ISO 10406-1:2015
(Main)Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete — Test methods — Part 1: FRP bars and grids
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete — Test methods — Part 1: FRP bars and grids
ISO 10406-1:2014 specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and grids as reinforcements or pre-stressing tendons in concrete.
Polymère renforcé par des fibres (PRF) pour l'armature du béton — Méthodes d'essai — Partie 1: Barres et grilles en PRF
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10406-1
Second edition
2015-01-15
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement of concrete — Test
methods —
Part 1:
FRP bars and grids
Polymère renforcé par des fibres (PRF) pour l’armature du béton —
Méthodes d’essai —
Partie 1: Barres et grilles en PRF
Reference number
ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols . 5
4 General provision concerning test pieces . 6
5 Test method for cross-sectional properties . 6
5.1 Test pieces . 6
5.2 Test method . 6
5.3 Calculations . 7
5.4 Test report . 8
6 Test method for tensile properties . 8
6.1 Test pieces . 8
6.2 Test equipment . 9
6.3 Test method . 9
6.4 Calculations . 9
6.5 Test report .11
7 Test method for bond strength by pull-out testing .13
7.1 Test pieces .13
7.2 Testing machine and devices .15
7.3 Test method .16
7.4 Calculations .17
7.5 Test report .17
8 Test method for performance of anchorages and couplers .18
8.1 Test method for performance of anchorages .18
8.2 Test method for performance of couplers .19
8.3 Test report .19
9 Test method for long-term relaxation .20
9.1 Test pieces .20
9.2 Testing frame and devices .21
9.3 Test temperature .21
9.4 Test method .22
9.5 Calculations .22
9.6 Test report .23
10 Test method for tensile fatigue .23
10.1 Test pieces .23
10.2 Testing machine and devices .23
10.3 Test temperature .24
10.4 Test method .24
10.5 Calculations .25
10.6 Test report .25
11 Test method for alkali resistance .25
11.1 Test pieces .25
11.2 Immersion in alkaline solution .26
11.3 External appearance and mass change .26
11.4 Tensile test .27
11.5 Calculations .27
11.6 Test report .28
12 Test method for creep failure .29
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
12.1 Test pieces .29
12.2 Testing frame and devices .29
12.3 Test temperature .29
12.4 Tensile capacity .29
12.5 Test method .29
12.6 Calculations .30
12.7 Test report .30
13 Test method for transverse shear strength .31
13.1 Test pieces .31
13.2 Testing machine and devices .31
13.3 Test temperature .32
13.4 Test method .33
13.5 Calculations .33
13.6 Test report .33
14 Test method for flexural tensile properties .34
14.1 Test pieces .34
14.2 Testing unit and devices . .34
14.3 Test method .35
14.4 Calculations .35
14.5 Test report .35
15 Test method for the coefficient of longitudinal thermal expansion by thermo-
mechanical analysis .36
15.1 Test pieces .36
15.2 Testing device .37
15.3 Test method .37
15.4 Calculations .38
15.5 Test report .38
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed
concrete, Subcommittee SC 6, Non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10406-1:2008), which has been technically
revised.
ISO 10406 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement of concrete — Test methods:
— Part 1: FRP bars and grids
— Part 2: FRP sheets
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of
concrete — Test methods —
Part 1:
FRP bars and grids
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10406 specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and
grids as reinforcements or pre-stressing tendons in concrete.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291:2008, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 3611, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment: Micrometers for
external measurements — Design and metrological characteristics
ISO 4788, Laboratory glassware — Graduated measuring cylinders
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1: Tension/compression
testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system
ISO 13385-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment — Part 1:
Callipers; Design and metrological characteristics
3 Terms, definitions, and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
alkalinity
condition of having or containing hydroxyl (OH-) ions; containing alkaline substances
Note 1 to entry: In concrete, the initial alkaline environment has a pH above 13.
