ISO/TR 22845:2020
(Main)Resilience of buildings and civil engineering works
Resilience of buildings and civil engineering works
This document provides an index of typical existing information on concept, disaster risk and countermeasure for resilience of buildings and civil engineering works.
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TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 22845
First edition
2020-08
Resilience of buildings and civil
engineering works
Reference number
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Concept . 1
4.1 Perspectives in different contexts . 1
4.2 Definitions in ISO documents . 2
5 Disaster risk . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Climate-induced . 4
5.3 Earthquake-induced . 5
5.4 Human-induced . 6
6 Countermeasure . 6
6.1 Strategy . 6
6.2 Measurement . 8
7 Compilation of existing information . 9
7.1 Concept . 9
[10] 9
7.1.1 Terminology: Resilience .
[36] 9
7.1.2 Built-in resilience through disaster risk reduction: operational issues .
7.1.3 Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of
[37] 9
resilience engineering .
[38] 9
7.1.4 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 .
7.2 Climate-induced .10
[39] 10
7.2.1 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction .
[40] 10
7.2.2 Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) .
[32] 10
7.2.3 Global Warming of 1,5 °C .
[41] 10
7.2.4 Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report .
[30] 10
7.2.5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis .
[42] 11
7.2.6 Global Climate Risk Index .
[43] 11
7.2.7 Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP) .
[44] 11
7.2.8 CREAT Climate Scenarios Projection Map .
[45] 11
7.2.9 Climate Projections .
[46] 11
7.2.10 UK Climate Projections (UKCP) .
[47] 11
7.2.11 Climate Atlas of Canada .
[48] 12
7.2.12 CEDIM Risk Explorer Germany .
[49] 12
7.2.13 Sea Level Rise Viewer .
7.2.14 Will half a degree make a difference? Robust projections of indices of
mean and extreme climate in Europe under 1,5 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C global
[50] 12
warming .
7.2.15 North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change
[51] 12
and irrigation .
[52] 13
7.2.16 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability .
[53] 13
7.2.17 National Climate Assessment .
[54] 13
7.2.18 Myanmar National Framework for Community Disaster Resilience .
7.3 Earthquake-induced .13
[55] 13
7.3.1 Global Seismic Risk Map .
[56] 13
7.3.2 Global Earthquake Fatalities and Population .
[57] 14
7.3.3 Earthquakes .
[58] 14
7.3.4 China Earthquake Networks .
[59] 14
7.3.5 Japan Meteorological Agency .
[60] 14
7.3.6 2011 Christchurch earthquake .
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
[35] 14
7.4 Human-induced — Global Terrorism Index 2018: Measuring the impact of terrorism .
7.5 Strategy .15
7.5.1 Community resilience planning guide for buildings and infrastructure
[61] 15
systems - Volume I .
7.5.2 Climate-Resilient Buildings and Core Public Infrastructure Initiative
[62] 15
(CRBCPI) .
[63] 15
7.5.3 RELi .
[64],[65],[66] 15
7.5.4 LEED IPpc98/IPpc99/IPpc100 .
[67] 16
7.5.5 DGNB criteria "Local environment" .
[68] 16
7.5.6 BREEAM Adaption to Climate Change .
7.5.7 Durability and Climate Change: Changing climatic loads as may affect the
[69] 16
durability of building materials, components and assemblies .
[70] 16
7.5.8 Ocean at the door .
[71] 16
7.5.9 Inundation Mapping .
[72] 16
7.5.10 Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines – Version 3.0 .
[73] 17
7.5.11 Coastal Flood Resilience Design Guidelines .
[74] 17
7.5.12 Flood Resilient Homes Program .
[75] 17
7.5.13 Designing flood resilience into new buildings .
[8] 17
7.5.14 Resilient Design Institute .
7.5.15 Boston’s Spaulding Rehabilitation Center designed with rising sea levels
[76] 17
in mind . .
7.5.16 Cognitive infrastructure – a modern concept for resilient performance
[77] 17
under extreme events .
7.5.17 A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience
[78] 18
of communities .
7.5.18 Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Civil Infrastructures: From Tall
[79] 18
Buildings to Urban Areas .
[80] 18
7.5.19 Resilience of a hospital Emergency Department under seismic event .
[81] 18
7.5.20 Strict building codes helped Anchorage withstand quake .
[82] 19
7.5.21 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes .
[83] 19
7.5.22 Integrating counter-terrorist resilience into sustainability .
[84] 19
7.5.23 Resilient Design Tool: For Counter Terrorism .
7.5.24 Climate change resilience strategies for the building sector: examining
[85] 19
existing domains of resilience utilized by design professionals .
7.6 Measurement .20
[86] 20
7.6.1 USRC Building Rating System .
[87] 20
7.6.2 B-READY .
[88] 20
7.6.3 FORTIFIED Commercial™ .
7.6.4 Attributes and metrics for comparative quantification of disaster
[89] 20
resilience across diverse performance mandates and standards of building .
[90] 21
7.6.5 The Resilient City .
[91] 21
7.6.6 Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings .
[92] 21
7.6.7 Standard for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Building .
[93] 21
7.6.8 REDi™ Rating System .
[94] 21
7.6.9 Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience .
Bibliography .22
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Introduction
Resilience is not a new concept. It is widely used in many fields such as human psychology, ecology,
disaster risk management and product specification.
With an increasing impact, resilience is contributing to sustainable development on humanitarian
issues at a global level, focusing on providing the general public, including vulnerable groups, with an
environment that can better adapt to future disaster risks.
In view of the increasing demand for resilience of buildings and civil engineering works, this document
attempts to collect and summarize typical relevant existing information to provide reference for
research and standard preparation. Information is aggregated mainly on concept, disaster risk and
countermeasure:
1) For concept, this document sorts out some perspectives of resilience in different contexts and
definitions of resilience that have appeared in ISO documents.
2) For disaster risk, this document describes three categories of disaster risk closely related to
buildings and civil engineering works, i.e. climate-induced, earthquake-induced and human-
induced, and indexes some typical related reports and data.
3) For countermeasure, this document summarizes typical relevant information from the two
dimensions of strategy and measurement. Some of this information is relatively mature, already
in the form of standards, guidelines, etc., some are implemented in cases, and some are at the
research stage.
Resilience of buildings and civil engineering works involves interested parties and participants
which can include specialists in the field of buildings and civil engineering works (such as material
manufacturers, engineers, architects, constructers and estimators, etc.), scientists, standard setters,
investors and financial institutions, regulatory agencies, communities, residents and occupiers,
government administrative departments, etc.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Resilience of buildings and civil engineering works
1 Scope
This document provides an index of typical existing information on concept, disaster risk and
countermeasure for resilience of buildings and civil engineering works.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Concept
4.1 Perspectives in different contexts
2
Resilience is derived from the Latin word "resilio" for bounce[ ] and in most cases its use retains this
concept either literally or figuratively. The Oxford Dictionary of English gives two explanations of
resilience, "the ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape" and "the capacity to recover
[3]
quickly from difficulties" , which could be understood as mechanical and functional resilience
respectively. Some domains also have understandings of resilience from different perspectives. Table 1
is a summary of some typical descriptions of resilience in different contexts, extracted from the
literature found.
Table 1 — Resilience in different contexts
Context Perspective Citation
A measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb
Holling, C.S.
Ecology change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between
[4]
1973
populations or state variables.
Wildavsky, A.
Resilience is the capacity to cope with unanticipated dangers after they
have become manifest, learning to bounce back. [5]
1988
Risk manage-
Paton, D. and John-
ment
The ability to recoil effectively from adversity and enhancing the likelihood
ston, D.
of exposure to adversity leading to growth.
[6]
2001
A resilient built environment should be designed, located, built, operated and
maintained in a way that maximises the ability of built assets, associated
Bosher, L.
support systems (physical and institutional) and the people that reside or
[7]
2008
work within the built assets, to withstand, recover from, and mitigate for
Building
the impacts of extreme natural and human-induced hazards.
Resilience is the capacity to adapt to changing conditions and to maintain Resilient Design
[8]
or regain functionality and vitality in the face of stress or disturbance. Institute
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Context Perspective Citation
The capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and
Rockefeller Founda-
Urban systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow no matter what kinds of
[9]
tion
chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience.
The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, ac-
commodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and
[10]
UNDRR
efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic
structures and functions through risk management.
4.2 Definitions in ISO documents
There are 26 hits when searching for definitions of “resilience” on the ISO Online Browsing Platform
(ISO OBP). In material and product standards, different forms of mechanical resilience are defined.
