ISO/FDIS 20468-6

Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment technologies for water reuse systems

Lignes directrices pour l’évaluation des performances des techniques de traitement des systèmes de réutilisation de l’eau

General Information

• Status: Published
• ICS: 13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation
• ICS: 13.060.01 - Water quality in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 282/SC 3 - Risk and performance evaluation of water reuse systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 282/SC 3/WG 2 - Performance evaluation
• Current Stage: 5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
• Start Date: 11-Mar-2021
• Completion Date: 11-Mar-2021

Standards Content (sample)

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 20468-6
ISO/TC 282/SC 3
Guidelines for performance evaluation
Secretariat: JISC
of treatment technologies for water
Voting begins on:
2021-03-11 reuse systems —
Voting terminates on:
Part 6:
2021-05-06
Ion exchange and electrodialysis
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
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© ISO 2021

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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms ............................................................................................................................... 1

3.1 Terms and definitions ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.2 List of Abbreviated terms .............................................................................................................................................................. 4

4 Outline of ion exchange and electrodialysis ............................................................................................................................ 5

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

[11]-[19] 6

4.2 Principle of Ion exchange ..............................................................................................................................................

4.2.1 System configuration ................................................................................................................................................... 7

4.2.2 Process ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

[11]-[19] 10

4.3 Principle of Electrodialysis ........................................................................................................................................

4.3.1 System configuration ................................................................................................................................................13

4.3.2 Process ...................................................................................................................................................................................15

4.4 Application examples .....................................................................................................................................................................16

4.4.1 Ion exchange .....................................................................................................................................................................16

4.4.2 Electrodialysis .................................................................................................................................................................16

4.5 Performance evaluation for ion exchange and electrodialysis ...................................................................17

[14]-[19]

5 Performance evaluation guideline for ion exchange resin .................................................................17

5.1 Performance evaluation ...............................................................................................................................................................17

5.1.1 Functional requirements .......................................................................................................................................17

5.1.2 Non-functional requirements ............................................................................................................................17

5.1.3 Timing for evaluating key factors ...................................................................................................................18

5.2 Evaluation method ............................................................................................................................................................................19

5.2.1 Ion exchange resin .......................................................................................................................................................19

5.2.2 Treated water quality ...............................................................................................................................................20

5.2.3 Ion exchange resin tower ......................................................................................................................................20

5.2.4 Operation and maintenance ................................................................................................................................20

[11]-[18]

6 Performance evaluation guideline for electrodialysis ...........................................................................20

6.1 Performance evaluation ...............................................................................................................................................................20

6.1.1 Functional requirements .......................................................................................................................................20

6.1.2 Non-functional requirements ............................................................................................................................21

6.1.3 Timing for evaluating key factors ...................................................................................................................22

[5],[7],[8],[9] 23

6.2 Evaluation method ....................................................................................................................................................

6.2.1 Ion exchange membrane ........................................................................................................................................23

6.2.2 Stack performance ......................................................................................................................................................23

6.2.3 Operation and maintenance ................................................................................................................................24

[20]

Annex A (informative) Main process and typical applications of IER and IEM ............................................26

Annex B (informative) Main treatment technologies and target constituents for reusing water .....27

Annex C (informative) Structural model of IER ......................................................................................................................................28

Annex D (informative) Selectivity and selectivity coefficient of IERs ..............................................................................29

Annex E (informative) Comparison of various IERs ...........................................................................................................................31

Annex F (informative) General operation of an IER process ....................................................................................................33

[20]

Annex G (informative) Flow diagram of IE and ED process ..............................................................................................35

Annex H (informative) Feed water conditions .........................................................................................................................................37

Annex I (informative) Measurement method of electrical resistance of IEM..........................................................38

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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)

Annex J (informative) Measurement method of transport number of IEM ...............................................................40

Annex K (informative) Permselective coefficient of IEM ..............................................................................................................42

Annex L (informative) Mechanical strength of IEM ............................................................................................................................43

Annex M (informative) Leak current calculation for a stack ....................................................................................................44

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................46

iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 3,

Risk and performance evaluation of water reuse system.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20468 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
Introduction

“Ion exchange” for purification with ion exchange resin and “Electrodialysis” for desalination and

[4]

concentration with ion exchange membrane are classified as “Advanced treatment” in ISO 20468-1 .

Raw water compositions and treated water targets are extremely diverse. Such diversity impedes

making world-wide guidelines for ion exchange and electrodialysis.

