ISO/PRF TR 6026

Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle licence plate information and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies

Perception de télépéage — Pré-étude sur l'utilisation des informations de la plaque d'immatriculation du véhicule et les technologies de lecture automatique des plaques minéralogiques (LAPI)

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 03.220.20 - Road transport
• ICS: 35.240.60 - IT applications in transport
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 204 - Intelligent transport systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 204 - Intelligent transport systems
• Current Stage: 5060 - Close of voting Proof returned by Secretariat
• Due Date: 11-Jul-2022
• Completion Date: 10-Jun-2022

RELATIONS

• Consolidates: ISO 178:2019 - Plastics — Determination of flexural properties
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (sample)

CEN/TC 278
ISO/TC 204
Date: 2021-11 2022-04-01
FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:20212022
Secretariat: NEN
Electronic fee collection – — Pre-study on the use of vehicle licence plate
information and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
Elektronische Gebührenerhebung Vorstudie zur Nutzung von
Kennzeicheninformationen und automatischer Kennzeichenerkennung (ANPR)
Technologie

Perception du télépéage – Pré-étude sur l'utilisation des informations de la plaque

d'immatriculation du véhicule et la technologie de la lecture automatique des
plaques minéralogiques (LAPI)
ICS:
CCMC will prepare and attach the official title page.
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FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021(E)
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FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021(E)
© ISO 2022

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no

part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without

prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s

member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021(E)
Contents

European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 1

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 2

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 2

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 2

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 2

4 Abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................ 6

5 Legal context of LPN information .................................................................................................... 7

5.1 Regulated licence plate ....................................................................................................................... 7

5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate ............................................................................... 7

5.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe ........................................................................................ 8

5.3 Licence plate properties ..................................................................................................................... 8

5.4 Illegal licence plates ........................................................................................................................... 11

6 LPN information for EFC ................................................................................................................... 11

6.1 General principles .............................................................................................................................. 11

6.2 Limitations of the LPN ....................................................................................................................... 12

6.3 LPN recognition process (ANPR) ................................................................................................... 12

6.4 Limitations of LPN recognition process (ANPR) ...................................................................... 16

6.5 LPN validation ...................................................................................................................................... 17

7 Scenario - ANPR-based EFC ............................................................................................................. 18

7.1 Description of the scenario ............................................................................................................. 18

7.2 Use cases ................................................................................................................................................ 18

7.3 Business Processes ............................................................................................................................. 19

7.4 Technical interfaces ........................................................................................................................... 26

8 Use cases ................................................................................................................................................ 27

8.1 Define toll context............................................................................................................................... 27

8.2 Register user ......................................................................................................................................... 29

8.3 Recognize user with LPN .................................................................................................................. 30

8.4 Charge user ........................................................................................................................................... 30

8.5 Enforce payment ................................................................................................................................. 31

8.6 Handle exceptions (errors) ............................................................................................................. 31

9 Technologies for LPN recognition ................................................................................................. 32

9.1 Technologies associated with ANPR ............................................................................................ 32

9.2 Components of ANPR system .......................................................................................................... 32

9.3 Image acquisition ................................................................................................................................ 33

9.4 Central management ......................................................................................................................... 33

9.5 Image authentication......................................................................................................................... 33

9.6 Communication ................................................................................................................................... 34

9.7 Human-machine interface ............................................................................................................... 34

9.8 Challenges in the identification process ..................................................................................... 34

9.8.1 Accuracy ................................................................................................................................................. 34

9.8.2 Margin of error .................................................................................................................................... 35

10 Gap analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 35

10.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 35

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FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021(E)

10.2 Technical interfaces ........................................................................................................................... 35

10.2.1 TI-1 Toll context definition ............................................................................................................. 35

10.2.2 TI-2 User registration........................................................................................................................ 37

10.2.3 TI-3 User list exchange ..................................................................................................................... 37

10.2.4 TI-4 User recognition ........................................................................................................................ 38

10.2.5 TI-5 Billing ............................................................................................................................................. 39

10.2.6 TI-6 User data retrieval .................................................................................................................... 40

10.2.7 TI-7 Enforcement ................................................................................................................................ 40

10.3 Identified gaps ..................................................................................................................................... 41