Standards dealing with systems, on the other hand, focus on forms of functional resilience appropriate
to the systems. Table 2 shows examples of these two types of definitions in ISO documents.
Table 2 — Definitions in ISO documents
Type Term Definition Source
ability of ceramic fibres to spring back after
resilience ISO 836:2001, 113
compression to 50 % of thickness
ability of a textile floor covering to regain
resilience thickness after a static or dynamic com- ISO 2424:2007, 9.1.2.1
pression
ratio between the returned and the applied
Mechanical
rebound resilience energy of a moving mass which impacts a ISO 4662:2017, 3.1
resilience
test piece
mechanical textural attribute relating to:
elasticity, noun the rapidity of recovery from a deforming
springiness, noun force; and the degree to which a deformed ISO 5492:2008, 3.50
resilience, noun material returns to its original condition
after the deforming force is removed
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Type Term Definition Source
ability of an organization to resist being
resilience ISO/IEC 27031:2011, 3.14
affected by disruptions
resilience ability to absorb and adapt in a changing
ISO 22300:2018, 3.192
environment
resilience tolerance of a system to malfunctions or
ISO 18457:2016, 3.9
fault tolerance capacity to recover functionality after stress
organizational ability of an organization to absorb and
ISO 22316:2017, 3.4
resilience adapt in a changing environment
ability to recover from security compro-
resilience ISO/IEC 29180:2012, 3.2.10
mises or attacks
ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.8.1.7
ISO 28002:2011, 3.44
Functional
ISO 18788:2015, 3.47
resilience of adaptive capacity of an organization in a
resilience
system complex and changing environment
ISO 37101:2016, 3.33
ISO 37100:2016, 3.1.3
ISO 37123:2019, 3.6
ability of a functional unit to continue to
fault tolerance
perform a required function in the presence ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2123055
resilience
of faults or errors
capacity of social, economic, and environ-
mental systems to cope with a hazardous
event or trend or disturbance, responding
resilience or reorganizing in ways that maintain their ISO 14080:2018, 3.1.3.6
essential function, identity and structure,
while also maintaining the capacity for
adaptation, learning and transformation
According to the ISO OBP, there are currently some 320 standards in which reference is made to
resilience, by title and/or content, although often without defining what is meant by the term. Below are
some examples of ISO standards which explicitly focus on resilience. Two of these relate to mechanical
resilience and one to functional resilience of systems:
— ISO 8307, prepared by ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products;
— ISO 4662, prepared by ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products;
— ISO 28002, prepared by ISO/TC 292, Security and resilience.
The following standard is concerned with mechanical resilience but refers to it as "elastic recovery":
— ISO 7389, prepared by ISO/TC 59/SC 8, Sealants.
5 Disaster risk
5.1 General
Since resilience is the ability to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the
[10]
effects of a hazard , it is necessary to understand the status of disaster risks, which is a prerequisite
for the development of resilience standards for buildings and civil engineering works.
This document collects three categories of disaster risks closely related to buildings and civil
engineering works: climate-induced, earthquake-induced and human-induced, and indexes some
related reports and data sets of these disaster situations. Since the life of a building or civil engineering
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
work will be tens or even hundreds of years, it is also necessary to pay attention to future possibilities
of disaster risks.
5.2 Climate-induced
For climate-induced disaster risks, this document mainly collects some typical reports and data. From
them, the following can be seen:
1) The frequency and economic losses of global meteorological disasters have increased: Under
the background of global climate change, the frequency and economic losses of meteorological
disasters have an obviously upward trend, being detrimental to the safety of human life and
property and the sustainable economic and social development.
2) The global climate risks will continue rising: Looking ahead to the coming decades of the 21st
century, global climate risks will continue rising due to climate change and increased exposure
and vulnerability brought about by urbanization. Among them, changes of risks such as high
temperature, low temperature, heavy precipitation, tropical cyclone, drought and sea
level rise can have certain impact on buildings and civil engineering works. These impacts have
important implications for considering the resilience standard of buildings and civil engineering
works in the long term. Table 3 shows projected changes of global annual mean temperature, high
temperature, low temperature, heavy precipitation, tropical cyclone, drought and sea level rise in
the 21st century, extracted from the collected data.
