ISO/TR 6026:2022
(Main)Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle licence plate information and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle licence plate information and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
This document provides an analysis of the use of licence plate number (LPN) information and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies in electronic fee collection (EFC), through the description of the legal, technical and functional contexts of LPN-based EFC. It also provides an associated gap analysis of the EFC standards to identify actions to support standardized use of the identified technologies, and a roadmap to address the identified gaps. The gap analysis in this document is based on use cases, relevant regulations, standards and best practices in the field of EFC, based on the European electronic toll service (EETS)[27] model. Examples of licence plate number (LPN)-based tolling schemes are given in Annex A.
Perception de télépéage — Pré-étude sur l'utilisation des informations de la plaque d'immatriculation du véhicule et la technologie de la lecture automatique des plaques minéralogiques (LAPI)
Le présent document donne une analyse de l’utilisation des technologies d’extraction des informations portées par le numéro d'immatriculation (LPN) et de lecture automatique des plaques d’immatriculation (LAPI) dans le contexte de la perception électronique du télépéage (EFC), par la description du contexte légal, technique et fonctionnel de la perception électronique du télépéage basée sur le LPN. Il donne également une analyse des lacunes des normes de perception électronique du télépéage afin d'identifier les actions à entreprendre pour soutenir l'utilisation normalisée des technologies identifiées, ainsi qu'une feuille de route pour combler les lacunes identifiées. L'analyse des lacunes figurant dans le présent document se fonde sur les cas d'utilisation, les réglementations en vigueur, les normes et les meilleures pratiques dans le domaine de la perception électronique du télépéage, sur la base du modèle du Service européen de télépéage (SET)[27]. Des exemples de systèmes de péage basés sur les numéros d'immatriculation (LPN) sont donnés dans l’Annexe A.
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 6026
First edition
2022-08
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study
on the use of vehicle licence plate
information and automatic number
plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
Perception de télépéage — Pré-étude sur l'utilisation des
informations de la plaque d'immatriculation du véhicule et la
technologie de la lecture automatique des plaques minéralogiques
(LAPI)
Reference number
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 3
5 Legal context of LPN information. 5
5.1 Regulated licence plate . 5
5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate . 5
5.2.1 General . 5
5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe . 6
5.3 Licence plate properties . 6
5.4 Illegal licence plates . 9
6 LPN information for EFC .9
6.1 General principles . 9
6.2 Limitations of the LPN . 10
6.3 LPN recognition process (ANPR) . 10
6.4 Limitations of LPN recognition process (ANPR) . 13
6.5 LPN validation . 15
7 Scenario — ANPR-based EFC .16
7.1 Description of the scenario. 16
7.2 Use cases . 16
7.3 Business processes . 16
7.4 Technical interfaces (TI) . 24
8 Use cases .25
8.1 Define toll context . 25
8.2 Register user . 27
8.3 Recognize user with LPN .28
8.4 Charge user .28
8.5 Enforce payment . 29
8.6 Handle exceptions (errors) .29
9 Technologies for LPN recognition.30
9.1 Technologies associated with ANPR . 30
9.2 Components of ANPR system .30
9.3 Image acquisition . 31
9.4 Central management . 31
9.5 Image authentication . 31
9.6 Communication . 31
9.7 Human-machine interface . 31
9.8 Challenges in the identification process . 32
9.8.1 Accuracy . 32
9.8.2 Margin of error . 32
10 Gap analysis .33
10.1 General . 33
10.2 Technical interfaces . 33
10.2.1 TI-1 Toll context definition . 33
10.2.2 TI-2 User registration .34
10.2.3 TI-3 User list exchange .34
10.2.4 TI-4 User recognition .35
10.2.5 TI-5 Billing . 36
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
10.2.6 TI-6 User data retrieval . 36
10.2.7 TI-7 Enforcement . . 37
10.3 Identified gaps .38
10.3.1 Specification for BO interface .38
10.3.2 Test for BO interface .38
10.3.3 Definition of performance metrics . .38
10.3.4 Content of the LPN-based information .38
10.3.5 Security . . .39
10.3.6 Performance for the acquisition of LPN image .39
10.3.7 Specifications and tests for the interface with registers of vehicles .39
10.3.8 EFC System Architecture, Vocabulary, Data Dictionary – the ISO 17573
series . 39
10.3.9 Business-related gaps .39
11 Proposed standardization roadmap .40
Annex A (informative) Examples of operational ANPR schemes .41
Bibliography .45
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems, in
collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/
TC 278, Intelligent transport systems, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Introduction
This document endeavours to foster a common understanding in the context of electronic fee collection
(EFC) systems of the use of vehicle licence plate information, and of automatic number plate recognition
(ANPR) technologies.
This document notably seeks to advance the common understanding and definitions in the following
areas:
— information associated with the licence plate number (LPN);
— information exchanges over open interfaces;
— outline of specification of exchanges between actors, notably the toll service provider (TSP), the toll
charger (TC), vehicle registration authorities, etc;
— technologies regarding the ANPR.
The outcome is intended to contribute to more effective and efficient EFC schemes using vehicle LPN,
obtained by means of ANPR technology and any associated information (including make and model)
as a primary means to identify the user via the LPN, or a complementary means to augment the
reliability and the robustness of their dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)-based or global
navigation satellite system/cellular network) (GNSS/CN)-based systems (including degraded mode,
trip reconstitution, etc).
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle
licence plate information and automatic number plate
recognition (ANPR) technologies
1 Scope
This document provides an analysis of the use of licence plate number (LPN) information and
automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies in electronic fee collection (EFC), through
the description of the legal, technical and functional contexts of LPN-based EFC. It also provides an
associated gap analysis of the EFC standards to identify actions to support standardized use of the
identified technologies, and a roadmap to address the identified gaps.
The gap analysis in this document is based on use cases, relevant regulations, standards and best
[27]
practices in the field of EFC, based on the European electronic toll service (EETS) model.
Examples of licence plate number (LPN)-based tolling schemes are given in Annex A.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
3 dimensional
3D
computer graphics that define an object by its width, length and depth
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 23541-1:2021, 3.1.1, modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]
3.2
automatic number plate recognition
technology to automatically read vehicle registration plates
Note 1 to entry: A vehicle registration plate typically contains the indicator or the code of the country that issued
the vehicle registration plate.