3.1.2
anchorage reinforcement
latticed or spiral reinforcing steel or FRP connected with the anchorage and arranged behind it
3.1.3
anchoring section
end part of a test piece where an anchorage is fitted to transmit loads from the testing machine to the
test section
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
3.1.4
average load
average of the maximum and minimum repeated load (stress)
3.1.5
bending angle
angle formed by the straight sections of a test piece on either side of the deflector
3.1.6
bending diameter ratio
ratio of the external diameter of the deflector surface in contact with the FRP bar, and the nominal
diameter of the FRP bar
3.1.7
bending tensile capacity
tensile load at the moment of failure of the test piece
3.1.8
coefficient of thermal expansion
average coefficient of linear thermal expansion between given temperatures
Note 1 to entry: The average of the given temperatures is taken as the representative temperature.
3.1.9
continuous fibre
general term for continuous fibres of materials such as carbon, aramid, and glass
3.1.10
coupler
device coupling tendons
3.1.11
creep failure capacity
load causing failure after a specified period of time from the start of a sustained load
Note 1 to entry: In particular, the load causing failure after 1 million hours is referred to as the million-hour creep
failure capacity.
3.1.12
creep failure strength
stress causing failure after a specified period of time from the start of a sustained load
Note 1 to entry: In particular, the load causing failure after 1 million hours is referred to as the million-hour creep
failure strength.
3.1.13
creep failure time
time between the start of a sustained load and failure of a test piece
3.1.14
creep failure
failure occurring in a test piece due to a sustained load
3.1.15
creep strain
differential change in length per unit length occurring in a test piece due to creep
3.1.16
creep
time-dependent deformation of an FRP bar subjected to a sustained load at a constant temperature
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
3.1.17
deflected section
section of an FRP bar that is bent and maintained at the required bending angle and bending diameter
ratio
3.1.18
deflector
device used to maintain the position, alter the bending angle, or alleviate the stress concentrations in
the FRP bar and which is sometimes installed in the deflected section
3.1.19
fatigue strength
maximum repeated stress at which the test piece does not fail at the prescribed number of cycles
3.1.20
fibre-reinforced polymer
FRP
composite material, moulded and hardened to the intended shape, consisting of continuous fibres
impregnated with a fibre-binding polymer
3.1.21
frequency
number of loading (stressing) cycles in 1 s during the test
3.1.22
FRP bar
composite material formed into a long, slender structural shape suitable for use as reinforcement in
concrete and consisting primarily of longitudinal unidirectional fibres bound and shaped by a rigid
polymer resin material
3.1.23
gauge length
straight portion along the length of a test piece used to measure the elongation using an extensometer
or a similar device
3.1.24
grid
two-dimensional (planar) or three-dimensional (spatial) rigid array of interconnected FRP bars that
form a continuous lattice that can be used to reinforce concrete
3.1.25
load amplitude
load (stress) amplitude
one-half of the load (stress) range
3.1.26
load (stress) range
difference between maximum and minimum repeated load (stress)
3.1.27
maximum repeated load (stress)
maximum load (stress) during repeated loading
3.1.28
maximum tensile force
maximum tensile load sustained by a test piece during the tensile test
3.1.29
minimum repeated load (stress)
minimum load (stress) during repeated loading
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
3.1.30
nominal cross-sectional area
value obtained upon dividing the volume of the FRP specimen by its length
3.1.31
nominal diameter
diameter of FRP calculated assuming a circular section
3.1.32
nominal peripheral length
peripheral length of the FRP that forms the basis for calculating the bond strength and that shall be
determined separately for each FRP
3.1.33
number of cycles
number of times the repeated load (stress) is applied to the test piece
3.1.34
relaxation
stress relaxation
time-dependent decrease in load in an FRP held at a given constant temperature with a prescribed initial
load applied and held at a given constant strain
3.1.35
relaxation rate
percentage reduction in load relative to the initial load after a given period of time, under a fixed strain
Note 1 to entry: In particular, the relaxation value after 1 million hours (approximately 114 years) is referred to
as the hundred-year relaxation rate.