Table 3 — Projected changes of global annual mean temperature, high temperature, low
temperature, heavy precipitation, tropical cyclone, drought and sea level rise in the 21st
[30],[31],[32],[33]
century under different emission scenarios
RCP2.6 RCP4.5 RCP8.5
Annual mean Mid-21st Late 21st Mid-21st Late 21st Mid-21st cen- Late 21st cen-
temperature century century century century tury tury
(1,0 ±
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 22845
First edition
Resilience of buildings and civil
engineering works
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Concept . 1
4.1 Perspectives in different contexts . 1
4.2 Definitions in ISO documents . 2
5 Disaster risk . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Climate-induced . 4
5.3 Earthquake-induced . 5
5.4 Human-induced . 6
6 Countermeasure . 6
6.1 Strategy . 6
6.2 Measurement . 8
7 Compilation of existing information . 9
7.1 Concept . 9
[10] 9
7.1.1 Terminology: Resilience .
[37] 9
7.1.2 Built-in resilience through disaster risk reduction: operational issues .
7.1.3 Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of
[38] 9
resilience engineering .
[39] 9
7.1.4 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 .
7.2 Climate-induced .10
[40] 10
7.2.1 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2019 .
[41] 10
7.2.2 Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) .
[32] 10
7.2.3 Global Warming of 1,5 °C .
[42] 10
7.2.4 Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report .
[30] 10
7.2.5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis .
[43] 11
7.2.6 Global Climate Risk Index .
[44] 11
7.2.7 Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP) .
[45] 11
7.2.8 CREAT Climate Scenarios Projection Map .
[46] 11
7.2.9 Climate Projections .
[47] 11
7.2.10 UK Climate Projections (UKCP) .
[48] 11
7.2.11 Climate Atlas of Canada .
[49] 12
7.2.12 CEDIM Risk Explorer Germany .
[50] 12
7.2.13 Sea Level Rise Viewer .
7.2.14 Will half a degree make a difference? Robust projections of indices of
mean and extreme climate in Europe under 1,5 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C global
[51] 12
warming .
7.2.15 North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change
[52] 12
and irrigation .
[53] 13
7.2.16 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability .
[54] 13
7.2.17 National Climate Assessment Report .
[55] 13
7.2.18 Myanmar National Framework for Community Disaster Resilience .
7.3 Earthquake-induced .13
[56] 13
7.3.1 Global Seismic Risk Map .
[57] 13
7.3.2 Global Earthquake Fatalities and Population .
[58] 14
7.3.3 Earthquake Hazards .
[59] 14
7.3.4 China Earthquake Networks Center .
[60] 14
7.3.5 Weather, Climate & Earthquake Information .
[61] 14
7.3.6 2011 Christchurch earthquake .
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
[36] 14
7.4 Human-induced — Global Terrorism Index 2018 .
7.5 Strategy .15
7.5.1 NIST Special Publication 1190: Community resilience planning guide for
[62] 15
buildings and infrastructure systems - Volume I .
7.5.2 Climate-Resilient Buildings and Core Public Infrastructure Initiative
[63] 15
(CRBCPI) .
[64] 15
7.5.3 RELi .
[65],[66],[67] 15
7.5.4 LEED Pilot Credits .
[68] 16
7.5.5 DGNB criteria "Local environment" .
[69] 16
7.5.6 BREEAM Adaption to Climate Change .
7.5.7 Durability and Climate Change: changing climatic loads as may affect the
durability of building materials, components and assemblies, proceedings
[70] 16
of CIB/NRC symposium .
[71] 16
7.5.8 Ocean at the door .
[72] 16
7.5.9 Inundation Mapping .
[73] 16
7.5.10 Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines – Version 3.0 .
[74] 17
7.5.11 Coastal Flood Resilience Design Guidelines .
[75] 17
7.5.12 Flood Resilient Homes Program .
[76] 17
7.5.13 Designing flood resilience into new buildings .
[77] 17
7.5.14 Resilient Design Institute .
7.5.15 Boston’s Spaulding Rehabilitation Center designed with rising sea levels
[78] 17
in mind . .
7.5.16 Cognitive infrastructure – a modern concept for resilient performance
[79] 17
under extreme events .
7.5.17 A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience
[80] 18
of communities .
7.5.18 Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Civil Infrastructures: From Tall
[81] 18
Buildings to Urban Areas .
[82] 18
7.5.19 Resilience of a hospital emergency department under seismic event .
[83] 18
7.5.20 Strict building codes helped Anchorage withstand quake .
[84] 19
7.5.21 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes .
[85] 19
7.5.22 Integrating counter-terrorist resilience into sustainability .
[86] 19
7.5.23 Resilient Design Tool for Counter Terrorism .
7.5.24 Climate change resilience strategies for the building sector: examining
[87] 19
existing domains of resilience utilized by design professionals .
7.6 Measurement .20
[88] 20
7.6.1 USRC Building Rating System .
[89] 20
7.6.2 B-READY .
[90] 20
7.6.3 Building Resilience Rating Tool (BRRT) .
[91] 20
7.6.4 FORTIFIED Commercial™ .
7.6.5 Attributes and metrics for comparative quantification of disaster
[92] 20
resilience across diverse performance mandates and standards of building .
[93] 21
7.6.6 The Resilient City .
[94] 21
7.6.7 Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings .
[95] 21
7.6.8 Standard for seismic resilience assessment of building .
[96] 21
7.6.9 REDi™ Rating System .
[97] 21
7.6.10 Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience .
Bibliography .22
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Introduction
Resilience is not a new concept. It is widely used in many fields such as human psychology, ecology,
disaster risk management and product specification.
With an increasing impact, resilience is contributing to sustainable development on humanitarian
issues at the global level, focusing on providing the general public, including vulnerable groups, with an
environment that can better adapt to future disaster risks.
In view of the increasing demand for resilience of building and civil engineering works, this document
attempts to collect and summarize typical and relevant existing information to provide reference for
research and standard preparation. Information is aggregated mainly on concept, disaster risk and
countermeasure:
1) For concept, this document sorts out some perspectives of resilience in different contexts and
definitions of resilience that have appeared in ISO documents.
2) For disaster risk, this document describes three categories of disaster risk closely related to
buildings and civil engineering works, i.e. climate-induced, earthquake-induced and human-
induced, and indexes some typical related reports and data.
3) For countermeasure, this document summarizes typical relevant information from the two
dimensions of strategy and measurement. Some of this information is relatively mature, already
in the form of standards, guidelines, etc., some are implemented in cases, and some are at the
research stage.
Resilience of buildings and civil engineering works involves interested parties and participants
which can include specialists in the field of building and civil engineering works (such as material
manufacturers, engineers, architects, constructers and estimators, etc.), scientists, standard setters,
investors and financial institutions, regulatory agencies, communities, residents and occupiers,
government administrative departments, etc.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Resilience of buildings and civil engineering works
1 Scope
This document provides an index of typical existing information on concept, disaster risk and
countermeasure for resilience of buildings and civil engineering works.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Concept
4.1 Perspectives in different contexts
2
Resilience is derived from the Latin word "resilio" for bounce[ ] and in most cases its use retains this
concept either literally or figuratively. The Oxford Dictionary of English gives two explanations of
resilience, "the ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape" and "the capacity to recover
[3]
quickly from difficulties" , which could be understood as mechanical and functional resilience
respectively. Some domains also have understandings of resilience from different perspectives. Table 1
is a summary of some typical descriptions of resilience in different contexts, extracted from the
literature found.
Table 1 — Resilience in different contexts
Context Perspective Citation
A measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb
Holling, C.S.
Ecology change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between
[4]
1973
populations or state variables.
Wildavsky, A.B.
Resilience is the capacity to cope with unanticipated dangers after they
have become manifest, learning to bounce back. [5]
1988
Risk manage-
Paton, D. and John-
ment
The ability to recoil effectively from adversity and enhancing the likelihood
ston, D.
of exposure to adversity leading to growth.
[6]
2001
A resilient built environment should be designed, located, built, operated and
maintained in a way that maximises the ability of built assets, associated
Bosher, L.
support systems (physical and institutional) and the people that reside or
[7]
2008
work within the built assets, to withstand, recover from, and mitigate for
Building
the impacts of extreme natural and human-induced hazards.
Resilience is the capacity to adapt to changing conditions and to maintain Resilient Design
[8]
or regain functionality and vitality in the face of stress or disturbance. Institute
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Context Perspective Citation
Urban resilience is the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions,
Rockefeller Founda-
Urban businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow no matter
[9]
tion
what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience.
The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, ac-
commodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and
[10]
UNDRR
efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic
structures and functions through risk management.
