Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment technologies for water reuse systems

Lignes directrices pour l’évaluation des performances des techniques de traitement des systèmes de réutilisation de l’eau

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ISO/FDIS 20468-5 - Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment technologies for water reuse systems
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FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 20468-5
ISO/TC 282/SC 3
Guidelines for performance evaluation
Secretariat: JISC
of treatment technologies for water
Voting begins on:
2021-03-12 reuse systems —
Voting terminates on:
Part 5:
2021-05-07
Membrane filtration
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms ............................................................................................................................... 1

3.1 Terms and definitions ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.2 List of abbreviated terms ............................................................................................................................................................... 4

4 Concepts of membrane filtration technology for water reuse .............................................................................. 5

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

4.2 Membrane type and treatment objectives ...................................................................................................................... 5

4.3 Filtration unit process ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6

4.4 Membrane filtration process design and pre- and post-shipment tests ............................................... 7

5 Principles and general guidelines for performance evaluation ......................................................................... 7

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2 Functional requirements for membrane filtration process.............................................................................. 7

5.3 Non-functional requirements for membrane filtration process .................................................................. 8

6 Performance evaluation for functional requirement..................................................................................................... 8

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.2 Water quality based performance evaluation .............................................................................................................. 8

6.3 Process based performance evaluation ............................................................................................................................. 9

6.4 Integrity monitoring........................................................................................................................................................................... 9

6.4.1 Direct Integrity Monitoring .................................................................................................................................... 9

6.4.2 Indirect integrity monitoring .............................................................................................................................11

7 Performance evaluation for non-functional requirements ..................................................................................12

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................12

7.2 Energy consumption .......................................................................................................................................................................12

7.3 Chemical consumption ..................................................................................................................................................................13

7.4 Brine water disposal or treatment......................................................................................................................................13

7.5 Solid waste for disposal ................................................................................................................................................................14

7.6 Life cycle cost.........................................................................................................................................................................................14

Annex A (informative) Examples of parameters on the specification sheet ............................................................15

Annex B (informative) Recommended frequency of data collection ...............................................................................16

Annex C (informative) ......................................................................................................................................................................................................17

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................18

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following

URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water Reuse, Subcommittee SC 3,

Risk and performance evaluation of water reuse systems.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20468 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
Introduction

Guidelines for performance evaluation of water reclamation systems are essential for municipalities,

utilities and reclaimed water users to meet water quality requirements without compromising public

health. ISO 20468-1, Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment technologies for water reuse

systems specifies fundamental requirements for the overall water reuse system, which mainly focuses

on the finished water quality. During the operation of a water reclamation system, performance

evaluation at the point of individual water reclamation process helps to provide early warnings

to operators to avoid adverse health impact on public health and to comply with the targets of final

water quality. It is particularly important for membrane-based water reclamation processes that are

often employed as the most important barriers for the removal of major constituents in wastewater

(e.g. particulates, dissolved solids, and pathogens). In addition, guidelines for performance evaluation

of individual treatment processes in terms of environmental and economic performances can also

assist decisions on the appropriate selection of water reclamation technologies, which is of paramount

importance in water reuse. This document is intended to provide stakeholders typical performance

evaluation approaches designed for membrane filtration technologies. In addition, this document is

expected to assist the development and operation of water reuse projects, in which process designers,

plant managers, and operators are involved. Similar to ISO 20468-1, this document is mainly comprised

of functional and non-functional requirements for the performance evaluation of membrane filtration

technologies.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
Guidelines for performance evaluation of treatment
technologies for water reuse systems —
Part 5:
Membrane filtration
1 Scope

This document provides guidelines for performance evaluation methods of water reclamation systems

using membrane technologies. This document provides guidance in ensuring treated wastewater

quality levels at the point of exit from the membrane filtration processes. It also provides potential

methods for evaluating the environmental and economic performance of membrane filtration processes

in water reuse. This document helps plant designers, operators and end users to effectively design and

operate the membrane-based water reclamation systems.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 20670:2018, Water reuse — Vocabulary
3 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20670, and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
backwash

reverse flow of water with/without air across a membrane (i.e. from permeate side to feed side)

Note 1 to entry: It is designated to remove the deposited foreign substances (foulants) from the membrane.