Note 2 to entry: Optical character recognition techniques are typically part of the technology associated with
automatic number plate recognition.
Note 3 to entry: Automatic licence plate recognition (ALPR) is a synonym to ANPR.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.18, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
3.3
artificial intelligence
set of methods or automated entities that together build, optimize and apply a
model so that the system can, for a given set of predefined tasks, compute predictions, recommendations,
or decisions
Note 1 to entry: AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of automation.
Note 2 to entry: "Predictions" can refer to various kinds of data analysis or production (including translating
text, creating synthetic images, or diagnosing a previous power failure). The term does not imply anteriority.
3.4
country code
identification of the issuing country of a licence plate, formatted in accordance with the United Nations
Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic regulation
Note 1 to entry: In accordance with the United Nations Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic
[33]
regulation, the CC contains 1, 2 or 3 alphabetical characters.
Note 2 to entry: A "human-readable country code" is defined as a licence plate number where human inspection
can determine the issuing country from syntax, font and other characteristics of licence plates.
3.5
error rate
ratio between the absolute error and the reference value of all transactions
3.6
false negative
incorrect reporting of a failure when in reality it is a pass
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]
3.7
false positive
incorrect reporting of a pass when in reality it is a failure
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]
3.8
false negative error rate
ratio between the false negatives and the reference value of all transactions
3.9
false positive error rate
ratio between the false positives and the reference value of all transactions
3.10
false recognizable error rate
ratio between the false recognizable transactions and the reference value of all processed transactions
3.11
infrared
optical radiation for which the wavelengths are longer than those for visible radiation
Note 1 to entry: For infrared radiation, the range between 780 nm and 1 mm is commonly subdivided
3.12
intelligent transport system
transport system in which advanced information, communication, sensor and control technologies,
including the Internet, are applied to increase safety, sustainability, efficiency and comfort
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 17465-2:2015, 2.2]
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
3.13
licence plate image
digital image on which a vehicle licence plate is visible
Note 1 to entry: A "human-readable licence plate image" is defined as a licence plate image with a human-readable
licence plate number and country code.
3.14
licence plate number
number of the registration plate of a vehicle
3.15
manual number plate recognition
process of determining the licence plate number and country code by human inspection of a digital
image
3.16
on-board unit
electronic unit on-board a vehicle for performing specific electronic fee collection (EFC) functions and
for communication with external systems
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.127]
3.17
optical character recognition
technique where characters are recognized and converted into binary code
[SOURCE: ISO 12651-1:2012, 4.100, modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]
3.18
payment means
means accepted by the service provider, that gives the user the right to use provided services
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.134, modified — Example removed.]
319
toll domain statement
statement setting out the general conditions for European electronic toll service (EETS) providers for
accessing a toll charger’s toll domain.
[27]
Note 1 to entry: The definition is based on the EU directive 2019/520 on the recast of the European electronic
toll service (cf. Article 6(2)).
3.20
user account
centrally or on-board stored transport-related service rights of the user in relation to a service provider
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.228]
3.21
vehicle registration authority
authority responsible for the registration and maintenance of vehicle registers, including details of
legal owners
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
AI artificial intelligence
ALPR automatic licence plate recognition
ANPR automatic number plate recognition
BD billing details
BO back-office
CC country code
CS central system
OBE on-board equipment
OBU on-board unit
OCR optical character recognition
EEA European Economic Area
EETS European electronic tolling service
EFC electronic fee collection
EU European Union
EUCARIS European car and driving licence information system
HGV heavy goods vehicle
IR infrared
ITS intelligent transport system
LP licence plate
LPN licence plate number
MNPR manual number plate recognition
PAN primary account number
RFID radio frequency identification
SA service area
SCC specific commercial conditions
SU service user
TC toll charger
TI technical interface
RSE roadside equipment
TDS toll domain statement
TSP toll service provider
VIN vehicle identification number
VRA vehicle registration authority
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
5 Legal context of LPN information
5.1 Regulated licence plate
The format of the number plate is usually defined in a jurisdiction by specific legislative acts, allowing
LPN information to be used in many applications. The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of
such applications:
a) indication of registered vehicle;
b) indication of conformity to vehicle safety regulations at the time of registration;
c) certificate of usual vehicle parking location;
d) verification of vehicle insurance contract, or vehicle-related tax;
e) identification of vehicle usage types such as personal, commercial, rental, emergency, military;
f) toll collection;
g) enforcement, e,g. in case of traffic violation, car theft, crime.
These acts also specify the design and placement of the plate when mounted on the vehicle and the
obligations of the vehicle owner. Each jurisdiction has its own specifications for the plate design as
dictated by national priorities and use. As such, plate designs and placement typically differ between
jurisdictions. ANPR systems need to be capable of dealing with all potential characteristics of the
detected plates, such as:
— fixed position, angle, rotation, visible on vehicle;
— colour and painting and reflecting material of character and base plate;
— character alphabet;
— size and dimensional characteristics of characters (e.g. font width).
In principle, the TC can obtain the above information applicable to a given vehicle if the registration
jurisdiction is known to it.
5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate
5.2.1 General
The LPN is a human- and machine-readable set of characters, represented in an image, which serves
as a reference to the information of a licensed vehicle. As an example, in Europe the format for number
[23]
plates follows the requirements listed in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic. Under the Vienna
Convention, road vehicles carry their registration number on the front and back, even if legislation in
the registration jurisdiction does not require a front vehicle registration plate on road vehicles.
The registration numbers:
— consist either of numerals or of numerals and letters;
— use capital Latin characters and Arabic numerals (can optionally be displayed in a different
alphabet);
— carry (on the rear plate) a distinguishing sign of the registration jurisdiction.
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
The requirement to display said distinguishing sign is mutually waived between some countries, for
example (the list is not exhaustive):
— within the European Economic Area (EEA), for road vehicles with licence plates in the common
European Union (EU) format (which satisfies the requirements of the Vienna Convention on road
traffic, and which is also valid in those non-EU countries that signed the convention) issued in EU
member states;
— between Canada, the United States and Mexico, where the province, state, or district of registration
is usually embossed or surface-printed on the vehicle registration plate.
5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe
The common EU format for the licence plates for vehicles is defined as a blue section on the extreme left
with the EU circle of stars and the country code. This was introduced by European Council Regulation
[24]
(EC) No 2411/98. According to Article 3 of this regulation, the distinguishing sign showing the State
of registration placed at the extreme left of the registration plate is to be recognized in all Member
States that require such information to be shown in vehicles registered in another Member State.
