ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004
(Main)Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Application requirements profiles
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Application requirements profiles
ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004 provides: the result of three surveys identifying the applications for radio frequency identification (RFID) in an item management environment, and the resultant classification of these applications based on various operational parameters, including operating range and memory size; an explanation of some of the issues associated with the parameters of distance and number of tags within an RFID interrogator's field-of-view; a means by which classification of RF tags may be accomplished based on the application requirements defined in the survey results; recommendations for areas of standardization to the parent committee (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4) based on the results of these surveys.
Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence (RFID) pour la gestion d'objets — Profils de conditions d'application
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Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/IEC
REPORT TR
18001
First edition
2004-10-15
Information technology — Radio
frequency identification for item
management — Application requirements
profiles
Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence
(RFID) pour la gestion d'objets — Profils de conditions d'application
Reference number
ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2004
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 1
5 ARP survey and questionnaire. 2
5.1 AIM Survey. 2
5.1.1 Application selection. 2
5.1.2 Tag characteristics. 2
5.1.3 Application characteristics. 2
5.2 ANSI MH 10/SC 8 . 3
5.3 Dortmund University. 3
6 ARP survey results and its analysis . 3
6.1 Classification of application . 3
6.2 Operating range. 4
6.3 Memory size. 5
6.4 Initial work for the first target application . 5
6.4.1 Memory size < 128 byte . 6
6.4.2 128 byte < memory size < 1 kbyte . 6
7 Technical subjects for standardization (Common items for applications). 6
7.1 The variation of operating range . 6
7.1.1 Influence of tag orientation. 7
7.1.2 Influence of overlap of inductive tags . 7
7.1.3 Influence of metallic materials. 8
7.2 Determining the access time of RFID tags. 9
7.3 Detecting and reading numerous tags from significant distances . 10
8 2,45 GHz RFID tags . 11
8.1 Variation of operating range . 11
8.1.1 Influence of tag orientation. 11
8.1.2 Influence of overlap of tags . 12
8.1.3 Influence of metallic materials. 12
8.1.4 Influence of R/W vs. R/O. 12
8.2 Determining the access time of RFID tags. 12
8.2.1 General. 12
8.2.2 Influence of multiple interrogator operation . 12
8.2.3 Influence of substitution errors. 13
8.3 Indirect parameters. 13
8.3.1 Security. 13
8.3.2 Emission. 13
8.3.3 Lithium cells. 14
9 400 MHz to 1000 MHz UHF RFID-systems . 14
9.1 Introduction. 14
9.2 Operating principle. 15
9.3 Typical tags. 17
9.3.1 Regulations. 17
9.3.2 Performance. 19
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
10 RFID system and bar code system.24
10.1 Sorting systems using bar code labels .24
10.2 Sorting system using RFID tags.25
11 Proposals for individual application .25
11.1 Application: returnable plastic containers .25
11.2 Typical parameter for application.26
12 Conclusions.26
Annex A (informative) AIM / SC 31 Survey .27
Annex B (informative) ANSI MH 10/SC 8 Survey .32
Annex C (informative) ARP Questionnaire Responses.36
Annex D (informative) ANSI MH 10/SC 8 Questionnaire Responses.38
Annex E (informative) Example of plastic returnable container in Japan.44
Annex F (informative) Dortmund Study.45
F.1 Retailer’s Responses to Questionnaire .45
F.2 Retailers’ Requirements to Transponder Systems.47
F.3 Manufacturer’s Responses to Questionnaires.49
F.4 Logistics Service Provider’s Responses to Questionnaires .52
F.5 Logistic Service Providers’ Requirements to Transponder Systems.53
Annex G (informative) JEIDA Study Report .56
Bibliography.89
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, the joint technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report
of one of the following types:
— type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard,
despite repeated efforts;
— type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the
future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard;
— type 3, when the joint technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is
normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example).
Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether
they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to
be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC TR 18001, which is a Technical Report of type 3, was prepared by Joint Technical Committee
ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture
techniques.
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
Introduction
The Air Interface Standards of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 are contained in the various Parts of ISO/IEC 18000,
under the general title Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management:
Part 1: Reference architecture and definition of parameters to be standardized
Part 2: Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz
Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
Part 4: Parameters for air interface communications at 2,45 GHz
Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
Part 7: Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz
If antenna design, power levels, and the active/passive nature of the implementation design are held equal,
each of these technologies have differing performance and operating parameters, including the distance
achievable between tag and interrogator.
Specific implementations of the various Parts above may result in different performance and operating
parameter trade-offs. Such trade-offs may include the ability to operate as intended under adverse
environmental conditions such as noise or interference or other physical environment variations.
To understand the applicability of each frequency or technology it is necessary to understand the applications
within which this technology will be used. A profile of the application requirements must be developed.
This Technical Report addresses these Application Requirements Profiles, providing the application detail
from which one should be able to assess the applicability of the various technologies.
Seven distinct and separate efforts are included within this Technical Report.
AIM circulated a questionnaire in late 1998 to which 29 responses were received. These responses serve as
the primary basis for this Technical Report.