10.3.1 Specification for BO interface ........................................................................................................ 41

10.3.2 Test for BO interface .......................................................................................................................... 41

10.3.3 Definition of performance metrics ............................................................................................... 41

10.3.4 Content of the LPN-based information ....................................................................................... 42

10.3.5 Security ................................................................................................................................................... 42

10.3.6 Performance for the acquisition of LPN image ........................................................................ 42

10.3.7 Specifications and tests for the interface with registers of vehicles ................................ 42

10.3.8 EFC System Architecture, Vocabulary, Data Dictionary – the CEN ISO 17573 series . 43

10.3.9 Business-related gaps ....................................................................................................................... 43

11 Proposed standardisation roadmap ............................................................................................ 43

Annex A (informative) Examples of operational ANPR schemes.................................................... 45

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 62

iii
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
European foreword

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................... iv

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... vi

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 1

4 Abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................ 4

5 Legal context of LPN information .................................................................................................... 6

5.1 Regulated licence plate ....................................................................................................................... 6

5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate ............................................................................... 7

5.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe ........................................................................................ 7

5.3 Licence plate properties ..................................................................................................................... 8

5.4 Illegal licence plates ........................................................................................................................... 12

6 LPN information for EFC ................................................................................................................... 13

6.1 General principles .............................................................................................................................. 13

6.2 Limitations of the LPN ....................................................................................................................... 13

6.3 LPN recognition process (ANPR) ................................................................................................... 13

6.4 Limitations of LPN recognition process (ANPR) ...................................................................... 19

6.5 LPN validation ...................................................................................................................................... 22

7 Scenario — ANPR-based EFC........................................................................................................... 23

7.1 Description of the scenario ............................................................................................................. 23

7.2 Use cases ................................................................................................................................................ 23

7.3 Business processes ............................................................................................................................. 23

7.4 Technical interfaces (TI) .................................................................................................................. 35

8 Use cases ................................................................................................................................................ 36

8.1 Define toll context............................................................................................................................... 36

8.2 Register user ......................................................................................................................................... 39

8.3 Recognize user with LPN .................................................................................................................. 41

8.4 Charge user ........................................................................................................................................... 41

8.5 Enforce payment ................................................................................................................................. 42

8.6 Handle exceptions (errors) ............................................................................................................. 42

9 Technologies for LPN recognition ................................................................................................. 43

9.1 Technologies associated with ANPR ............................................................................................ 43

9.2 Components of ANPR system .......................................................................................................... 43

9.3 Image acquisition ................................................................................................................................ 44

9.4 Central management ......................................................................................................................... 44

9.5 Image authentication......................................................................................................................... 45

9.6 Communication ................................................................................................................................... 45

9.7 Human-machine interface ............................................................................................................... 45

9.8 Challenges in the identification process ..................................................................................... 45

9.8.1 Accuracy ................................................................................................................................................. 45

9.8.2 Margin of error .................................................................................................................................... 46

10 Gap analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 46

ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)

10.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 46

10.2 Technical interfaces ........................................................................................................................... 47

10.2.1 TI-1 Toll context definition ............................................................................................................. 47

10.2.2 TI-2 User registration........................................................................................................................ 48

10.2.3 TI-3 User list exchange ..................................................................................................................... 48

10.2.4 TI-4 User recognition ........................................................................................................................ 49

10.2.5 TI-5 Billing ............................................................................................................................................. 50

10.2.6 TI-6 User data retrieval .................................................................................................................... 51

10.2.7 TI-7 Enforcement ................................................................................................................................ 52

10.3 Identified gaps ..................................................................................................................................... 52

10.3.1 Specification for BO interface ........................................................................................................ 52

10.3.2 Test for BO interface .......................................................................................................................... 53

10.3.3 Definition of performance metrics ............................................................................................... 53

10.3.4 Content of the LPN-based information ....................................................................................... 53

10.3.5 Security ................................................................................................................................................... 54

10.3.6 Performance for the acquisition of LPN image ........................................................................ 54

10.3.7 Specifications and tests for the interface with registers of vehicles ................................ 54

10.3.8 EFC System Architecture, Vocabulary, Data Dictionary – the ISO 17573 series .......... 54

10.3.9 Business-related gaps ....................................................................................................................... 54