[23]
According to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, vehicles in cross-border traffic are obliged to
display a distinguishing sign of the country of registration on the rear of the vehicle (note that it is
not common for ANPR-based systems to detect the country sign of the country of registration). This
sign can either be placed separately from the registration plate or, pursuant to the amendments to the
convention in 2006, can be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate. One of the main benefits
of the convention for motorists is the obligation on signatory countries to recognize the legality of
vehicles from other signatory countries. The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic lays out the following
provisions concerning driving outside the country of registration:
— The physical requirements for the separate sign, defined in its Annex 3, state that the letters are
to be written in black on a white background having the shape of an ellipse with the major axis
horizontal. The distinguish
...
RAPPORT ISO/TR
TECHNIQUE 6026
Première édition
2022-08
Perception de télépéage — Pré-étude
sur l'utilisation des informations
de la plaque d'immatriculation
du véhicule et la technologie de la
lecture automatique des plaques
minéralogiques (LAPI)
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle licence
plate information and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR)
technologies
Numéro de référence
ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
© ISO 2022
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2022
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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Publié en Suisse
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives .1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Abréviations . 4
5 Cadre légal des informations portées par le LPN . 5
5.1 Plaque d'immatriculation réglementaire . 5
5.2 Caractéristiques physiques de la plaque d'immatriculation . 6
5.2.1 Généralités . 6
5.2.2 Caractéristiques des plaques d’immatriculation en Europe . 6
5.3 Propriétés des plaques d'immatriculation . 7
5.4 Plaques d'immatriculation illégales . 9
6 Informations relatives aux LPN pour la perception électronique du télépéage .10
6.1 Principes généraux . 10
6.2 Limitations du LPN . 10
6.3 Processus d’identification de LPN (LAPI) . 11
6.4 Limites du processus d’identification de LPN (LAPI) . 14
6.5 Validation du LPN . 16
7 Scénario — Perception électronique du télépéage basé sur le LAPI .17
7.1 Description du scénario . . 17
7.2 Cas d’utilisation . 17
7.3 Processus commerciaux . . 18
7.4 Interfaces techniques . 26
8 Cas d’utilisation .27
8.1 Définition du contexte de péage . 27
8.2 Inscription d’un utilisateur .29
8.3 Identification d’un utilisateur par son LPN .30
8.4 Perception du péage.30
8.5 Contrôle sanction du paiement . 31
8.6 Gestion des exceptions (erreurs). 31
9 Technologies de reconnaissance des LPN .32
9.1 Technologies associées au LAPI . 32
9.2 Composants de système LAPI . 32
9.3 Acquisition des images . 33
9.4 Gestion centrale . 33
9.5 Authentification des images .34
9.6 Communication .34
9.7 Interface homme-machine .34
9.8 Problèmes posés par le processus d’identification .34
9.8.1 Exactitude.34
9.8.2 Marge d’erreur . 35
10 Analyse des lacunes .35
10.1 Généralités . 35
10.2 Interfaces techniques . 36
10.2.1 TI-1 Définition du contexte de péage .36
10.2.2 TI-2 Inscription de l’utilisateur . 37
10.2.3 TI-3 Échange de listes d’utilisateurs . 37
10.2.4 TI-4 Identification de l’utilisateur .38
10.2.5 TI-5 Facturation . 39
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
10.2.6 TI-6 Récupération des données utilisateur .39
10.2.7 TI-7 Contrôle sanction .40
10.3 Lacunes identifiées . 41
10.3.1 Spécification de l’interface back-office . 41
10.3.2 Test pour interface back-office . 41
10.3.3 Définition de métriques de performances. 41
10.3.4 Contenu des informations basées sur le LPN . 42
10.3.5 Sécurité . 42
10.3.6 Performances d’acquisition de l’image du LPN . 42
10.3.7 Cahier des charges et essais pour l’interface avec les registres de véhicules . 42
10.3.8 Architecture des systèmes de perception électronique du télépéage,
vocabulaire, dictionnaire de données – la série ISO 17573 . 43
10.3.9 Lacunes ayant un impact économique . 43
11 Feuille de route de normalisation proposée .43
Annexe A (informative) Exemples de systèmes de péage opérationnel basé sur le LAPI .45
Bibliographie .49
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 204, Systèmes de transport intelligents,
en collaboration avec le comité technique CEN/TC 278, Systèmes de transport intelligents, du Comité
européen de normalisation (CEN) conformément à l’Accord de coopération technique entre l’ISO et le
CEN (Accord de Vienne).
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
Introduction
Le présent document a pour but de favoriser une compréhension commune, dans le contexte des
installations de perception électronique du télépéage (EFC), de l'utilisation des informations portées
par les plaques d'immatriculation des véhicules et des technologies de lecture automatique des plaques
d’immatriculation (LAPI).
Ce document vise notamment à faire progresser la compréhension et les définitions communes dans les
domaines suivants:
— informations associées au numéro de plaque d'immatriculation (LPN);
— échanges d’informations sur des interfaces ouvertes;
— description de la spécification des échanges entre les différents acteurs, notamment le fournisseur
de services de péage (TSP), le percepteur de péage (TC), les autorités d’enregistrement du véhicule,
etc.;
— technologies relatives au LAPI.
Le résultat est destiné à contribuer à des schémas de perception électronique du télépéage plus
efficaces et performants utilisant le LPN du véhicule, obtenu au moyen de la technologie LAPI, et de
toute information associée (y compris la marque et le modèle) comme moyen principal d’identification
de l'utilisateur par le LPN, ou comme moyen complémentaire pour augmenter la fiabilité et la robustesse
de leurs systèmes basés sur la communication dédiée à courte portée (DSRC) ou sur le système mondial
de navigation par satellite (GNSS/CN) (y compris le mode dégradé, la reconstitution des voyages, etc.).
vi
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RAPPORT TECHNIQUE ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
Perception de télépéage — Pré-étude sur l'utilisation des
informations de la plaque d'immatriculation du véhicule
et la technologie de la lecture automatique des plaques
minéralogiques (LAPI)
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document donne une analyse de l’utilisation des technologies d’extraction des informations
portées par le numéro d'immatriculation (LPN) et de lecture automatique des plaques d’immatriculation
(LAPI) dans le contexte de la perception électronique du télépéage (EFC), par la description du contexte
légal, technique et fonctionnel de la perception électronique du télépéage basée sur le LPN. Il donne
également une analyse des lacunes des normes de perception électronique du télépéage afin d'identifier
les actions à entreprendre pour soutenir l'utilisation normalisée des technologies identifiées, ainsi
qu'une feuille de route pour combler les lacunes identifiées.