3.1.2
bubble point pressure

pressure differential at which bubbles first appear on one surface of an immersed porous membrane, as

pressure is applied to the other side
3.1.3
cleaning

operation during which membrane is cleaned using a membrane cleaning system with or without

chemical reagents
EXAMPLE backwashing, flushing, chemical cleaning.
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
[SOURCE: AWWA B110-09]
3.1.4
concentrate
rejected stream exiting a membrane module under a cross-flow (3.1.5) mode

Note 1 to entry: Note to entry: Concentrate stream contains increased concentrations of constituents over the

feed stream due to the accumulation of rejected constituents by membranes in the feed stream.

3.1.5
cross-flow

flow orientation through a membrane module in which the fluid on the upstream side of the membrane

moves parallel to the membrane surface

Note 1 to entry: Fluid on the downstream side of the membrane moves away from the membrane in the direction

normal to the membrane surface.
[SOURCE: AWWA B130-13]
3.1.6
dead-end flow

flow through a membrane module in which the only outlet for the upstream fluid is through the

membrane
[SOURCE: ASTM D6161-19]
3.1.7
feed
input solution entering the inlet of a membrane module or system
3.1.8
flux

membrane throughput, usually expressed in volume of permeate (3.1.17) per unit time per unit

membrane surface area such as litres per square meters per hour (l/m /hr) at a given temperature or

normalized temperature (more often 20 °C)

Note 1 to entry: It can also be expressed in number of moles, volume or mass of a specified component per unit

time per unit membrane surface area.
3.1.9
fouling

processes leading to deterioration of membrane flux due to surface or internal blockage of the

membrane
[SOURCE: AWWA B130-13]
3.1.10
integrity test

non-destructive physical test that can be correlated to the membrane retention capability of the

membrane system to ensure that membrane system is free of physical defect
3.1.11
membrane integrity

relative degree to which a membrane successfully rejects or retains specific target constituents while

allowing water to pass through
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
3.1.12
membrane bioreactor (MBR)

integrated wastewater treatment process combining a suspended growth biological treatment and a

membrane filtration system (UF/MF membrane) replacing conventional secondary clarifier

Note 1 to entry: MF or UF membrane is submerged in biological reactor (submerged MBR). Another configuration

has pressurized membrane modules externally coupled to the bioreactor, with the biomass recirculated between

the membrane modules and the bioreactor by pumping (side-stream MBR).
3.1.13
microfiltration (MF)

pressure driven membrane based separation process designed to remove particles and macromolecules

in the approximate range of 0,05 to 2 μm
[SOURCE: ASTM D6161-19]
3.1.14
molecular weight cut-off

rating of a membrane based on the size of uncharged solutes that is typically 90 % retained by a

membrane

Note 1 to entry: It is also referred to as nominal molecular weight cut-off (NMWCO).

Note 2 to entry: MWCO is typically expressed in Daltons.
[SOURCE: AWWA B130-13]
3.1.15
nanofiltration (NF)

cross-flow (3.1.5) process with pore sizes designed to remove selected salts and most organics above

about 300 molecular weight range
Note 1 to entry: Nanoflitration (NF) is sometimes referred as loose RO.

Note 2 to entry: Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure driven separation process in which particles and dissolved

molecules smaller than about 2 nm are rejected.
[SOURCE: ASTM D6161-19]
3.1.16
permeate
portion of the feed stream which passes through a membrane
[SOURCE: ASTM D6161-19]
3.1.17
permeability

ability of a membrane barrier to allow the passage or diffusion of a substance (i.e., a gas, a liquid, or

solute), also a numerical value used to measure water flow through a MF/UF/NF/RO membrane, usually

expressed in volume of permeate (3.1.17) per unit membrane surface area per unit time per unit

pressure such as litters per square meter per hour per bar (l/m /hr/bars) at a given temperature and

typically corrected (normalized) to a constant temperature (20 °C or 25 °C)
Note 1 to entry: It is also referred to as specific flux.
[SOURCE: AWWA M53]
3.1.18
pore size

size of the openings in a porous membrane, expressed either in a nominal (average) or absolute

(maximum) value, typically measured in μm
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
3.1.19
reverse osmosis (RO)

separation process where one component of a solution is removed from another component by flowing

the feed stream under pressure across a semipermeable that causes selective movement of solvent

against its osmotic pressure difference

Note 1 to entry: Reverse Osmosis (RO) removes ions based on electro chemical forces, colloids, and organics

down to 150 molecular weight. May also be called hyperfiltration.
[SOURCE: ASTM D6161-19]
3.1.20
silt density index (SDI)

index for the fouling capacity of water in reverse osmosis systems, measuring the rate at which a