11 Proposed standardization roadmap ............................................................................................ 55

Annex A (informative) Examples of operational ANPR schemes.................................................... 57

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 77

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document (FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021) has

been was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see

www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World

Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee CENISO/TC 278 204, Intelligent transport systems,

the secretariat of which is held by NEN. It has been prepared in in collaboration with the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) TechnicalEuropean Committee TC 204for Standardization (CEN)

Technical Committee CEN/TC 278, Intelligent transport systems, in accordance with the Agreement on

technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Introduction

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Introduction

This document endeavours to foster a common understanding in the context of electronic fee collection

(EFC) systems onof the use of vehicle licence plate information, and onof automatic number plate

recognition (ANPR) technologies.

This document notably seeks to advance the common understanding and definitions in the following

areas:
— information associated with licence plate number (LPN);
— information exchanges over open interfaces;

— outline of specification of exchanges between actors, notably the toll service provider, (TSP), the toll

charger, (TC), vehicle registrationsregistration authorities, etc;
— technologies regarding the ANPR.

The outcome is intended to contribute to more effective and efficient EFC schemes using vehicle LPN,

obtained by means of ANPR technology, and any associated information (including make and model) as

a primary means to identify the user via the LPN, or a complementary means to augment the reliability

and the robustness of their dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)- or global navigation satellite

system / /cellular network) (GNSS/CN)-based systems (including degraded mode, trip reconstitution,

etc).
vi © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)

Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle licence plate information and

automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
1 Scope

This document provides an analysis of the use of licence plate number (LPN) information and automatic

number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies in electronic fee collection (EFC), through the description

of the legal, technical, and functional contexts of LPN-based EFC. It also provides an associated gap

analysis of the EFC standards to identify actions to support standardisedstandardized use of the

identified technologies, and a roadmap to address the identified gaps.

The gap analysis in this document is based on use cases, relevant regulations, standards, and best

[ [27]

practices in the field of EFC, based on the European electronic toll service (EETS) ) model.

Examples of licence plate number (LPN)-based tolling schemes are given in the informative Annex A.

2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following

addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp

— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
3 dimensional
computer graphics that define an object by its width, length and depth
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 23541-1:2021, 3.1.1], modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]
3.2
automatic number plate recognition
ANPR

automated process of determining the licence plate number and the country code from a digital image of

a licence plate
technology to automatically read vehicle registration plates

Note 1 to entry: A vehicle registration plate typically contains the indicator or the code of the country that issued

the vehicle registration plate.

Note 2 to entry: Optical character recognition techniques are typically part of the technology associated with

automatedautomatic number plate recognition.

Note 3 to entry: Automatic licence plate recognition (ALPR) is a synonym to ANPR.

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.18, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]
3.3
artificial intelligence

set of methods or automated entities that together build, optimize and apply a

model so that the system can, for a given set of predefined tasks, compute predictions, recommendations,

or decisions

Note 1 to entry: AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of automation.

Note 2 to entry: "Predictions" can refer to various kinds of data analysis or production (including translating text,

creating synthetic images, or diagnosing a previous power failure). ItThe term does not imply anteriority.

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC DIS 22989:2021, 3.1.2]
3.4
country code

Identificationidentification of the issuing country of a licence plate, formatted in accordance with the

United Nations Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic. In accordance with this regulation,

the CC contains 1, 2 or 3 alphabetical characters regulation

Note 1 to entry: In accordance with the United Nations Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic

[33]
regulation, the CC contains 1, 2 or 3 alphabetical characters.

Note 2 to entry: A "human-readable country code" is defined as a licence plate number where human inspection can

determine the issuing country from syntax, font and other characteristics of licence plates.

3.5
error rate
ratio between the absolute error and the reference value of all transactions
3.6
false negative
incorrect reporting of a failure when in reality it is a pass

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34], modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]

3.7
false positive
incorrect reporting of a pass when in reality it is a failure

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]

3.8
false negative error rate
ratio between the false negatives and the reference value of all transactions
3.9
false positive error rate
ratio between the false positives and the reference value of all transactions
3.10
2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
...