Ion exchange resin (IER) provides a medium for ion exchange. Target ions in solution are trapped within

the medium causing other ions contained within the medium to be released into solution. The most

common applications are water softening and water purification.

Electrodialysis (ED) is an ion-separation process that utilizes an electrical potential difference across

ion exchange membrane as the driving force for moving ion in a solution. The membrane is selective

in that it only permits the passage of either anions or cations but not both and can be used to reject

opposite charged ions.

The ISO 20468 series is intended to provide international standards for an objective evaluation

of the performance of ion exchange and electrodialysis. It introduces the concepts of “Functional

requirements” and “Non-functional requirements,” which are suggested and defined in ISO 20468-1,

also used for other water reuse technologies that may be used in combination or alternatively, such as

membrane, UV, and ozone disinfection and distillation.
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment
technologies for water reuse systems —
Part 6:
Ion exchange and electrodialysis
1 Scope

This document provides guidelines on methods for evaluating the performance of ion exchange and

electrodialysis for water reuse including ion exchange resin and ion exchange membrane.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 20670, Water reuse — Vocabulary
3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20670 and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
anion exchange membrane

polymer sheet that contain positively charged functional groups in its polymer matrix designed to

conduct anions while blocking other ions
3.1.2
anion exchange resin

polymer beads that contain positively charged functional groups in its polymer matrix capable of

undergoing exchange reactions with anions
3.1.3
bed
packed layers of ion exchange resins (3.1.19)
3.1.4
block
unit composed of cell pairs (3.1.8) and intermediate frame at both ends

Note 1 to entry: Cell-pairs are stacked from several pairs up to thousands of pairs inside an electrodialyser ion

exchange.
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)

Note 2 to entry: A large number of cell pairs stacked in series causes problems such as non-uniform hydraulic

pressure and increased leak current in an electrodialyser. To prevent such problems, a large electrodialyser is

separated with an intermediate frame (Figure 8).
3.1.5
cation exchange membrane

polymer sheet that contain negatively charged functional groups in its polymer matrix designed to

conduct cations while blocking other ions
3.1.6
cation exchange resin

polymer beads that contain negatively charged functional groups in its polymer matrix capable of

undergoing exchange reactions with cations
3.1.7
cell

thin sheet compartment, through which desalinate (feed water) or concentrate passes

Note 1 to entry: D-cell means a desalinate cell and C-cell means a concentrate cell.

3.1.8
cell pair

series of D-cell (3.1.7), cation exchange membrane (3.1.5), C-cell (3.1.7), and anion exchange membrane

(3.1.1) that are layered in order to constitute a cell pair

Note 1 to entry: A cell pair is the basic unit for desalination and concentration in electrodialysis.

3.1.9
chelating resin

polymer beads that contain functional groups in its polymer matrix capable of forming chelates with

metal ions
3.1.10
current efficiency

ratio of the theoretical to actual current required to transport ions across an ion exchange membrane

(3.1.18)
3.1.11
direct current

unidirectional flow or movement of electrical charge carriers (which are usually electrons)

3.1.12
electrodeionization

water treatment technology that utilizes electricity, ion exchange membranes (3.1.18) and ion exchange

resin (3.1.19) in order to desalinate ions from one solution to another solution in a very low concentration

3.1.13
electrodialysis

water treatment technology that uses ion exchange membranes (3.1.18) in order to move ions from one

solution to another solution by using electrical potential difference
3.1.14
electrodialysis reversal

type of electrodialysis (3.1.13) process that periodically reverses the electrodes polarity, alternating

concentrated and diluted streams, and continuously self-cleaning the scale components

3.1.15
heterogeneous ion exchange membrane

ion exchange membrane (3.1.18) that is obtained by mixing ion exchange resin (3.1.19) and thermoplastic

resin, and has heterogeneous structure
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
3.1.16
homogeneous ion exchange membrane

ion exchange membrane (3.1.18) that is uniformly configured except for reinforcement

3.1.17
ion exchange capacity
total quantity of ion exchangeable groups in ion exchange resins (3.1.19)
3.1.18
ion exchange membrane

polymer sheet that contain negatively or positively charged functional groups in its polymer matrix

designed to conduct cations or anions while blocking opposite charged ions
3.1.19
ion exchange resin

polymer beads that contain charged functional groups in its polymer matrix capable of undergoing

exchange reactions with anions or cations
3.1.20
limiting current density
current density beyond which water dissociation will occur