0,45-micrometre filter is plugged when subjected to a constant water pressure of 206,8 kPa (30 psi)

[SOURCE: ASTM D4189-07 (2014)]
3.1.21
transmembrane pressure
hydraulic pressure differential (net driving force) across the membrane
[SOURCE: ASTM D6161-10]
3.1.22
ultrafiltration (UF)

pressure driven process employing semipermeable membrane under hydraulic pressure gradient for

the separation components in a solution

Note 1 to entry: Note to entry: The pores of the membrane are of a size smaller than 0,1 μm, which allows passage

of the solvent(s) but will retain non-ionic solutes based primarily on physical size, not chemical potential.

[SOURCE: ASTM D6161-19]
3.2 List of abbreviated terms
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand
COD Chemical oxygen demand
LCC Life cycle cost
MBR Membrane bioreactor
MF Microfiltration
MLSS Mixed liquor suspended solids
MWCO Molecular weight cut off
NF Nanofiltration
NTU Nephelometric turbidity units
RO Reverse osmosis
SDI Silt density index
SS Suspended solids
TMP Transmembrane pressure
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
TOC Total organic carbon
TSS Total suspended solids
UF Ultrafiltration
4 Concepts of membrane filtration technology for water reuse
4.1 General

This clause outlines the fundamentals of membrane filtration technologies in water reuse. Membrane

filtration is a viable and recognized technology as physical barrier in water reuse with its high

separation performance. Many of recent water reclamation schemes have employed membrane

filtration processes in combination with other processes for the removal of multiple constituents in

wastewater (see Table 1.)
Table 1 — Membrane types and targeted contaminants
Type TMP, approximate range (MPa) Contaminants targeted for removal
MF < 0,2 0,07 – 1,0 μm diameter particle: TSS, Turbidity, at least 4-log
reduction in protozoa, bacteria, but not viruses
UF 0,05 – 0,5 0,008 – 0,05 μm: TSS, turbidity, macromolecules, colloidal par-
ticles, at least 4 to 6-log reduction in protozoa, bacteria, and 1
to 6-log reduction in viruses
NF 0,5 - 3 0,001 to 0,02 μm: Pesticides and other macromolecules (high
molecular weight) organics, color, colloids, all pathogen groups
and polyvalent cations.
RO 0,5 - 7 0,0001 to 0,002 μm: dissolved salts, colloids, low molecular
weight organics, color, TDS, mono and multi valent ions (e.g.
chlorides, sulfates, nitrate, sodium, boron, metals, other ions)
4.2 Membrane type and treatment objectives

Membrane type is typically classified into four categories depending on levels of their pore size for MF

and UF membranes and their separation capabilities for NF and RO membranes (see Table 1). Driving

force of solution through these membranes is a pressure difference across feed and permeate streams.

MF/UF membrane filtration processes in water reuse are generally used to remove suspended particles

including particulates, and colloids. In water reclamation, MF/UF processes effectively work as an

alternative process of secondary clarifiers and media filters that are a subsequent process of biological

treatment. With their high separation capability for particles, they are often used as a pre-treatment

of NF/RO process for fouling mitigation. MF membranes can achieve high removal of suspended solids,

large pathogens (i.e. bacteria and protozoa) and some viruses. UF membranes, which have smaller

nominal pore size than MF membranes, are in addition capable of removing small constituents in

wastewater such as viruses and macromolecules.
MF/UF incorporated with a biological process is referred to as a MBR process.

NF/RO membranes have capabilities for producing high-quality reclaimed water which is suitable for

many industrial uses and many applications with a high likelihood of human contact. NF membranes

can effectively remove multivalent ions including heavy metals and most micropollutants (e.g. >200–

300 molecular weight). RO membranes can remove monovalent ions including sodium and chloride ions

and low molecular weight micropollutants (e.g. <200–300 molecular weight). NF/RO membrane spiral

wound elements are typically housed in a pressure vessel and their processes are usually operated

continuously; thus, it is required to undergo sufficient pre-treatment to mitigate membrane fouling

(e.g. target SDI in RO feed <3). Downstream to the pressure driven membrane process, disinfection

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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)

could be required as a safety barrier to ensure the redundancy and the very high reliability of the water

treatment.
4.3 Filtration unit process

There are two types of membrane filtration: Pressure driven filtration and Vacuum driven filtration

(see Figure 1). In a pressure driven filtration configuration, driving force for filtration is generated by

additional pressure generated by a pump installed in the feed stream. In a vacuum driven filtration

configuration, driving force for filtration is generated by suction pump installed in the permeate stream.