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 6026
First edition
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study
on the use of vehicle licence plate
information and automatic number
plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Abbreviated terms ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

5 Legal context of LPN information....................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.1 Regulated licence plate ................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate ................................................................................................................. 5

5.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe ......................................................................................................... 6

5.3 Licence plate properties ................................................................................................................................................................. 6

5.4 Illegal licence plates ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9

6 LPN information for EFC ..............................................................................................................................................................................9

6.1 General principles ................................................................................................................................................................................ 9

6.2 Limitations of the LPN .................................................................................................................................................................. 10

6.3 LPN recognition process (ANPR) ........................................................................................................................................ 10

6.4 Limitations of LPN recognition process (ANPR) ................................................................................................... 13

6.5 LPN validation ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

7 Scenario — ANPR-based EFC ................................................................................................................................................................16

7.1 Description of the scenario....................................................................................................................................................... 16

7.2 Use cases ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16

7.3 Business processes .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16

7.4 Technical interfaces (TI) ............................................................................................................................................................ 24

8 Use cases ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................25

8.1 Define toll context ............................................................................................................................................................................ 25

8.2 Register user ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 27

8.3 Recognize user with LPN ...........................................................................................................................................................28

8.4 Charge user .............................................................................................................................................................................................28

8.5 Enforce payment ................................................................................................................................................................................ 29

8.6 Handle exceptions (errors) .......................................................................................................................................................29

9 Technologies for LPN recognition...................................................................................................................................................30

9.1 Technologies associated with ANPR ................................................................................................................................ 30

9.2 Components of ANPR system .................................................................................................................................................30

9.3 Image acquisition .............................................................................................................................................................................. 31

9.4 Central management ...................................................................................................................................................................... 31

9.5 Image authentication ..................................................................................................................................................................... 31

9.6 Communication ................................................................................................................................................................................... 31

9.7 Human-machine interface ......................................................................................................................................................... 31

9.8 Challenges in the identification process ....................................................................................................................... 32

9.8.1 Accuracy ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32

9.8.2 Margin of error ................................................................................................................................................................. 32

10 Gap analysis ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................33

10.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33

10.2 Technical interfaces ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33

10.2.1 TI-1 Toll context definition ..................................................................................................................................... 33

10.2.2 TI-2 User registration .................................................................................................................................................34

10.2.3 TI-3 User list exchange ...............................................................................................................................................34

10.2.4 TI-4 User recognition ..................................................................................................................................................35

10.2.5 TI-5 Billing ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36

iii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)

10.2.6 TI-6 User data retrieval ............................................................................................................................................. 36

10.2.7 TI-7 Enforcement ........................................................................................................................................... .................. 37

10.3 Identified gaps .....................................................................................................................................................................................38

10.3.1 Specification for BO interface ..............................................................................................................................38

10.3.2 Test for BO interface .....................................................................................................................................................38

10.3.3 Definition of performance metrics ................................... ...............................................................................38

10.3.4 Content of the LPN-based information ........................................................................................................38

10.3.5 Security ................................... ........................................................................................................ .........................................39

10.3.6 Performance for the acquisition of LPN image .....................................................................................39

10.3.7 Specifications and tests for the interface with registers of vehicles ................................39

10.3.8 EFC System Architecture, Vocabulary, Data Dictionary – the ISO 17573

series .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 39

10.3.9 Business-related gaps .................................................................................................................................................39

11 Proposed standardization roadmap ...........................................................................................................................................40

Annex A (informative) Examples of operational ANPR schemes ........................................................................................41

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................45

PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems, in

collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/

TC 278, Intelligent transport systems, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation

between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Introduction

This document endeavours to foster a common understanding in the context of electronic fee collection

(EFC) systems of the use of vehicle licence plate information, and of automatic number plate recognition

(ANPR) technologies.

This document notably seeks to advance the common understanding and definitions in the following

areas:
— information associated with licence plate number (LPN);
— information exchanges over open interfaces;

— outline of specification of exchanges between actors, notably the toll service provider (TSP), the toll

charger (TC), vehicle registration authorities, etc;
— technologies regarding the ANPR.