Note 1 to entry: In electrodialysis, ions in a solution migrate from the bulk solution to the surface of an ion

exchange membrane and form a boundary layer having a concentration difference. As current density increases,

the concentration difference of the boundary layer also increases, and the concentration on the surface of the

ion exchange membrane reaches zero. This current density is defined as “Limiting current density (LCD),” and

is an important indicator for deciding the operating current of an electrodialyser. Operation beyond LCD causes

+ -

water to dissociate into hydrogen ions (H ) and hydroxyl ions (OH ) at the ion exchange membrane-surface and

consumes applied current ineffectually.
3.1.21
mixed bed
mixture of anion exchange resins (3.1.2) and cation exchange resins (3.1.6)
3.1.22
particle size and particle size distribution
diameter of ion exchange resins (3.1.19) beads and its distribution
3.1.23
perfect beads content
non-cracked and non-broken bead content in ion exchange resin (3.1.19) beads
3.1.24
reaction rate
ion exchange reaction rate of ion exchange resins (3.1.19)
3.1.25
regeneration

regeneration of ion exchange resins (3.1.19) is a reversal of the exchange reactions with high

concentrations of a regenerate
3.1.26
reverse osmosis (RO)

separation process where one component of a solution is removed from another component by flowing

the feed stream under pressure across a semipermeable that causes selective movement of solvent

against its osmotic pressure difference

Note 1 to entry: Note I to entry: Reverse osmosis (RO) removes ions based on electro chemical forces, colloids,

and organics down to 150 molecular weight. May also be called hyperfiltration.
[SOURCE: ASTM D6161-10]
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
3.1.27
selectivity coefficient
equilibrium constant for ion exchange reaction in ion exchange resins (3.1.19)
3.1.28
stack

entire body of electrodialyser, assembled with multitude of cell pairs (3.1.8) or several blocks (3.1.4)

between anode cell (3.1.7) and cathode cell (3.1.7), and pair of end plates for tightening

3.1.29
strongly acidic cation exchange resins
resins that have strongly acidic functional groups
3.1.30
strongly basic anion exchange resins
resins that have strongly basic functional groups
3.1.31
transport number
fraction of current carried by a given ion for total current carried by all ions
3.1.32
tower
vessels with packed layers of ion exchange resins (3.1.19) and/or degassers
3.1.33
uniform particle size ion exchange resin
ion exchange resin (3.1.19) that has narrow particle size distribution (3.1.22)
3.1.34
water extractable residue
water soluble extractable residue from ion exchange resins (3.1.19)
3.1.35
water recovery rate
ratio between treated water quantity and feed water quantity to electrodialyser
3.1.36
weakly acidic cation exchange resins
cation exchange resins (3.1.6) that have weakly acidic functional group
3.1.37
weakly basic anion exchange resins
anion exchange resins (3.1.2) that have weakly basic functional group
3.2 List of Abbreviated terms
AC Alternating current
AEM Anion exchange membrane
AER Anion exchange resin
CEM Cation exchange membrane
CER Cation exchange resin
CR Chelating resin
DC Direct current
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
EDI Electrodeionization
ED Electrodialysis
EDR Electrodialysis reversal
IE Ion exchange
IEM Ion exchange membrane
IER Ion exchange resin
[7]
LSI Langelier saturation index
LCD Limiting current density

LCR Inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R) of an electronic component

MB Mixed bed
R Electrical resistance
RO Reverse osmosis
SDI Silt density index
SAC Strongly acidic cation exchange resins
SBA Strongly basic anion exchange resins
TDS Total dissolved solids
WAC Weakly acidic cation exchange resins
WBA Weakly basic anion exchange resins
4 Outline of ion exchange and electrodialysis
4.1 General

IER and IEM use ionic functional groups fixed in polymer beads or in polymer sheets. These fixed ionic

functional groups exchange ions of an opposite charge or selectively transport ions of an opposite charge.

These technologies can be used for many applications including purifying wastewater by passing it

through an IER packed tower, or desalinating and concentrating wastewater with an electrodialyser in

which IEM are equipped. Among these applications, ion exchange in IER and electrodialysis in IEM also

apply to water reclamation. Annex A shows the main process and typical applications of IER and IEM.

Ion exchange and electrodialysis are one of several technologies (Annex B) that are used for desalination.