L'analyse des lacunes figurant dans le présent document se fonde sur les cas d'utilisation, les
réglementations en vigueur, les normes et les meilleures pratiques dans le domaine de la perception
[27]
électronique du télépéage, sur la base du modèle du Service européen de télépéage (SET) .
Des exemples de systèmes de péage basés sur les numéros d'immatriculation (LPN) sont donnés dans
l’Annexe A.
2 Références normatives
Aucune référence normative n’est associée à ce document.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
tridimensionnel
3D
graphique informatique définissant un objet par sa largeur, sa longueur et sa profondeur
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 23541-1:2021, 3.1.1, modifié — Note 1 à l’article supprimée]
3.2
lecture automatique des plaques d’immatriculation
technologie de lecture automatisée des plaques d’immatriculation des véhicules
Note 1 à l'article: la plaque d’immatriculation d’un véhicule contient généralement l’indicateur ou le code du pays
qui a émis la plaque d’immatriculation du véhicule.
Note 2 à l'article: les techniques de reconnaissance optique des caractères font généralement partie de la
technologie associée à la lecture automatique des plaques d’immatriculation.
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
Note 3 à l'article: le terme «lecture automatique des plaques minéralogiques» est synonyme de «lecture
automatique des plaques d’immatriculation» (LAPI).
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.18, modifié — Note 3 à l’article ajoutée]
3.3
intelligence artificielle
ensemble de méthodes ou d'entités automatisées qui, ensemble, construisent,
optimisent et appliquent un modèle permettant au système, pour un ensemble donné de tâches
prédéfinies, de calculer des prédictions, des recommandations ou des décisions
Note 1 à l'article: les systèmes d’IA sont conçus pour fonctionner avec différents niveaux d'automatisation.
Note 2 à l'article: le terme «prédictions» peut faire référence à divers types d'analyse ou de production de données
(notamment la traduction de textes, la création d'images de synthèse ou le diagnostic d'un défaut d’alimentation
électrique antérieur). Ce terme n'implique pas nécessairement une antériorité.
3.4
code pays
identification du pays d'émission d'une plaque d'immatriculation, formatée conformément aux signes
distinctifs des Nations Unies pour les véhicules dans le règlement international de la circulation
Note 1 à l'article: conformément aux signes distinctifs des Nations Unies pour les véhicules dans le règlement
[33]
international de la circulation , le code pays contient 1, 2 ou 3 caractères alphabétiques.
Note 2 à l'article: un «code pays lisible par des lecteurs humains» est défini par un numéro d’immatriculation
dont l'inspection humaine peut déterminer le pays émetteur à partir de la syntaxe, de la police de caractères et
d'autres caractéristiques des plaques d’immatriculation.
3.5
taux d’erreur
rapport de l’erreur absolue sur la valeur de référence de toutes les transactions
3.6
faux négatif
déclaration incorrecte d’échec alors qu'il s'agit en réalité d'une réussite
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modifié — Note 1 à l’article et exemple supprimé]
3.7
faux positif
déclaration incorrecte de réussite alors qu'il s'agit en réalité d'un échec
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modifié — Note 1 à l’article et exemple supprimé]
3.8
taux d’erreur de faux négatifs
rapport du nombre de faux négatifs sur la valeur de référence de toutes les transactions
3.9
taux d’erreur de faux positifs
rapport du nombre de faux positifs sur la valeur de référence de toutes les transactions
3.10
taux d’erreur de faux reconnaissables
rapport du nombre de transactions fausses reconnaissables sur la valeur de référence de toutes les
transactions traitées
2
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
3.11
infrarouge
rayonnement optique dont les longueurs d'onde sont supérieures à celles du rayonnement visible
Note 1 à l'article: la plage des longueurs d’onde de rayonnement infrarouge est couramment subdivisée entre
780 nm et 1 mm.
3.12
système de transport intelligent
système de transport dans lequel des technologies avancées d'information, de communication, de
détection et de contrôle, y compris internet, sont appliquées pour accroître la sécurité, la durabilité,
l'efficacité et le confort
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 17465-2:2015, 2.2]
3.13
image de plaque d'immatriculation
image numérique sur laquelle une plaque d'immatriculation de véhicule est visible
Note 1 à l'article: une «image de plaque d'immatriculation lisible par des lecteurs humains» est définie par une
image de plaque d'immatriculation avec un numéro d'immatriculation lisible par des lecteurs humains et un code
pays.
3.14
numéro de plaque d'immatriculation
numéro de la plaque attribué lors de l’immatriculation d’un véhicule
3.15
lecture manuelle des plaques d’immatriculation
processus de détermination du numéro d'immatriculation et du code pays par inspection humaine
d’une image numérique
3.16
unité embarquée
unité électronique à bord d’un véhicule pour effectuer des fonctions spécifiques de perception
électronique du télépéage et pour la communication avec des systèmes externes
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.127]
3.17
reconnaissance optique de caractères
technique permettant de reconnaître des caractères et de les convertir en code binaire
[SOURCE: ISO 12651-1:2012, 4.100, modifié — Note 1 à l’article supprimée]
3.18
moyen de paiement
moyen accepté par le TSP, qui donne à l’utilisateur le droit d’utiliser les services fournis
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.134, modifié — Exemple supprimé]
3.19
déclaration de secteur de SET
déclaration fixant les conditions générales d'accès des prestataires du service européen de télépéage
(SET) à leurs secteurs à péage
[27]
Note 1 à l'article: cette définition découle de la directive 2019/520 de l’UE sur la refonte du service européen
de télépéage (voir Article 6(2)).
3
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
3.20
compte utilisateur
droits d’un utilisateur relatifs à un service de transport, stockés de manière centralisée ou embarquée,
liés à un prestataire de, s
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.228]
3.21
autorité d’immatriculation des véhicules
autorité responsable de l’enregistrement et de la tenue à jour des registres d’immatriculation des
véhicules, y compris les coordonnées de leurs propriétaires légaux
4 Abréviations
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes suivants s’appliquent.
