ISO 31110:2020
(Main)Wheeled child conveyances — Pushchairs and prams — Requirements and test methods
Wheeled child conveyances — Pushchairs and prams — Requirements and test methods
This document specifies the safety requirements and test methods for pushchairs and prams, intended for the transportation of one or more children up to three years of age. This document does not apply to toys, pushchairs intended for sport use, pushchairs and prams propelled by a motor, and pushchairs and prams designed for children with special needs. Other relevant standard(s) can apply if any when a pushchair or pram or any part of the pushchair or pram has several functions or can be converted into another function. NOTE The average weight of a three-year-old child corresponds to 15 kg.
Voitures d’enfant — Poussettes et landaus — Exigences et méthodes d’essai
Otroški vozički - Otroški vozički s sedežem in otroški vozički s košaro - Zahteve in preskusne metode
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 31110
First edition
2020-12
Wheeled child conveyances —
Pushchairs and prams —
Requirements and test methods
Voitures d’enfant — Poussettes et landaus — Exigences et
méthodes d’essai
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General requirements and test conditions . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Samples . 4
4.3 Principle of the most onerous condition . 4
4.4 Tolerances for test equipment . 5
4.5 Test conditions . 5
4.6 Determination of the protected volume . 5
4.6.1 Protected volume of seat units . 5
4.6.2 Protected volume of pram bodies having a length greater than 800 mm . 7
4.6.3 Protected volume for pram bodies having a maximum internal length of
800 mm and car seats . 8
4.7 Determination of the junction line . 8
4.8 Determination of occupant space . 9
4.8.1 Determination of occupant space for seat unit and car seat . 9
4.8.2 Determination of occupant space for pram body having a length less than
800 mm . 9
4.8.3 Determination of occupant space for pram body having a length greater
than 800 mm . 9
5 Test equipment.10
5.1 Test masses .10
5.1.1 General.10
5.1.2 Test mass A .10
5.1.3 Test mass B .11
5.1.4 Test mass C .12
5.1.5 Test mass D .13
5.1.6 Test mass D .14
5.1.7 Test mass F .15
5.1.8 Test mass G .15
5.1.9 Test bar .17
5.2 Test probes .17
5.2.1 Finger probes .17
5.2.2 Conical probes .18
5.3 Angle measuring device .19
5.4 Test ball .21
5.5 Hinged board .21
5.6 Small parts cylinder .21
5.7 Test surface .22
5.8 Rectangular stops .22
5.9 Irregular surface test equipment .22
5.9.1 Obstacles .22
5.9.2 Articulating arms .24
5.10 Test cylinder .24
5.11 Clamp device .25
6 Chemical hazards .26
6.1 General .26
6.2 Requirements .26
6.2.1 General.26
6.2.2 Sampling.27
6.3 Migration of certain elements .27
6.4 Phthalates .27
6.5 Azo colorants .28
6.6 Formaldehyde .29
6.7 Flame retardants .29
7 Thermal hazards .30
8 Mechanical hazards .30
8.1 Protective functions .30
8.1.1 Suitability of vehicle .30
8.1.2 Minimum internal height of pram body .33
8.1.3 Restraint system and fasteners .34
8.2 Entrapment hazards .39
8.2.1 Holes and openings .39
8.3 Hazards from moving parts .40
8.3.1 Requirements .40
8.3.2 Shearing hazards .40
8.3.3 Crushing hazards (see F.3.4) .41
8.3.4 Wheels .41
8.3.5 Locking mechanism(s) .41
8.4 Entanglement hazards .45
8.4.1 Requirements .45
8.4.2 Test method .46
8.5 Choking and ingestion hazards .46
8.5.1 Requirements .46
8.5.2 Test methods .47
8.6 Suffocation hazards .48
8.6.1 Internal lining of the pram body and seat unit .48
8.6.2 Requirements — Packaging .48
8.7 Hazards from edges and protrusions .48
8.8 Parking and braking devices .48
8.8.1 Requirements .48
8.8.2 Test methods .49
8.9 Stability .52
8.9.1 Stability of vehicle .52
8.10 Structural integrity .56
8.10.1 Carrying handles and handle anchorage points of pram bodies and seat
units with a carrying function .56
8.10.2 Longitudinal stability of a pram body with carrying handles .57
8.10.3 Strength and durability of attachment devices for pram bodies, seat units,
car seats or carry cots.57
8.10.4 Irregular surface test .58
8.10.5 Dynamic strength .59
8.10.6 Wheel strength .61
8.10.7 Handle strength .64
9 Durability and adhesion of marking .67
9.1 Requirement .67
9.2 Test method .67
10 Product information .67
10.1 General .67
10.2 Marking of product .67
10.3 Purchase information .68
10.4 Instructions for use .68
Annex A (informative) Examples of a folding system .71
Annex B (informative) Articulating arms .72
Annex C (informative) Chemicals .76
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Annex D (informative) Guidelines for the application of 8.3.5.1.1.3 “Unintentional release
of locking mechanism(s)”.81
Annex E (informative) Examples of moving parts of the canopies inside 100 mm from the
pivot point .84
Annex F (informative) Further information on hazards .87
Bibliography .92
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Project Committee ISO/PC 310, Wheeled child conveyances.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 31110:2020(E)
Wheeled child conveyances — Pushchairs and prams —
Requirements and test methods
1 Scope
This document specifies the safety requirements and test methods for pushchairs and prams, intended
for the transportation of one or more children up to three years of age.