4.2 Definitions in ISO documents
There are 26 hits when searching for definitions of “resilience” on the ISO Online Browsing Platform
(ISO OBP). In material and product standards, different forms of mechanical resilience are defined.
Standards dealing with systems, on the other hand, focus on forms of functional resilience appropriate
to the systems. Table 2 shows examples of these two types of definitions in ISO documents.
Table 2 — Definitions in ISO documents
Type Term Definition Source
ability of ceramic fibres to spring back after
resilience ISO 836:2001, 113
compression to 50 % of thickness
ability of a textile floor covering to regain
resilience thickness after a static or dynamic com- ISO 2424:2007, 9.1.2.1
pression
ratio between the returned and the applied
Mechanical
rebound resilience energy of a moving mass which impacts a ISO 4662:2017, 3.1
resilience
test piece
mechanical textural attribute relating to:
elasticity, noun the rapidity of recovery from a deforming
springiness, noun force; and the degree to which a deformed ISO 5492:2008, 3.50
resilience, noun material returns to its original condition
after the deforming force is removed
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Type Term Definition Source
ability of an organization to resist being
resilience ISO/IEC 27031:2011, 3.14
affected by disruptions
resilience ability to absorb and adapt in a changing
ISO 22300:2018, 3.192
environment
resilience fault tolerance of a system to malfunctions or
ISO 18457:2016, 3.9
tolerance capacity to recover functionality after stress
organizational ability of an organization to absorb and
ISO 22316:2017, 3.4
resilience adapt in a changing environment
ability to recover from security compro-
resilience ISO/IEC 29180:2012, 3.2.10
mises or attacks
ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.8.1.7
ISO 28002:2011, 3.44
Functional
ISO 18788:2015, 3.47
resilience of adaptive capacity of an organization in a
resilience
system complex and changing environment
ISO 37101:2016, 3.33
ISO 37100:2016, 3.1.3
ISO 37123:2019, 3.6
ability of a functional unit to continue to
fault tolerance
perform a required function in the presence ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2123055
resilience
of faults or errors
capacity of social, economic, and environ-
mental systems to cope with a hazardous
event or trend or disturbance, responding
resilience or reorganizing in ways that maintain their ISO 14080:2018, 3.1.3.6
essential function, identity and structure,
while also maintaining the capacity for
adaptation, learning and transformation
According to the ISO OBP, there are currently some 320 standards in which reference is made to
resilience, by title and/or content, although often without defining what is meant by the term. Below are
some examples of ISO standards which explicitly focus on resilience. Two of these relate to mechanical
resilience and one to functional resilience of systems:
— ISO 8307, prepared by ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products;
— ISO 4662, prepared by ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products;
— ISO 28002, prepared by ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology.
The following standard is concerned with mechanical resilience but refers to it as "elastic recovery":
— ISO 7389, prepared by ISO/TC 59/SC 8, Sealants.
5 Disaster risk
5.1 General
Since resilience is the ability to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the
[10]
effects of a hazard , it is necessary to understand the status of disaster risks, which is a prerequisite
for the development of resilience standards for buildings and civil engineering works.
This document collects three categories of disaster risks closely related to buildings and civil
engineering works: climate-induced, earthquake-induced and human-induced, and indexes some
related reports and data sets of these disaster situations. Since the life of a building or civil engineering
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ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
work will be tens or even hundreds of years, it is also necessary to pay attention to future possibilities
of disaster risks.
5.2 Climate-induced
For climate-induced disaster risks, this document mainly collects some typical reports and data. From
them, the following can be seen:
1) The frequency and economic losses of global meteorological disasters have increased: Under
the background of global climate change, the frequency and economic losses of meteorological
disasters have an obviously upward trend, being detrimental to the safety of human life and
property and the sustainable economic and social development.
2) The global climate risks will continue to rise: Looking ahead to the next few decades of the 21st
century, global climate risks will continue rising due to climate change and the increased exposure
and vulnerability brought about by urbanization. Among them, changes of risks such as high
temperature, low temperature, heavy precipitation, tropical cyclone, drought and sea level
rise can have certain impact on buildings and civil engineering works. The attention to them has
important implications for considering the resilience standard of buildings and civil engineering
works in the long term. Table 3 shows projected changes of high temperature, low temperature,
heavy precipitation, tropical cyclone, drought and sea level rise in the 21st century, extracted from
the collected data.
Table 3 — Projected changes of glob
...
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