IA intelligence artificielle
ALPR (LAPI)lecture automatique des plaques minéralogiques [automatic licence plate recognition]
ANPR lecture automatique des plaques d’immatriculation [automatic number plate recognition]
(LAPI)
BD détails de facturation [billing details]
BO back-office
CC code pays [country code]
CS système central [central system]
OBE équipement embarqué [on-board equipment]
OBU unité embarquée [on-board unit]
OCR reconnaissance optique de caractères [optical character recognition]
EEE espace économique européen
SET service européen de télépéage
EFC perception du télépéage [electronic fee collection]
UE union européenne
EUCARIS système d’information européen sur les véhicules et les permis de conduire [European car
et driving licence information system]
PL poids lourds
IR infrarouge
STI système de transport intelligent
LP plaque d'immatriculation [licence plate]
LPN numéro d'immatriculation [licence plate number]
MNPR lecture manuelle des plaques d’immatriculation [manual number plate recognition]
4
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
PAN numéro de compte principal [primary account number]
RFID identification par radiofréquence [radio frequency identification]
SA aire de service [service area]
SCC conditions commerciales spécifiques [specific commercial conditions]
SU utilisateur du péage [service user]
TC percepteur de péage [toll charger]
TI interface technique [technical interface]
RSE équipement en bord de route [roadside equipment]
TDS déclaration de secteur de SET [toll domain statement]
TSP fournisseur de services de péage [toll service provider]
VIN numéro d’identification de véhicule [vehicle identification number]
VRA autorité d’immatriculation des véhicules [vehicle registration authority]
5 Cadre légal des informations portées par le LPN
5.1 Plaque d'immatriculation réglementaire
Le format de la plaque d'immatriculation est généralement défini dans une juridiction donnée par des
textes législatifs spécifiques, ce qui permet d'utiliser les informations de LPN dans de nombreuses
applications. La liste ci-après donne une liste non exhaustive d’exemples de telles applications:
a) indication de véhicule immatriculé;
b) indication de conformité aux règles de sécurité du véhicule à la date de l'immatriculation;
c) certificat de lieu de stationnement habituel du véhicule;
d) vérification du contrat d'assurance du véhicule, ou de la taxe liée au véhicule;
e) identification des types d'utilisation du véhicule tels qu’utilisation personnelle, commerciale, de
location, d'urgence, militaire;
f) perception du péage;
g) contrôle sanction, par exemple en cas d'infraction au code de la route, de vol de voiture ou de crime.
Ces textes législatifs précisent également la conception et l'emplacement de la plaque lorsqu'elle est
montée sur le véhicule, ainsi que les obligations du propriétaire du véhicule. Chaque juridiction
a son propre cahier des charges pour la conception de la plaque, dicté par les priorités nationales et
l'utilisation. Tout cela fait que la conception et l'emplacement des plaques diffèrent généralement d'une
juridiction à l'autre. Les systèmes de LAPI doivent être capables de traiter toutes les caractéristiques
potentielles des plaques détectées, comme par exemple:
— position fixe, angle, rotation, visibilité du véhicule;
— couleur, peinture et matériau réfléchissant des caractères et de la plaque de base;
— alphabet des caractères;
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(F)
— taille et caractéristiques dimensionnelles des caractères (par exemple la largeur de la police de
caractères).
En principe, le TC peut obtenir les informations ci-dessus applicables à un véhicule donné si la juridiction
d'immatriculation lui est connue.
5.2 Caractéristiques physiques de la plaque d'immatriculation
5.2.1 Généralités
Le LPN est un ensemble de caractères lisibles par des lecteurs humains et par la machine, représenté par
une image qui sert de référence aux informations sur un véhicule immatriculé. Par exemple, en Europe,
le format des plaques minéralogiques suit les exigences énumérées dans la Convention de Vienne sur la
[23]
circulation routière . En vertu de la Convention de Vienne, les véhicules routiers po
...
CEN/TC 278
ISO/TC 204
Date: 2021-11 2022-04-01
FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:20212022
Secretariat: NEN
Electronic fee collection – — Pre-study on the use of vehicle licence plate
information and automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
Elektronische Gebührenerhebung Vorstudie zur Nutzung von
Kennzeicheninformationen und automatischer Kennzeichenerkennung (ANPR)
Technologie
Perception du télépéage – Pré-étude sur l'utilisation des informations de la plaque
d'immatriculation du véhicule et la technologie de la lecture automatique des
plaques minéralogiques (LAPI)
ICS:
CCMC will prepare and attach the official title page.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021(E)
1
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FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no
part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without
prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
i
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FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021(E)
Contents
European foreword . 1
Introduction . 2
1 Scope . 2
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms . 6
5 Legal context of LPN information . 7
5.1 Regulated licence plate . 7
5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate . 7
5.2.1 General. 7
5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe . 8
5.3 Licence plate properties . 8
5.4 Illegal licence plates . 11
6 LPN information for EFC . 11
6.1 General principles . 11
6.2 Limitations of the LPN . 12
6.3 LPN recognition process (ANPR) . 12
6.4 Limitations of LPN recognition process (ANPR) . 16
6.5 LPN validation . 17
7 Scenario - ANPR-based EFC . 18
7.1 Description of the scenario . 18
7.2 Use cases . 18
7.3 Business Processes . 19
7.4 Technical interfaces . 26
8 Use cases . 27
8.1 Define toll context. 27
8.2 Register user . 29
8.3 Recognize user with LPN . 30
8.4 Charge user . 30
8.5 Enforce payment . 31
8.6 Handle exceptions (errors) . 31
9 Technologies for LPN recognition . 32
9.1 Technologies associated with ANPR . 32
9.2 Components of ANPR system . 32
9.3 Image acquisition . 33
9.4 Central management . 33
9.5 Image authentication. 33
9.6 Communication . 34
9.7 Human-machine interface . 34
9.8 Challenges in the identification process . 34
9.8.1 Accuracy . 34
9.8.2 Margin of error . 35
10 Gap analysis . 35
10.1 General. 35
ii
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FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021(E)
10.2 Technical interfaces . 35
10.2.1 TI-1 Toll context definition . 35
10.2.2 TI-2 User registration. 37
10.2.3 TI-3 User list exchange . 37
10.2.4 TI-4 User recognition . 38
10.2.5 TI-5 Billing . 39
10.2.6 TI-6 User data retrieval . 40
10.2.7 TI-7 Enforcement . 40
10.3 Identified gaps . 41
10.3.1 Specification for BO interface . 41
10.3.2 Test for BO interface . 41
10.3.3 Definition of performance metrics . 41
10.3.4 Content of the LPN-based information . 42
10.3.5 Security . 42
10.3.6 Performance for the acquisition of LPN image . 42
10.3.7 Specifications and tests for the interface with registers of vehicles . 42
10.3.8 EFC System Architecture, Vocabulary, Data Dictionary – the CEN ISO 17573 series . 43