This document does not apply to toys, pushchairs intended for sport use, pushchairs and prams
propelled by a motor, and pushchairs and prams designed for children with special needs.
Other relevant standard(s) can apply if any when a pushchair or pram or any part of the pushchair or
pram has several functions or can be converted into another function.
NOTE The average weight of a three-year-old child corresponds to 15 kg.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8124-1:2018, Safety of toys — Part 1: Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties
ISO 8124-2:2014, Safety of toys — Part 2: Flammability
ISO 8124-3:2020, Safety of toys — Part 3: Migration of certain elements
ISO 8124-6:2018, Safety of toys — Part 6: Certain phthalate esters in toys and children’s products
ISO 14184-1, Textiles — Determination of formaldehyde — Part 1: Free and hydrolysed formaldehyde
(water extraction method)
ISO 14362-1, Textiles — Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants —
Part 1: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants accessible with and without extracting the fibres
ISO 14362-3, Textiles — Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo
colorants — Part 3: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants, which may release 4-aminoazobenzene
ISO 17226-1, Leather — Chemical determination of formaldehyde content — Part 1: Method using high
performance liquid chromatography
ISO 17234-1, Leather — Chemical tests for the determination of certain azo colorants in dyed leathers —
Part 1: Determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants
ISO 17234-2, Leather — Chemical tests for the determination of certain azo colorants in dyed leathers —
Part 2: Determination of 4-aminoazobenzene
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
automatic locking device
device that engages with no additional voluntary action by the carer, when the vehicle is erected to its
position of use
3.2
base material
material upon which coatings may be formed or deposited
3.3
braking device
device intended to reduce the speed of the wheeled child conveyance (3.25)
3.4
bumper bar protective covering
component designed and intended as a means to prevent exposure of any underlying accessible foam or
other filling material
Note 1 to entry: Examples include, but are not limited to, woven, knit, coated, laminated, extruded, or calendared
textile-based materials and leathers.
3.5
carry cot
portable bassinet
hand-held bassinet
product consisting of a base, sides, ends and carrying handle(s), within which a child can be laid down
and transported by hand(s)
3.6
chassis
wheeled framework with one or more handles for pushing, pulling and steering, designed to
accommodate and transport one or more of the pram body (3.17), seat unit (3.22) or car seat
3.7
crotch restraint
device positioned between the child’s legs to prevent the child from sliding forwards
3.8
folding system
assembly of moving parts which enables the vehicle to be changed from an erected position to a folded
position and vice versa under the control of the carer
EXAMPLE See Figure A.1.
3.9
footrest
support for the feet, used by the child when sitting
3.10
integrated platform
integrated part of the wheeled child conveyance (3.25) designed to support an additional child in a
standing position
3.11
leg rest
support for the legs, used by the child when sitting
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
3.12
locking device
mechanical component, part of the locking mechanism (3.13), that maintains part(s) of the vehicle
erected in the position of use (e.g. latch(es), hooks, over centre lock) which could be deactivated or
activated by action(s) on the operating device (3.14)
EXAMPLE See Figure A.1.
3.13
locking mechanism
assembly of components consisting of one or more locking device(s) (3.12) and one or more operating
device(s) (3.14)
EXAMPLE See Figure A.1.
3.14
operating device
part of the locking mechanism(s) (3.13) designed to be activated by the carer through one or several
positive action(s)
EXAMPLE See Figure A.1.