In early 1999, a United States application standards committee, ANSI MH 10/SC 8, circulated another
questionnaire to which 19 responses were received. These responses are included as validation of the AIM
survey.
In 1999, a German University study was released covering RFID in the retail supply chain from
manufacturer to transporter to retailer, involving 82 responses. These responses are consolidated in this
ARP report.
In early 2000, Japan’s contribution on RFID tags study.
In 2000, Sweden’s contribution on 2,45 GHz RFID tags study.
In 2001, Australia’s contribution on UHF.
In 2001, AIM’s contribution on UHF.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
Information technology — Radio frequency identification for
item management — Application requirements profiles
1 Scope
This Technical Report provides:
The result of three surveys identifying the applications for radio frequency identification (RFID) in an item
management environment, and the resultant classification of these applications based on various
operational parameters, including operating range and memory size.
An explanation of some of the issues associated with the parameters of distance and number of tags
within an RFID interrogator’s field-of-view.
A means by which classification of RF tags may be accomplished based on the application requirements
defined in the survey results.
Recommendations for areas of standardization to the parent committee (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31/WG 4)
based on the results of these surveys.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 19762 (all parts), Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC)
1)
techniques — Harmonized vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 19762 (all parts) apply.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
ARP Application Requirements Profile
EAS Electronic Article Surveillance
FA Fixed Asset
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
WORM Write Once Read Many
1) To be published.
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
5 ARP survey and questionnaire
In the preparation of this Technical Report three surveys were conducted: one by AIM, one by the U.S.
Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) ANSI MH 10/SC 8, and one by Dortmund University, Germany.
5.1 AIM Survey
The AIM Survey was circulated through ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 national bodies asking potential respondents to
access the survey form at the web site: http://www.rfid.org. The survey that was circulated (SC 31/WG 4
N0046) is attached as Annex A to this Technical Report.
To define the application requirements for standardization, the questionnaire that was circulated by AIM
consisted of three categories:
5.1.1 Application selection
a. Baggage Handling (includes airline)
b. Factory Automation
c. Warehouse Logistics / Inventory Control
d. Distribution
e. Security / Article Surveillance
f. Asset Tracking
g. Container Control
h. Pallet Control
i. Door to door delivery services
j. Others
5.1.2 Tag characteristics
a. Are tags re-usable or disposable?
b. What is the tag’s memory size?
c. Is there a requirement for a unique tag ID?
d. Is the memory requirement read only, write once read many, or read and write?
e. Is there a requirement for physical size or thickness?
5.1.3 Application characteristics
a. Does the application employ a single antenna or multiple antennae?
b. Does the application use hand-held or fixed position reader / writer / antenna?
c. What are the required maximum read and write distances?
d. What is the maximum speed in front of reader / writer?
e. What amount data is transferred during read and write operations?
f. What is the minimum separation distance between tags?
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
g. Does the packaging or container have metallic materials?
h. Is the tag orientation controlled or not controlled?
i. Will one or multiple tags be in the field of view at one time; is an anti-collision protocol required?
j. Does the application require the encryption, authentication, or another security system?
k. What are the environmental requirements, e.g., temperature, vibration, water proof, chemical.
The results of the AIM Survey are included as Annex A.
5.2 ANSI MH 10/SC 8
The ANSI MH 10/SC 8 Survey was circulated to ANSI MH 10 members asking potential respondents to
complete the survey and returning it to the administrator of ANSI MH 10/SC 8. The survey that was circulated
is attached as Annex B to this Technical Report. Annex D provides a summary of the responses to the ANSI
MH 10/SC 8 Survey.
5.3 Dortmund University
The Dortmund University Survey was circulated to a select group of German companies involved in the retail
trade as either retail goods manufacturers, transporters, or retailers. Annex F provides a summary of the
responses to the Dortmund University Survey.
6 ARP survey results and its analysis
From the circulation of the AIM ARP Survey, 29 responses were received from 8 countries. These results are
shown in Annex C. Figure 1 shows an application table relating memory size and operating range based on
the response Questionnaire. Eight key items were selected from 27 items in the Questionnaire (N0046).
The 8 items are
a. Application,
b. Memory size,
c. Read/Write,
d. Reuse/Disposal,
e. Tag Frequency,
f. Operating Range,
g. Multiple Tag Read (Anti-collision), and
h. Encryption.
6.1 Classification of application
For the RFID tag system, tag memory size and operating range are key factors. Figure 1 shows the summary
of the applications assembled by read range and tag memory requirements. Figure 2 shows the classification
of the two parameters in 3 categories.
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
6.2 Operating range
The operating ranges are different in each application, ranging from 0.1 m and up to 100 m. See Annex A and
Tables 1 and 2. Even in applications named identically, it may be difficult to find identical operating ranges.
The operating range is a key factor for users when implementing RFID systems. For users, it is helpful that the
operating range is classified in three ranges, e.g., short range, medium range and long range.
There are different approaches to propose the operating ranges. One aspect is the take into account the
desired compatibility with the application requirements of contactless IC cards, the ARP group proposed the
ranges within ISO/IEC 14443 and ISO/IEC 15693. The ARP Rapporteur Group has therefore defined
operating ranges as follows.
