ISO 5014:2025
(Main)Dense and insulating shaped refractory products — Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient temperature
Dense and insulating shaped refractory products — Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient temperature
This document specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of rupture of dense and insulating shaped refractory products at ambient temperature, under conditions of a constant rate of increase of stress. Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory products and pre-cast products. This document is also applicable to unshaped refractories (see ISO 1927-6) after preparation of test specimens according to ISO 1927-5.
Produits réfractaires façonnés denses et isolants — Détermination du module de rupture à température ambiante
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO 5014
Fourth edition
Dense and insulating shaped
2025-03
refractory products —
Determination of modulus of
rupture at ambient temperature
Produits réfractaires façonnés denses et isolants —
Détermination du module de rupture à température ambiante
Reference number
© ISO 2025
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Published in Switzerland
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Significance and use . 2
5 Principle . 2
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Test pieces . 4
7.1 Number of test pieces .4
7.2 Shape and size .5
7.3 Preparation .5
8 Procedure . 6
9 Expression of results . 7
10 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Precision and bias . 9
Bibliography .11
iii
Foreword
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 33, Refractories.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 5014:1997), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— revised definitions;
— addition of a clause on significance and use;
— addition of an informative annex on precision and bias.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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International Standard ISO 5014:2025(en)
Dense and insulating shaped refractory products —
Determination of modulus of rupture at ambient temperature
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the determination of the modulus of rupture of dense and insulating
shaped refractory products at ambient temperature, under conditions of a constant rate of increase of stress.
Shaped refractories are those which have fixed geometry and dimensions when delivered to the user. This
document is accordingly applicable to standard shape refractory bricks, but also special shapes refractory
products and pre-cast products.
This document is also applicable to unshaped refractories (see ISO 1927-6) after preparation of test
specimens according to ISO 1927-5.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13385-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment — Part 1: Design
and metrological characteristics of callipers
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
modulus of rupture
MOR
σ
F
maximum stress that a prismatic test piece of specified dimensions can withstand when it is bent in a three-
point bending (3.2) device
3.2
three-point bending
means of bending a beamlike test piece whereby the test piece is supported on bearings near its ends, and a
central force is applied
3.3
dense shaped refractory product
product with specific dimensions, having a true porosity of less than 45 % by volume, when measured in
accordance with ISO 5017
3.4
shaped insulating refractory
shaped refractory having a true porosity of not less than 45 % by volume, when measured in accordance
with ISO 5016
3.5
sample
representative collection of items that can be obtained by sampling according to a sampling plan agreed
upon by the interested parties
Note 1 to entry: An example of an applicable sampling plan is given in ISO 5022.
3.6
item
refractory brick or shape
3.7
test piece
test specimen
piece of material extracted from an item (3.6) and suitably shaped and prepared for the test
4 Significance and use
This test is intended to be used for research, material development, manufacturing process control and
design data acquisition purposes. The strength level determined by the test is calculated on the basis of
linear elastic bending of a beam on the assumption that the material being tested is elastically homogeneous,
isotropic and shows linear (Hookean) stress-strain behaviour.
The modulus of rupture can be significantly affected by a large number of factors associated with the
microstructure of the material, the surface finishing procedure applied in preparation of the test pieces, the
size and shape of the test piece, the orientation of the test piece during testing, the geometry and functions
of the testing jig and the stress rate. Comparisons of the results between different determinations should
accordingly not be made if one or more of these parameters differ between the two determinations.
As a consequence of the brittle nature of refractories, there is usually a considerable range of results
obtained from a number of nominally identical test pieces. Caution in the interpretation of test results is
hence required. For many purposes, and as described in this document, the results of the MOR test may
be described in terms of a mean value and a standard deviation. Further statistical evaluation of results is
required for design data acquisition and can be desirable for other purposes. In particular, any extrapolation
of modulus of rupture data to other geometries of stressing, to multiaxial stressing, to other rates of
stressing or to other environments should be viewed with caution.
This method places closely defined restrictions on the size and shape of the test piece and on the function of
the test apparatus in order to minimize the errors that can arise as a consequence of the test method.
The method relates primarily to shaped and fired refractories. If it is to be applied to chemically bonded or
carbon-bonded bricks, they will usually require some form of preliminary heat treatment. This preliminary
treatment is a matter of agreement between the interested parties and shall be described in the test report.
This method can also be applied to unshaped refractories, more specifically on test pieces prepared
according to ISO 1927-5 and ISO 1927-6.
5 Principle
Bending a prismatic test piece of the product to be tested at a constant rate of increase of stress until failure
occurs, whereby the test piece is supported on bearings near its ends, and a central force is applied.
6 Apparatus
6.1 Test jig
The loading device shall have three bearing edges, two to support the test piece and one for the application of
the load (see Figure 1). The three edges shall have a radius of curvature in accordance with the requirements
given in Table 1 and shall be of length not less than 5 mm greater than the width (w) of the test piece (see
Figure 2).
The contact lines of the three edges shall be parallel to each other in a direction perpendicular to the length
and the plane of the width of the test piece. Two supporting edges shall rest on an intermediate bearing
piece, cylindrical on its lower surface, so that each edge may rotate independently in a vertical plane to
accommodate any slight twist in the test piece (see Figure 2). Alternatively, one supporting edge may be
fixed, with the other supporting edge and the load-bearing edge being capable of rotating in a vertical plane.
The distance between the two supporting edges shall be in accordance with Table 1 and the load-bearing
edge shall be positioned equidistantly, at L /2 ± 1 mm from each supporting edge.
s
Dimensions in mm
Key
1 load-bearing edge L span, distance between the points of support of the test
s
piece
2 compression face h height of the test piece
3 supporting edge
4 tensile face
Figure 1 — Arrangements and dimensions of test piece and bearing edges of the test jig; for
tolerances, see Table 1
Key
1 load-bearing edge w width of the test piece
2 test piece
3 supporting edge
4 intermediate bearing piece
Figure 2 — Diagrammatic represe
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