3.15
parking device
device to maintain the wheeled child conveyance (3.25) in a stationary position
3.16
pram
vehicle comprising a chassis (3.6) and one or more pram bodies (3.17)
3.17
pram body
carriage
structure with essentially vertical and continuous sides that ends with an internal base designed to
transport one or more children in a primarily horizontal position
3.18
protected volume
volume accessible by the child when sitting or lying in the wheeled child conveyance (3.25), where
specific safety requirements are necessary
Note 1 to entry: See 4.6.
3.19
pushchair
vehicle comprising a chassis (3.6) and one or more seat units (3.22) or car seats
3.20
restraint system
system to restrain the child within the wheeled child conveyance (3.25)
3.21
reversible handle
handle that can be rotated on the chassis (3.6) to change the direction of pushing
3.22
seat unit
structure that may or may not be adjustable to achieve a reclining, upright or lying flat position,
designed to support one or more children
3.23
type A car seat
child restraint system (CRS) used for children up to 9 kg
EXAMPLE In Europe, see Regulation ECE R44 (group 0) or Regulation ECE R129.
3.24
type B car seat
child restraint system (CRS) used for children up to 13 kg
EXAMPLE In Europe, see Regulation ECE R44 (group 0+) or Regulation ECE R129.
3.25
wheeled child conveyance
vehicle designed for the transportation of one or more children that can be manually steered while
being primarily pushed
4 General requirements and test conditions
4.1 General
Words in italics are defined in Clause 3. Additional information on the background and rationale for
various requirements are given in Annexes C and F.
4.2 Samples
Tests should be carried out in the order of the clauses given in this document, unless otherwise stated.
Each test shall be carried out only using one vehicle, unless otherwise stated.
Vehicles with multiple places for pram bodies and/or seat units shall conform to all applicable
requirements in all possible arrangements in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. If a
vehicle can be equipped with an additional seat unit, pram body or car seat supplied or recommended
by the manufacturer, the combination shall conform to this document.
4.3 Principle of the most onerous condition
Unless otherwise stated, each test in this document shall be conducted with the vehicle in the most
onerous condition for that test in terms of:
— the choice and number of seat units, pram bodies and/or car seats attached to the chassis stated in
the manufacturer’s instructions;
— the addition of any additional seat unit(s) approved by the manufacturer;
— the use of test masses: for vehicles transporting more than one child, at least one place that a child
can occupy shall be loaded with a test mass;
— the loading (or not) of any receptacle designed for carrying additional load(s) allowed for in the
instructions or otherwise approved by the manufacturer and the placing (or not) of load(s) in any
such facility, up to the maximum mass allowed in the manufacturer’s instructions, or 2 kg if nothing
is indicated;
NOTE Small pockets fitted onto textile parts are not concerned by this condition.
— the addition (or not) of any other accessories supplied or recommended by the manufacturer for use
with the vehicle and with accessories loaded in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions;
— the adjustment of seat units, pram bodies, handles, car seats and any other adjustable features
or accessories, or any other optional arrangement of the vehicle allowed in the manufacturer’s
instructions or otherwise approved by the manufacturer.
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
The loading sequence of the child(ren) shall be tested in the most onerous condition, even when
otherwise specified by the manufacturer.
The installation sequence of accessories already loaded with the child and with a carrying function (e.g.
car seat, pram body) shall be tested in the most onerous condition, even when otherwise specified by
the manufacturer.
The heaviest loads do not always produce the most onerous conditions.
4.4 Tolerances for test equipment
Unless otherwise stated, the accuracy of the test equipment shall be:
— forces ±5 %;
— masses ±0,5 %;
— dimensions ±0,5 mm;
— timing ±1 s;
— angles ±0,5°.
4.5 Test conditions
The vehicle shall be conditioned at a temperature of (23 ± 5) °C for at least 2 h prior to tests. All tests
shall be carried out at a temperature of (23 ± 10) °C unless otherwise specified.
For vehicles fitted with inflatable tyres, the tyre pressure shall be adjusted in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions for use before conducting the entire test procedure. If a tyre is punctured
during the test procedure, the tyre shall be replaced and the test procedure continued.
4.6 Determination of the protected volume
4.6.1 Protected volume of seat units
The protected volume of seat units shall be determined in accordance with Figure 1.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 origin from which the protected volume has been defined (mid-point of the junction line, on the uncompressed
upper surface of the seat unit)
2 seat
3 backrest
4 leg rest
Figure 1 — Protected volume for seat units
The space located behind the backrest is excluded from the protected volume.
Where a vehicle is suitable for two or more children, the space located behind the backrest shall be
considered if it enters another protected volume.