The outcome is intended to contribute to more effective and efficient EFC schemes using vehicle LPN,

obtained by means of ANPR technology and any associated information (including make and model) as

a primary means to identify the user via the LPN, or a complementary means to augment the reliability

and the robustness of their dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)- or global navigation satellite

system/cellular network) (GNSS/CN)-based systems (including degraded mode, trip reconstitution,

etc).
PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle
licence plate information and automatic number plate
recognition (ANPR) technologies
1 Scope

This document provides an analysis of the use of licence plate number (LPN) information and

automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies in electronic fee collection (EFC), through

the description of the legal, technical, and functional contexts of LPN-based EFC. It also provides an

associated gap analysis of the EFC standards to identify actions to support standardized use of the

identified technologies, and a roadmap to address the identified gaps.

The gap analysis in this document is based on use cases, relevant regulations, standards and best

[27]

practices in the field of EFC, based on the European electronic toll service (EETS) model.

Examples of licence plate number (LPN)-based tolling schemes are given in the informative Annex A.

2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
3 dimensional
computer graphics that define an object by its width, length and depth
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 23541-1:2021, 3.1.1, modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]
3.2
automatic number plate recognition
technology to automatically read vehicle registration plates

Note 1 to entry: A vehicle registration plate typically contains the indicator or the code of the country that issued

the vehicle registration plate.

Note 2 to entry: Optical character recognition techniques are typically part of the technology associated with

automatic number plate recognition.

Note 3 to entry: Automatic licence plate recognition (ALPR) is a synonym to ANPR.

[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.18, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
3.3
artificial intelligence

set of methods or automated entities that together build, optimize and apply a

model so that the system can, for a given set of predefined tasks, compute predictions, recommendations,

or decisions

Note 1 to entry: AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of automation.

Note 2 to entry: "Predictions" can refer to various kinds of data analysis or production (including translating

text, creating synthetic images, or diagnosing a previous power failure). The term does not imply anteriority.

3.4
country code

identification of the issuing country of a licence plate, formatted in accordance with the United Nations

Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic regulation

Note 1 to entry: In accordance with the United Nations Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic

[33]
regulation, the CC contains 1, 2 or 3 alphabetical characters.

Note 2 to entry: A "human-readable country code" is defined as a licence plate number where human inspection

can determine the issuing country from syntax, font and other characteristics of licence plates.

3.5
error rate
ratio between the absolute error and the reference value of all transactions
3.6
false negative
incorrect reporting of a failure when in reality it is a pass

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]

3.7
false positive
incorrect reporting of a pass when in reality it is a failure

[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]

3.8
false negative error rate
ratio between the false negatives and the reference value of all transactions
3.9
false positive error rate
ratio between the false positives and the reference value of all transactions
3.10
false recognizable error rate

ratio between the false recognizable transactions and the reference value of all processed transactions

3.11
infrared

optical radiation for which the wavelengths are longer than those for visible radiation

Note 1 to entry: For infrared radiation, the range between 780 nm and 1 mm is commonly subdivided

3.12
intelligent transport system

transport system in which advanced information, communication, sensor and control technologies,

including the Internet, are applied to increase safety, sustainability, efficiency and comfort

[SOURCE: ISO/TR 17465-2:2015, 2.2]
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3.13
licence plate image
digital image on which a vehicle licence plate is visible

Note 1 to entry: A "human-readable licence plate image" is defined as a licence plate image with a human-readable

LPN and country code.
3.14
licence plate number
number of the registration plate of a vehicle
3.15
manual number plate recognition

process of determining the licence plate number and country code by human inspection of a digital

image
3.16
on-board unit

electronic unit on-board a vehicle for performing specific electronic fee collection (EFC) functions and

for communication with external systems
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.127]
3.17
optical character recognition
technique where characters are recognized and converted into binary code
[SOURCE: ISO 12651-1:2012, 4.100, modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]
3.18
payment means

means accepted by the service provider, that gives the user the right to use provided services

[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.134, modified — Example removed.]
319
toll domain statement

statement setting out the general conditions for European electronic toll service (EETS) providers for

accessing a toll charger’s toll domain.
[27]

Note 1 to entry: The definition is based on the EU directive 2019/520 on the recast of the European electronic

toll service (cf. Article 6(2)).
3.20
user account

centrally or on-board stored transport-related service rights of the user in relation to a service provider