Table 1 — Operating Range Classifications
short range ≤ 0.1 m
0.1 m ≤ medium range ≤ 0.7 m
0.7 m ≤ long range
Table 2 — Typical Operating Range Requirements by Application
< 10 cm 10 – 70 cm 70 cm – 5 m
11 Pallet ID (FA) 3 Asset Tracking 25 Vehicle Management
30 Pallet Control
1 kbyte
23 FA Auto Warehouse 2 Toll Collection
24 FA Logistics Pallet 4 Warehouse/Logistics *
8 Pallet Control *
10 Asset Tracking *
16 Gasoline
Memory 21 Waste Management
Size
22 Inventory Control
5 Log Tracking
6 Log Tracking
MR TAG
128 byte
7 Access Control 9 Access & Tracking
14 Library 12 Baggage Handling *
26 Pallet Control 13 Baggage Handling *
15 Waste Management *
18 Video Tape Rental *
27 Container Control *
28 Luggage *
29 Asset Tracking
31 EAS
Note – * is the target application. The numbers of Figure 1 correspond to the numbers in the table of Annex C.
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
Operating Distance Memory Size
Large
2 m Long
1 kbyte
Medium
0.7 m Medium 128 byte
0.1 m Short Small
Figure 1 – Definition of Operation Distance and Memory Size
6.3 Memory size
The memory size of RF tags (see Annex A and Tables 2 and 3) differs in each application. They extend from 8
byte to 128 kbyte. This report provides classification to three sizes: small, medium, and large. They are
defined as follows.
Table 3 — Classification of Memory Size
small size ≤ 128 byte
128 byte ≤ medium size ≤ 1 kbyte
1 kbyte ≤ large size
6.4 Initial work for the first target application
Based on the responses received, the ARP Rapporteur Group has determined that the initial application focus
work should be based on the pallet and /or a container (crate, returnable plastic container etc), and not the
contents of containers.
The work should concentrate in two specific areas of the matrix (Operating Range – Memory size –
Application) in Table 2.
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
6.4.1 Memory size < 128 byte
Operating range > 70 cm
WORM
Application:
Waste (domestic),
Baggage Handling
Books / Videos (libraries)
Container Control
6.4.2 128 byte < memory size < 1 kbyte
Operating range > 70 cm
Read / Write
Application:
Warehouse Logistics.
Pallet Control (returnable plastic container)
Asset tracking
7 Technical subjects for standardization (Common items for applications)
Signal
Power
Tag
X
Reader/Writer Signal
Antenna
Y
Figure 2 – The Principal of RF Tag Communications
7.1 The variation of operating range
The reader/writer antenna transmits power and signals to the tags by propagated electromagnetic waves or
inductive coupling, and tags emit the response signal to the reader/writer antenna. At inductive frequencies,
the operating range (X, Y, Z directions) is affected to a greater extent by the antenna size of the reader/writer
and the antenna size of the tag, than are systems operating at UHF or microwave frequencies.
The operating range when writing is less than reading due to current dissipation. The tags with battery cell
have a greater operating range than tags without a battery cell.
In general, an extended operating range requires a significantly larger antenna for both the reader/writer and
the tag. The interference level in the environment can also have a significant effect on operating range.
Further, there are many factors that affect the operating range including tag orientation, overlap with other
tags environmental noise, absorption, reflection, shadowing and the effects caused by the presence of
metallic material etc.
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ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004(E)
7.1.1 Influence of tag orientation
Contrasted to bar codes systems, RFID systems have an advantage of a wider operating range. Like bar
codes, the RFID tags can be attached to various surfaces, e.g., the side of the container.
When the orientation (polarization) of tag is changed, the operating range is changed. For example, the 90-
degree change of orientation may cause the 20-100% deterioration of the operating range. These are shown
in Figure 3.
Tag 2
Tag 1
Reader/Writer
Tag 2
Tag 1
Reader/Writer
Figure 3 – The Influence of Tag Orientation
Tags can be read from one side or from both sides, where the former type gives better reading range at a
certain output power. If the tag cannot be oriented during the reading process, dual-sided reading adds value
to the application.
The tag can be freely oriented around the interrogator’s radiation axis if circular polarization is used in the
system. It is possible to read the tag horizontally as well as vertically, without consideration of how the
interrogators are installed.
The tag can be freely oriented in relation to the interrogator if circular polarization is used and if the tag is
designed for omni-directional reading. This configuration is of value if the objects are completely unaligned,
such as various items on a conveyor belt or where people use the tag for personal access and find it difficult
to orient the tag in a special way.
7.1.2 Influence of overlap of inductive tags
When the RFID tags are attached to the smaller size items, such as books or letters, the distance between tag
to tag may become very short. For example, at inductive frequencies when the two tags are overlapped at
50% of the tag size, the operating range may be reduced by about 30% compared to the case of one tag. The
degree of reduction is different in each tag system, particularly for different carrier frequencies and tag size.
The influence is caused by the variation of resonance frequency f that expressed in formula below,
0
1
f =
0
2π LC
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