The space underneath the seat and underneath the leg rest is excluded from the protected volume,
except for a 50 mm wide band measured from the outermost edge of the seat/leg rest sides where the
seat/leg rest is not fitted with lateral protections of a height greater than 50 mm (textile or any rigid
component) (see Figure 2).
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 space to be checked
2 space not to be checked
3 leg rest
4 seat
5 backrest
Figure 2 — Effect of lateral protection on the determination of the protected volume
4.6.2 Protected volume of pram bodies having a length greater than 800 mm
The protected volume of pram bodies having a length greater than 800 mm shall be determined in
accordance with Figure 3.
The surface underneath the pram body is excluded from the protected volume.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 3 — Protected volume for pram bodies having a length greater than 800 mm
4.6.3 Protected volume for pram bodies having a maximum internal length of 800 mm and
car seats
For vehicles designed only for children under six months of age, the protected volume for pram bodies
with a maximum internal length of 800 mm and for car seats is considered to be the inner upper surface
that supports the child and the inner surface of the sides and ends of the pram body. See Figure 7.
4.7 Determination of the junction line
The junction line shall be determined as the intersection between the seat and the backrest as shown
in Figure 4.
Key
LL junction line
1 backrest
2 seat
Figure 4 — Junction line
When the seat unit is in the form of a hammock, a theoretical junction line is determined as shown in
Figure 5.
Key
LL junction line
L vertical projection of C on the hammock
Figure 5 — Junction line for seat unit in form of a hammock
NOTE The junction line can vary when the backrest is adjusted to different positions.
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
4.8 Determination of occupant space
4.8.1 Determination of occupant space for seat unit and car seat
The occupant space is defined as 550 mm from the mid-point of the junction line, on the uncompressed
upper surface of the seat unit or car seat and the sides of the inner upper surface that support the child.
The volume stops at the front edge of the seat. See Figure 6.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 6 — Occupant space for seat unit and car seat
4.8.2 Determination of occupant space for pram body having a length less than 800 mm
For vehicles designed only for children under six months of age, the occupant space for pram bodies
with a maximum internal length of 800 mm is considered to be the volume of the inner upper surface
that supports the child and the inner surface of the sides and ends of the pram body. See Figure 7.
Key
1 occupant space
Figure 7 — Occupant space for pram body having a length less than 800 mm
4.8.3 Determination of occupant space for pram body having a length greater than 800 mm
For pram bodies with an internal length greater than 800 mm, the occupant space is considered to be
the volume of the inner upper surface that supports the child and the inner surface of the sides and ends
of the pram body up to 550 mm. See Figure 8.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 occupant space
Figure 8 — Occupant space for pram body having a length greater than 800 mm
5 Test equipment
5.1 Test masses
5.1.1 General
Unless otherwise specified, the test masses shall be those given in 5.1.2 to 5.1.9.
Any damage to fabric that can occur as a result of abrasion by the test masses during tests shall be
ignored. Damage can be minimized by using a convenient means of protection of negligible mass. Where
damage is not caused by abrasion by the test masses, it constitutes a structural failure.
Test masses may be fitted with additional handles for carrying purposes, as long as the centre of gravity
is not changed, the mass remains within tolerances and the test procedure is not affected.
5.1.2 Test mass A
Test mass A is a rigid cylinder (160 ± 5) mm in diameter and (300 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of
(9 + 0, 1/0) kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius
of (5 ± 1) mm. Two anchorage points shall be provided, positioned (150 ± 2,5) mm from the base and at
180° to each other around the circumference, as shown in Figure 9.
10 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 radius: (5 ± 1) mm
2 two anchorage points
Figure 9 — Test mass A
5.1.3 Test mass B
Test mass B is a rigid cylinder (200 ± 5) mm in diameter and (300 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of
(15 + 0, 1/0) kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius
of (5 ± 1) mm. Two anchorage points shall be provided, positioned (150 ± 2,5) mm from the base and at
180° to each other around the circumference (see Figure 10).
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 radius: (5 ± 1) mm
2 two anchorage points
Figure 10 — Test mass B
5.1.4 Test mass C
Test mass C is a rigid plate (600 ± 5) mm long and (180 ± 5) mm wide, having a minimum thickness of
5 mm and a mass of (9 + 0,1/0) kg hinged along the centre line of the length (see Figure 11).
The tolerance on the dimensions is ±0,5 mm.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 hinge axes
Figure 11 — Test mass C
12 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
5.1.5 Test mass D
Test mass D is made of a rigid material with a smooth finish and a total mass of (9 + 0,1/0) kg (see
Figure 12).