[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.228]
3.21
vehicle registration authority

authority responsible for the registration and maintenance of vehicle registers, including details of

legal owners
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
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AI artificial intelligence
ALPR automatic licence plate recognition
ANPR automatic number plate recognition
BD billing details
BO back-office
CC country code
CS central system
OBE on-board equipment
OBU on-board unit
OCR optical character recognition
EEA European Economic Area
EETS European electronic tolling service
EFC electronic fee collection
EU European Union
EUCARIS European car and driving licence information system
HGV heavy goods vehicle
IR infrared
ITS intelligent transport system
LP licence plate
LPN licence plate number
MNPR manual number plate recognition
PAN primary account number
SA service area
SCC specific commercial conditions
SU service user
TC toll charger
TI technical interface
RSE roadside equipment
TDS toll domain statement
TSP toll service provider
VIN vehicle identification number
VRA vehicle registration authority
5 Legal context of LPN information
5.1 Regulated licence plate

The format of the number plate is usually defined in a jurisdiction by specific legislative acts, allowing

LPN information to be used in many applications. The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of

such applications:
a) indication of registered vehicle;
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b) indication of conformity to vehicle safety regulations at the time of registration;

c) certificate of usual vehicle parking location;
d) verification of vehicle insurance contract, or vehicle-related tax;

e) identification of vehicle usage types such as personal, commercial, rental, emergency, military;

f) toll collection;
g) enforcement, e,g. in case of traffic violation, car theft, crime.

These acts also specify the design and placement of the plate when mounted on the vehicle and the

obligations of the vehicle owner. Each jurisdiction has its own specifications for the plate design as

dictated by national priorities and use. As such, plate designs and placement typically differ between

jurisdictions. ANPR systems need to be capable of dealing with all potential characteristics of the

detected plates, such as:
— fixed position, angle, rotation, visible on vehicle;
— colour and painting and reflecting material of character and base plate;
— character alphabet;
— size and dimensional characteristics of characters (e.g. font width).

In principle, the TC can obtain the above information applicable to a given vehicle if the registration

jurisdiction is known to them.
5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate
5.2.1 General

The LPN is a human- and machine-readable set of characters, represented in an image, which serves

as a reference to the information of a licensed vehicle. As an example, in Europe the format for number

[23]

plates follows the requirements listed in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic. Under the Vienna

Convention, road vehicles carry their registration number on the front and back, even if legislation in

the registration jurisdiction does not require a front vehicle registration plate on road vehicles.

The registration numbers:
— consist either of numerals or of numerals and letters;

— use capital Latin characters and Arabic numerals (can optionally be displayed in a different

alphabet);

— carry (on the rear plate) a distinguishing sign of the registration jurisdiction.

The requirement to display said distinguishing sign is mutually waived between some countries, for

example (the list is not exhaustive):

— within the European Economic Area (EEA), for road vehicles with licence plates in the common

European Union (EU) format (which satisfies the requirements of the Vienna Convention on road

traffic, and which is also valid in those non-EU countries that signed the convention) issued in EU

member states;

— between Canada, the United States and Mexico, where the province, state, or district of registration

is usually embossed or surface-printed on the vehicle registration plate.
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5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe

The common EU format for the licence plates for vehicles is defined as a blue section on the extreme left

with the EU circle of stars and the country code. This was introduced by European Council Regulation

[24]

(EC) No 2411/98. According to Article 3 of this regulation, the distinguishing sign showing the State

of registration placed at the extreme left of the registration plate is to be recognized in all Member

States that require such information to be shown in vehicles registered in another Member State.

[23]

According to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, vehicles in cross-border traffic are obliged to

display a distinguishing sign of the country of registration on the rear of the vehicle (note that there is

no ANPR-based system that detects the country sign of the country of registration). This sign can either

be placed separately from the registration plate or, pursuant to the amendments to the convention in

2006, can be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate. One of the main benefits of the convention

for motorists is the obligation on signatory countries to recognize the legality of vehicles from other

signatory countries. The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic lays out the following provisions concerning

driving outside the country of registration:

— The physical requirements for the separate sign, defined in Annex 3 of Reference [22], state that

the letters are to be written in black on a white background having the shape of an ellipse with the

major axis horizontal. The distinguishing signs are not to be affixed in such a way that it could be

confused with the registration
...