Table 1 shows typical salinity range of salt removal about IE and ED.
Table 1 — Typical range of salt removal of ion exchange and electrodialysis
Salinity (NaCL) [g/l]
Type Driving Force
Raw Water Desalinate Concentrate
Electrical field
ED 0,5~200 >0,2 <240
& Diffusion
Adsorption & Deso-
IE <1 >0,001 -
rption
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)

ED, RO, IE and distillation are widely known as a desalination technology. But each strong point is

different. In case of ED, its feature is that both ion concentration and desalination are possible. For

example, in the concentration of seawater, it is possible to concentrate salinity up to about 240g/l

and on the contrary in the desalination, it can be expected to be desalinated about 0,2g/l. It also can

arrange the desalination level. For the desalination purpose, ED is often applicable for brackish water

and ground water.

IE is a purification technology for removing target ions. The purification process is performed by an

adsorption and desorption mechanism. IE is applicable to raw water under 1g/l-TDS and can produce

deionized water and/or ultrapure water. IER is also applicable for decolorizing raw water.

To select an appropriate technology, it is highly recommended to consider the pros and cons of those

technologies. In some cases, a combination of those technologies may contribute great benefits to users

and stakeholders.

EDI is applied to produce pure water or ultrapure water instead of a resin tower or RO. EDI stacks have

an IER or fibre in desalinated chambers to decrease resistivity. As a result, EDI can provide very low

conductivity water.
[11]-[19]
4.2 Principle of Ion exchange

Typical functional groups of IERs are sulfonic acids and quaternary ammoniums, and such IERs are

classified by their functions into CERs, which can exchange cations, and AERs, which can exchange

anions. IERs have spherical crosslinked polymer matrix with functional groups, counter ions, and

hydrated water. These polymer structures affect the ion exchange capacity, reaction rate, and physical

properties of IERs. Annex C shows a structural model of IER.

Ion exchange using IERs depends on a mechanism by which mobile ions from an external solution are

exchanged in the opposite direction for an equivalent number of ions that are electrostatically bound to

functional groups contained within a solid polymer matrix of IERs. Annex D shows the selectivity and

selectivity coefficient of IERs.

The purification process using IER is most commonly performed in cyclic operations of the column

method with an adsorption and desorption mechanism. Each cycle is divided into sorption and

regeneration. Figure 1 shows an outline of an IER tower. Figure 2 shows a representation of an ion

exchange operation cycle.
Key
1 IERs
Influent.
Effluent.
[20]
Figure 1 — Outline of IER tower
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
1 sorption
2 regeneration
Feed water.
Treated water.
Regenerant.
Regeneration wastewater.
[20]
Figure 2 — Schematic representation of an ion exchange operation cycle
4.2.1 System configuration

The most important component of IE is IER and the IER tower that equipped with IER.

4.2.1.1 Ion exchange resins

IERs are categorized by their functional groups and physical structure. Typical functional groups of

IERs are sulfonic acids and quaternary ammoniums, and such IERs are classified into CERs and AERs.

IERs have two types of physical structure: gel type and macroporous type. Macroporous type IERs

have high density of macroporous in the polymer matrixes and much larger specific surface areas of the

active surface than gel-type resins.
Table 2 shows types and groups of IERs.
Table 2 — Types and groups of IERs
Grade Functional group Physical structure
1 Gel
Strongly acidic Sulfonic acid
2 CER Macroporous
3 Weakly acidic Carboxylic acid Macroporous
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ISO/FDIS 20468-6:2021(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Grade Functional group Physical structure
4 Gel
Type I Trimethylammonium
5 Macroporous
Strongly basic
6 AER Gel
Type II Dimethylethanolammonium
7 Macroporous
8 Weakly basic Dimethylamine Macroporous

In addition, IERs are categorized by particle size distribution into two types: polydispersed particle

size IERs and uniform particle size ion exchange resins. Uniform particle size ion exchange resins have

narrower particle size distribution than polydispersed particle size IERs.

Chelating resins are a type of IER with functional groups that can form chelates with metal ions. Table 3

shows types and groups of CRs.
Table 3 — Types and grouping of CRs
Grade Functional group Physical structure Target ions
1 Iminodiacetate Macroporous Heavy metal ions
2 CR Polyamine Macroporous Heavy metal ions
3 Glucamine Macroporous Borate
4.2.1.2 Ion exchange resins tower

IERs are mainly installed in a fixed bed tower. The ion exchange process is composed of IER towers,

feeding unit for raw water a
...