There are two types of pressure driven filtration modes: cross-flow mode and dead-end mode. In a

cross-flow filtration process, most feed flow travels tangentially to the membrane surface for scouring

foulants from the membrane surface and minimizing concentration polarization. Because NF/RO

processes require high pressure due to the tightness of free-volume holes and the influence of osmotic

pressure, almost all NF/RO membranes are housed in pressure vessels and are operated under pressure

in a cross-flow orientation. In a dead-end filtration process, no cross-flow occurs, meaning that feed

flow rate equals permeate flow rate. For MF/UF, intermittent backwash with permeate and/or air is

made to recover the flux decline.

In a vacuum driven filtration process, membrane modules are immersed in an open basin, in which

feed water is introduced. In MBR, MF or UF membranes are used in a vacuum driven configuration in

an aeration tank and the driving force (i.e. pressure difference) is generated by a vacuum pump in the

permeate stream.
(a) Pressure-driven filtration
(b) Vacuum-driven filtration
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
Key
A cross flow
B dead-end flow
1 feed
2 feed pump
3 permeate
4 (backwash)
5 membrane module(s)
6 concentrate
7 concentrate (recirculate)
8 recirculation pump
9 tank
10 blower
11 suction pump
Figure 1 — Typical Membrane filtration systems
4.4 Membrane filtration process design and pre- and post-shipment tests

Successful system design and constructions of membrane filtration processes for water reuse can

be achieved by appropriate membrane selections. It is important for engineers to design membrane

filtration systems after verifying the membrane specifications such as pore size, pure water permeability,

separation performance, a range of information including membrane configuration, material, operating

conditions and cleaning methods. Further details of the membrane specifications are provided

in Annex A. Before shipment, during membrane reception on site, and during commissioning, the

membrane modules/elements are typically evaluated by confirming the proper storage conditions and

whether they meet the product specifications. If required, proper storage conditions of the membrane

on site before commissioning shall be anticipated.
5 Principles and general guidelines for performance evaluation
5.1 General

The purpose of performance evaluation for membrane filtration technology is to determine whether

membrane filtration processes can consistently meet specified membrane performance requirements.

Clause 5 defines two key performance requirements in membrane performance evaluation: functional

and non-functional requirements. Performance requirements are evaluated using specified test

protocols that include sample collection methods, monitoring methods, ancillary data collection

frequency and methods, documentation and valid data analysis procedures, and their details will be

described in Clauses 6 and 7.
5.2 Functional requirements for membrane filtration process

Functional requirements for membrane filtration technology address the rejection of constituents

in the feed water to produce a highly-treated wastewater that meets the reclaimed water quality

requirements. Performance evaluation for functional requirements in membrane filtration process

are categorized (1) water quality-based performance evaluation, (2) process based performance

evaluation, and (3) integrity testing.
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ISO/FDIS 20468-5:2021(E)
5.3 Non-functional requirements for membrane filtration process

Non-functional requirements involve environmental and economic performance. Environmental

performance evaluation for membrane filtration process can be conducted with energy consumption,

chemical consumption, and volume of liquid and solid wastes. Economic performance evaluation for

membrane filtration technology can be based on LCC, which includes capital cost and operating cost.

6 Performance evaluation for functional requirement
6.1 General

Performance evaluation for water reclamation is primarily conducted through water quality analysis

of the finished (reclaimed) water to ensure the compliance for reclaimed water quality requirements

that are typically regulated at the end of water treatment trains (or at the exit of the water reclamation

plant). However, monitoring water quality at a unit process (e.g. membrane filtration) provides

additional confidence and alerts to non-compliance with the water quality requirements. It also acts as

an early warning to identify any water quality-related issues that may occur between routine samplings

of the finished water.

When a membrane is used for a long period of time, the membrane module may be damaged due to physical

defects or chemical deterioration. This can cause a deterioration in membrane separation performance

but may not be apparent in monitored water quality. Therefore, the performance evaluation based on

the water quality analysis is typically supplemented by other performance evaluation methods that

enable to monitor the membrane integrity during the system operation. These methods include direct

integrity monitoring and indirect integrity monitoring. Direct integrity monitoring is an accurate and

reliable strategy which
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