10.3.9 Business-related gaps . 43
11 Proposed standardisation roadmap . 43
Annex A (informative) Examples of operational ANPR schemes. 45
Bibliography . 62
iii
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
European foreword
Foreword . iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 4
5 Legal context of LPN information . 6
5.1 Regulated licence plate . 6
5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate . 7
5.2.1 General. 7
5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe . 7
5.3 Licence plate properties . 8
5.4 Illegal licence plates . 12
6 LPN information for EFC . 13
6.1 General principles . 13
6.2 Limitations of the LPN . 13
6.3 LPN recognition process (ANPR) . 13
6.4 Limitations of LPN recognition process (ANPR) . 19
6.5 LPN validation . 22
7 Scenario — ANPR-based EFC. 23
7.1 Description of the scenario . 23
7.2 Use cases . 23
7.3 Business processes . 23
7.4 Technical interfaces (TI) . 35
8 Use cases . 36
8.1 Define toll context. 36
8.2 Register user . 39
8.3 Recognize user with LPN . 41
8.4 Charge user . 41
8.5 Enforce payment . 42
8.6 Handle exceptions (errors) . 42
9 Technologies for LPN recognition . 43
9.1 Technologies associated with ANPR . 43
9.2 Components of ANPR system . 43
9.3 Image acquisition . 44
9.4 Central management . 44
9.5 Image authentication. 45
9.6 Communication . 45
9.7 Human-machine interface . 45
9.8 Challenges in the identification process . 45
9.8.1 Accuracy . 45
9.8.2 Margin of error . 46
10 Gap analysis . 46
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
10.1 General . 46
10.2 Technical interfaces . 47
10.2.1 TI-1 Toll context definition . 47
10.2.2 TI-2 User registration. 48
10.2.3 TI-3 User list exchange . 48
10.2.4 TI-4 User recognition . 49
10.2.5 TI-5 Billing . 50
10.2.6 TI-6 User data retrieval . 51
10.2.7 TI-7 Enforcement . 52
10.3 Identified gaps . 52
10.3.1 Specification for BO interface . 52
10.3.2 Test for BO interface . 53
10.3.3 Definition of performance metrics . 53
10.3.4 Content of the LPN-based information . 53
10.3.5 Security . 54
10.3.6 Performance for the acquisition of LPN image . 54
10.3.7 Specifications and tests for the interface with registers of vehicles . 54
10.3.8 EFC System Architecture, Vocabulary, Data Dictionary – the ISO 17573 series . 54
10.3.9 Business-related gaps . 54
11 Proposed standardization roadmap . 55
Annex A (informative) Examples of operational ANPR schemes. 57
Bibliography . 77
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document (FprCEN ISO/DTR 6026:2021) has
been was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see
www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee CENISO/TC 278 204, Intelligent transport systems,
the secretariat of which is held by NEN. It has been prepared in in collaboration with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) TechnicalEuropean Committee TC 204for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 278, Intelligent transport systems, in accordance with the Agreement on
technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Introduction
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved v
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Introduction
This document endeavours to foster a common understanding in the context of electronic fee collection
(EFC) systems onof the use of vehicle licence plate information, and onof automatic number plate
recognition (ANPR) technologies.
This document notably seeks to advance the common understanding and definitions in the following
areas:
— information associated with licence plate number (LPN);
— information exchanges over open interfaces;
— outline of specification of exchanges between actors, notably the toll service provider, (TSP), the toll
charger, (TC), vehicle registrationsregistration authorities, etc;
— technologies regarding the ANPR.
The outcome is intended to contribute to more effective and efficient EFC schemes using vehicle LPN,
obtained by means of ANPR technology, and any associated information (including make and model) as
a primary means to identify the user via the LPN, or a complementary means to augment the reliability
and the robustness of their dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)- or global navigation satellite
system / /cellular network) (GNSS/CN)-based systems (including degraded mode, trip reconstitution,
etc).
vi © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle licence plate information and
automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
1 Scope
This document provides an analysis of the use of licence plate number (LPN) information and automatic
number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies in electronic fee collection (EFC), through the description
of the legal, technical, and functional contexts of LPN-based EFC. It also provides an associated gap
analysis of the EFC standards to identify actions to support standardisedstandardized use of the
identified technologies, and a roadmap to address the identified gaps.
The gap analysis in this document is based on use cases, relevant regulations, standards, and best
[ [27]
practices in the field of EFC, based on the European electronic toll service (EETS) ) model.
Examples of licence plate number (LPN)-based tolling schemes are given in the informative Annex A.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
3 dimensional
3D
computer graphics that define an object by its width, length and depth
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 23541-1:2021, 3.1.1], modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]
3.2
automatic number plate recognition
ANPR
automated process of determining the licence plate number and the country code from a digital image of
a licence plate
technology to automatically read vehicle registration plates
Note 1 to entry: A vehicle registration plate typically contains the indicator or the code of the country that issued
the vehicle registration plate.
Note 2 to entry: Optical character recognition techniques are typically part of the technology associated with
automatedautomatic number plate recognition.
Note 3 to entry: Automatic licence plate recognition (ALPR) is a synonym to ANPR.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.18, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]
3.3
artificial intelligence
AI
set of methods or automated entities that together build, optimize and apply a
model so that the system can, for a given set of predefined tasks, compute predictions, recommendations,
or decisions
Note 1 to entry: AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of automation.
Note 2 to entry: "Predictions" can refer to various kinds of data analysis or production (including translating text,
creating synthetic images, or diagnosing a previous power failure). ItThe term does not imply anteriority.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC DIS 22989:2021, 3.1.2]
3.4
country code
CC
Identificationidentification of the issuing country of a licence plate, formatted in accordance with the
United Nations Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic. In accordance with this regulation,
the CC contains 1, 2 or 3 alphabetical characters regulation
Note 1 to entry: In accordance with the United Nations Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic
[33]
regulation, the CC contains 1, 2 or 3 alphabetical characters.
