine whether the carbon-containing component is biobased or not judging
from the concentration of C, radiocarbon isotope.
This document applies to rubber and rubber products such as raw materials, materials and final
products.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 123, Rubber latex — Sampling
ISO 124, Latex, rubber — Determination of total solids content
ISO 1382, Rubber — Vocabulary
ISO 1795, Rubber, raw natural and raw synthetic — Sampling and further preparative procedures
ISO 4661-2, Rubber, vulcanized — Preparation of samples and test pieces — Part 2: Chemical tests
ISO 15528, Paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes — Sampling
ISO 19242, Rubber — Determination of total sulfur content by ion chromatography
ISO 19984-1, Rubber and rubber products — Determination of biobased content — Part 1: General
principles and calculation methods using the formulation of the rubber compound
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1382 and ISO 19984-1 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
percent modern carbon
pMC
normalized and standardized value for the amount of the C isotope in a sample, calculated relative to the
14 1)
standardized and normalized C isotope amount of oxalic acid standard reference material, SRM 4990c
Note 1 to entry: The reference value of 100 % biobased carbon is given in Table 2.
3.2
C activity
relative concentration of radiocarbon C expressed as a counting of β-irradiation from the decayed
radiocarbon atoms per minute
Note 1 to entry: The unit of C activity is “dpm” (decay per minute).
Note 2 to entry: The C activity is determined relatively using standard reference material (SRM 4990c) whose
C activity is set at 13,56 dpm.
4 Principle
This document specifies those methods to determine the biobased carbon contents derived from
biomass resources.
When the formulation of the rubber product is available, the biobased carbon content can be calculated
(see ISO 19984-1). The biobased carbon content is defined as the amount of biobased carbon to the total
carbon in rubber or rubber products as Formula (1):
C
TC B
χ = ×100 (1)
B
CC++ C
BF NB
where
TC
is the biobased carbon content (%);
χ
B
C C and C are the mass of biobased, fossil-based and non-biobased carbon, respectively.
B, F NB
When there is no available information for the rubber or the rubber product, the biobased carbon
14 14
content can be determined by the C concentration. Due to its radioactive decay, C hardly exists
in fossil products older than 20 000 years to 30 000 years. Therefore, the C present in products is
estimated to have come from
...
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