3.1.36
repeated load (stress)
load (stress) alternating cyclically between fixed maximum and minimum values
3.1.37
S-N curve
curve plotted on a graph with repeated stress on the vertical axis and the number of cycles to fatigue
failure on the horizontal axis
3.1.38
tendon
FRP
resin-bound construction made of continuous fibres in the shape of a tendon used to reinforce concrete
uniaxially
Note 1 to entry: Tendons are usually used in pre-stressed concrete.
3.1.39
thermo-mechanical analysis
TMA
method for measuring deformation of a material as a function of either temperature or time, by varying
the temperature of the material according to a calibrated programme, under a non-vibrating load
3.1.40
TMA curve
graph with temperature or time represented on the horizontal axis and deformation on the
vertical axis
3.1.41
ultimate strain
strain corresponding to the maximum tensile force
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
3.2 Symbols
See Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Unit Description Reference
2
A mm Nominal cross-sectional area of test piece 5.3, 6.4
D mm Nominal diameter 5.3
2
E N/mm Young’s modulus 6.4
F N Maximum tensile force 6.4
u
2
f N/mm Tensile strength 6.4
u
ε — Ultimate strain 6.4
u
ΔF N Difference between loads at 20 % and 50 % of maximum 6.4
tensile force
Δε — Strain difference between ΔF 6.4
2
τ N/mm Bond stress 7.4
P N Tensile load in the pull-out test 7.4
u mm Nominal peripheral length of test piece 7.4
l mm Bonded length 7.4
Y % Relaxation rate 9.5.2
t h Time 9.5.2
k — Empirical constant 9.5.2
a
k — Empirical constant 9.5.2
b
R % Mass loss ratio
Δm
3
V mm Volume of water in the measuring cylinder 5.3
o
3
V mm Volume of the sum total of water and test piece 5.3
s
l mm Length of test piece 5.3
o
m g Mass before immersion 11.4
0
L mm Length before immersion 11.4
0
m g Mass after immersion 11.4
1
L mm Length after immersion 11.4
1
R % Tensile capacity retention rate 11.5.2
et
F N Tensile capacity before immersion 11.5.2
u1
F N Tensile capacity after immersion 11.5.2
u0
R — Creep load ratio 12.6.3
Yc
2
τ N/mm Shear stress 13.5.2
s
P N Shear failure load 13.5.2
s
α 1/°C Coefficient of thermal expansion 15.4.1
sp
ΔL µ Difference in length of test piece between temperatures 15.4.1
spm
T and T
1 2
ΔL µ Difference in length of specification test piece for length 15.4.1
refm
calibration between temperatures T and T
1 2
L m Length of test piece at room temperature 15.4.1
0
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ISO 10406-1:2015(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Unit Description Reference
T °C Maximum temperature for calculation of coefficient of 15.4.1
2
thermal expansion (normally 60 °C)
T °C Minimum temperature for calculation of coefficient of 15.4.1
1
thermal expansion (normally 0 °C)
α 1/°C Coefficient of thermal expansion calculated for specification 15.4.1
set
test piece for length calibration between temperatures
T and T
1 2
4 General provision concerning test pieces
Unless otherwise agreed, test pieces shall be taken from the bar or grid in the “as-delivered” condition.
In cases where test pieces are taken from a coil, they shall be straightened prior to any test by a simple
bending operation with a minimum amount of plastic deformation.
For the determination of the mechanical properties in the tensile, bond, and anchorage tests, the
test piece may be artificially aged (after straightening, if applicable) depending on the performance
requirements of the product.
When a test piece is “aged”, the conditions of the ageing treatment shall be stated in the test report.
5 Test method for cross-sectional properties
5.1 Test pieces
5.1.1 Preparation of test pieces
Test pieces shall be cut to a predetermined length and finished flat at their cut end from the mother
material (FRP) for tensile test.
5.1.2 Length of test pieces
The length of test pieces shall be 100 mm when approximate nominal diameter is 20 mm or less, and
shall be 200 mm when approximate diameter is over 20 mm.
5.1.3 Number of test pieces
The number of test pieces is at least three, taken from the mother material of the same lot.
5.2 Test method
The test procedure is as follows.
a) M
...
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