Note 2 to entry: A "human-readable country code" is defined as a licence plate number where human inspection can
determine the issuing country from syntax, font and other characteristics of licence plates.
3.5
error rate
ratio between the absolute error and the reference value of all transactions
3.6
false negative
incorrect reporting of a failure when in reality it is a pass
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34], modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]
3.7
false positive
incorrect reporting of a pass when in reality it is a failure
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]
3.8
false negative error rate
ratio between the false negatives and the reference value of all transactions
3.9
false positive error rate
ratio between the false positives and the reference value of all transactions
3.10
2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 6026
First edition
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study
on the use of vehicle licence plate
information and automatic number
plate recognition (ANPR) technologies
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
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© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 3
5 Legal context of LPN information. 4
5.1 Regulated licence plate . 4
5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate . 5
5.2.1 General . 5
5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe . 6
5.3 Licence plate properties . 6
5.4 Illegal licence plates . 9
6 LPN information for EFC .9
6.1 General principles . 9
6.2 Limitations of the LPN . 10
6.3 LPN recognition process (ANPR) . 10
6.4 Limitations of LPN recognition process (ANPR) . 13
6.5 LPN validation . 15
7 Scenario — ANPR-based EFC .16
7.1 Description of the scenario. 16
7.2 Use cases . 16
7.3 Business processes . 16
7.4 Technical interfaces (TI) . 24
8 Use cases .25
8.1 Define toll context . 25
8.2 Register user . 27
8.3 Recognize user with LPN .28
8.4 Charge user .28
8.5 Enforce payment . 29
8.6 Handle exceptions (errors) .29
9 Technologies for LPN recognition.30
9.1 Technologies associated with ANPR . 30
9.2 Components of ANPR system .30
9.3 Image acquisition . 31
9.4 Central management . 31
9.5 Image authentication . 31
9.6 Communication . 31
9.7 Human-machine interface . 31
9.8 Challenges in the identification process . 32
9.8.1 Accuracy . 32
9.8.2 Margin of error . 32
10 Gap analysis .33
10.1 General . 33
10.2 Technical interfaces . 33
10.2.1 TI-1 Toll context definition . 33
10.2.2 TI-2 User registration .34
10.2.3 TI-3 User list exchange .34
10.2.4 TI-4 User recognition .35
10.2.5 TI-5 Billing . 36
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
10.2.6 TI-6 User data retrieval . 36
10.2.7 TI-7 Enforcement . . 37
10.3 Identified gaps .38
10.3.1 Specification for BO interface .38
10.3.2 Test for BO interface .38
10.3.3 Definition of performance metrics . .38
10.3.4 Content of the LPN-based information .38
10.3.5 Security . . .39
10.3.6 Performance for the acquisition of LPN image .39
10.3.7 Specifications and tests for the interface with registers of vehicles .39
10.3.8 EFC System Architecture, Vocabulary, Data Dictionary – the ISO 17573
series . 39
10.3.9 Business-related gaps .39
11 Proposed standardization roadmap .40
Annex A (informative) Examples of operational ANPR schemes .41
Bibliography .45
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems, in
collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/
TC 278, Intelligent transport systems, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Introduction
This document endeavours to foster a common understanding in the context of electronic fee collection
(EFC) systems of the use of vehicle licence plate information, and of automatic number plate recognition
(ANPR) technologies.
This document notably seeks to advance the common understanding and definitions in the following
areas:
— information associated with licence plate number (LPN);
— information exchanges over open interfaces;
— outline of specification of exchanges between actors, notably the toll service provider (TSP), the toll
charger (TC), vehicle registration authorities, etc;
— technologies regarding the ANPR.
The outcome is intended to contribute to more effective and efficient EFC schemes using vehicle LPN,
obtained by means of ANPR technology and any associated information (including make and model) as
a primary means to identify the user via the LPN, or a complementary means to augment the reliability
and the robustness of their dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)- or global navigation satellite
system/cellular network) (GNSS/CN)-based systems (including degraded mode, trip reconstitution,
etc).
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
Electronic fee collection — Pre-study on the use of vehicle
licence plate information and automatic number plate
recognition (ANPR) technologies
1 Scope
This document provides an analysis of the use of licence plate number (LPN) information and
automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technologies in electronic fee collection (EFC), through
the description of the legal, technical, and functional contexts of LPN-based EFC. It also provides an
associated gap analysis of the EFC standards to identify actions to support standardized use of the
identified technologies, and a roadmap to address the identified gaps.
The gap analysis in this document is based on use cases, relevant regulations, standards and best
[27]
practices in the field of EFC, based on the European electronic toll service (EETS) model.
Examples of licence plate number (LPN)-based tolling schemes are given in the informative Annex A.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
3 dimensional
3D
computer graphics that define an object by its width, length and depth
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 23541-1:2021, 3.1.1, modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]
3.2
automatic number plate recognition
technology to automatically read vehicle registration plates
Note 1 to entry: A vehicle registration plate typically contains the indicator or the code of the country that issued
the vehicle registration plate.
Note 2 to entry: Optical character recognition techniques are typically part of the technology associated with
automatic number plate recognition.
Note 3 to entry: Automatic licence plate recognition (ALPR) is a synonym to ANPR.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.18, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
3.3
artificial intelligence
set of methods or automated entities that together build, optimize and apply a
model so that the system can, for a given set of predefined tasks, compute predictions, recommendations,
or decisions
Note 1 to entry: AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of automation.
Note 2 to entry: "Predictions" can refer to various kinds of data analysis or production (including translating
text, creating synthetic images, or diagnosing a previous power failure). The term does not imply anteriority.
3.4
country code
identification of the issuing country of a licence plate, formatted in accordance with the United Nations
Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic regulation
Note 1 to entry: In accordance with the United Nations Distinguishing Signs of vehicles in International traffic
[33]
regulation, the CC contains 1, 2 or 3 alphabetical characters.
Note 2 to entry: A "human-readable country code" is defined as a licence plate number where human inspection
can determine the issuing country from syntax, font and other characteristics of licence plates.
3.5
error rate
ratio between the absolute error and the reference value of all transactions
3.6
false negative
incorrect reporting of a failure when in reality it is a pass
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]
3.7
false positive
incorrect reporting of a pass when in reality it is a failure
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC TR 29119-11:2020, 3.1.34, modified — Note 1 to entry and Example removed.]
3.8
false negative error rate
ratio between the false negatives and the reference value of all transactions
3.9
false positive error rate
ratio between the false positives and the reference value of all transactions
3.10
false recognizable error rate
ratio between the false recognizable transactions and the reference value of all processed transactions
3.11
infrared
optical radiation for which the wavelengths are longer than those for visible radiation
Note 1 to entry: For infrared radiation, the range between 780 nm and 1 mm is commonly subdivided
3.12
intelligent transport system
transport system in which advanced information, communication, sensor and control technologies,
including the Internet, are applied to increase safety, sustainability, efficiency and comfort
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 17465-2:2015, 2.2]
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
3.13
licence plate image
digital image on which a vehicle licence plate is visible
Note 1 to entry: A "human-readable licence plate image" is defined as a licence plate image with a human-readable
LPN and country code.
3.14
licence plate number
number of the registration plate of a vehicle
3.15
manual number plate recognition
process of determining the licence plate number and country code by human inspection of a digital
image
3.16
on-board unit
electronic unit on-board a vehicle for performing specific electronic fee collection (EFC) functions and
for communication with external systems
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.127]
3.17
optical character recognition
technique where characters are recognized and converted into binary code
[SOURCE: ISO 12651-1:2012, 4.100, modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]
3.18
payment means
means accepted by the service provider, that gives the user the right to use provided services
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.134, modified — Example removed.]
319
toll domain statement
statement setting out the general conditions for European electronic toll service (EETS) providers for
accessing a toll charger’s toll domain.
[27]
Note 1 to entry: The definition is based on the EU directive 2019/520 on the recast of the European electronic
toll service (cf. Article 6(2)).
3.20
user account
centrally or on-board stored transport-related service rights of the user in relation to a service provider
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 17573-2:2020, 3.228]
3.21
vehicle registration authority
authority responsible for the registration and maintenance of vehicle registers, including details of
legal owners
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
3
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
AI artificial intelligence
ALPR automatic licence plate recognition
ANPR automatic number plate recognition
BD billing details
BO back-office
CC country code
CS central system
OBE on-board equipment
OBU on-board unit
OCR optical character recognition
EEA European Economic Area
EETS European electronic tolling service
EFC electronic fee collection
EU European Union
EUCARIS European car and driving licence information system
HGV heavy goods vehicle
IR infrared
ITS intelligent transport system
LP licence plate
LPN licence plate number
MNPR manual number plate recognition
PAN primary account number
SA service area
SCC specific commercial conditions
SU service user
TC toll charger
TI technical interface
RSE roadside equipment
TDS toll domain statement
TSP toll service provider
VIN vehicle identification number
VRA vehicle registration authority
5 Legal context of LPN information
5.1 Regulated licence plate
The format of the number plate is usually defined in a jurisdiction by specific legislative acts, allowing
LPN information to be used in many applications. The following is a non-exhaustive list of examples of
such applications:
a) indication of registered vehicle;
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
b) indication of conformity to vehicle safety regulations at the time of registration;
c) certificate of usual vehicle parking location;
d) verification of vehicle insurance contract, or vehicle-related tax;
e) identification of vehicle usage types such as personal, commercial, rental, emergency, military;
f) toll collection;
g) enforcement, e,g. in case of traffic violation, car theft, crime.
These acts also specify the design and placement of the plate when mounted on the vehicle and the
obligations of the vehicle owner. Each jurisdiction has its own specifications for the plate design as
dictated by national priorities and use. As such, plate designs and placement typically differ between
jurisdictions. ANPR systems need to be capable of dealing with all potential characteristics of the
detected plates, such as:
— fixed position, angle, rotation, visible on vehicle;
— colour and painting and reflecting material of character and base plate;
— character alphabet;
— size and dimensional characteristics of characters (e.g. font width).
In principle, the TC can obtain the above information applicable to a given vehicle if the registration
jurisdiction is known to them.
5.2 Physical characteristics of the licence plate
5.2.1 General
The LPN is a human- and machine-readable set of characters, represented in an image, which serves
as a reference to the information of a licensed vehicle. As an example, in Europe the format for number
[23]
plates follows the requirements listed in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic. Under the Vienna
Convention, road vehicles carry their registration number on the front and back, even if legislation in
the registration jurisdiction does not require a front vehicle registration plate on road vehicles.
The registration numbers:
— consist either of numerals or of numerals and letters;
— use capital Latin characters and Arabic numerals (can optionally be displayed in a different
alphabet);
— carry (on the rear plate) a distinguishing sign of the registration jurisdiction.
The requirement to display said distinguishing sign is mutually waived between some countries, for
example (the list is not exhaustive):
— within the European Economic Area (EEA), for road vehicles with licence plates in the common
European Union (EU) format (which satisfies the requirements of the Vienna Convention on road
traffic, and which is also valid in those non-EU countries that signed the convention) issued in EU
member states;
— between Canada, the United States and Mexico, where the province, state, or district of registration
is usually embossed or surface-printed on the vehicle registration plate.
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ISO/TR 6026:2022(E)
5.2.2 Licence plate characteristics in Europe
The common EU format for the licence plates for vehicles is defined as a blue section on the extreme left
with the EU circle of stars and the country code. This was introduced by European Council Regulation
[24]
(EC) No 2411/98. According to Article 3 of this regulation, the distinguishing sign showing the State
of registration placed at the extreme left of the registration plate is to be recognized in all Member
States that require such information to be shown in vehicles registered in another Member State.
[23]
According to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, vehicles in cross-border traffic are obliged to
display a distinguishing sign of the country of registration on the rear of the vehicle (note that there is
no ANPR-based system that detects the country sign of the country of registration). This sign can either
be placed separately from the registration plate or, pursuant to the amendments to the convention in
2006, can be incorporated into the vehicle registration plate. One of the main benefits of the convention
for motorists is the obligation on signatory countries to recognize the legality of vehicles from other
signatory countries. The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic lays out the following provisions concerning
driving outside the country of registration:
— The physical requirements for the separate sign, defined in Annex 3 of Reference [22], state that
the letters are to be written in black on a white background having the shape of an ellipse with the
major axis horizontal. The distinguishing signs are not to be affixed in such a way that it could be
confused with the registration
...
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