Dimensions in millimetres
Tolerances:
— dimensions ±2 mm;
— angles ±2°;
— where shown, corner radii shall be (10 ± 1) mm.
Figure 12 — Test mass D
5.1.6 Test mass D
Test mass D is made of a rigid material with a smooth finish and a total mass of (3,7 + 0,1/0) kg (see
Figure 13).
Dimensions in millimetres
Tolerances:
— dimensions ±2 mm;
— angles ±2°;
— where shown, corner radii shall be (10 ± 1) mm.
Figure 13 — Test mass D
14 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
5.1.7 Test mass F
Test mass F is a rigid cylinder (180 ± 5) mm in diameter and (300 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of
(13 + 0, 1/0) kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius
of (5 ± 1) mm. Two anchorage points shall be provided, positioned (150 ± 2,5) mm from the base and at
180° to each other around the circumference (see Figure 14).
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 radius (5 ± 1) mm
2 anchorage points
Figure 14 — Test mass F
5.1.8 Test mass G
Test mass G comprises two identical parts made of steel and with the dimensions given in Figure 15.
Each part shall have a mass of (10 + 0,1/0) kg.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 side view
2 front view
a
ext.
b
int. (tube 1′1/4).
Figure 15 — Test mass G
The distance between the two identical parts of test mass G shall be adjusted in accordance with the
shape and dimensions of the integrated platform that is tested.
A rigid bar of negligible mass shall be used to maintain the test mass along the integrated platform and
both parts shall be maintained apart from each other by any connecting means of negligible mass.
16 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
5.1.9 Test bar
A rigid square bar with a cross section of (25 × 25) mm, having a length greater than the length of the
pram body and a mass of 0,75 kg.
5.2 Test probes
5.2.1 Finger probes
5.2.1.1 Finger probe with hemispherical end
0 0
+01,
Three probes made of rigid and smooth material of diameters 5 mm, 7 mm and 12 mm,
−01, −01, 0
with a full hemispherical end (see Figure 16).
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 hemispherical end
2 scribed line around circumference
3 Ø 5 mm, 7 mm and 12 mm
Figure 16 — Probes with hemispherical end
5.2.1.2 Shape assessment probe
Probe made of rigid and smooth material with the dimensions shown in Figure 17.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
A side view
B top view
C front view
Figure 17 — Shape assessment probe
5.2.1.3 Conical probe for mesh
Probe for assessing mesh made of rigid and smooth material, as shown in Figure 18. It shall be capable
of being mounted on a force measuring device, so that the conical end can be presented to the opening
being assessed.
The tolerance on the radius is ±0,2 mm.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 18 — Conical probe for mesh
5.2.2 Conical probes
Probes made of rigid and smooth material of diameters (12 + 0,1/0) mm, (25 0/–0,1) mm and
(45 + 0,1/0) mm with one conical end with an angle of 30° that can be mounted on a force measuring
device (see Figure 19).
NOTE To avoid any risk, the tip of the conical part can be rounded.
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2021
Otroški vozički - Otroški vozički s sedežem in otroški vozički s košaro - Zahteve in
preskusne metode
Wheeled child conveyances - Pushchairs and prams - Requirements and test methods
Voitures d’enfant - Poussettes et landaus - Exigences et méthodes d’essai
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 31110:2020
ICS:
97.190 Otroška oprema Equipment for children
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 31110
First edition
2020-12
Wheeled child conveyances —
Pushchairs and prams —
Requirements and test methods
Voitures d’enfant — Poussettes et landaus — Exigences et
méthodes d’essai
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General requirements and test conditions . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Samples . 4
4.3 Principle of the most onerous condition . 4
4.4 Tolerances for test equipment . 5
4.5 Test conditions . 5
4.6 Determination of the protected volume . 5
4.6.1 Protected volume of seat units . 5
4.6.2 Protected volume of pram bodies having a length greater than 800 mm . 7
4.6.3 Protected volume for pram bodies having a maximum internal length of
800 mm and car seats . 8
4.7 Determination of the junction line . 8
4.8 Determination of occupant space . 9
4.8.1 Determination of occupant space for seat unit and car seat . 9
4.8.2 Determination of occupant space for pram body having a length less than
800 mm . 9
4.8.3 Determination of occupant space for pram body having a length greater
than 800 mm . 9
5 Test equipment.10
5.1 Test masses .10
5.1.1 General.10
5.1.2 Test mass A .10
5.1.3 Test mass B .11
5.1.4 Test mass C .12
5.1.5 Test mass D .13
5.1.6 Test mass D .14
5.1.7 Test mass F .15
5.1.8 Test mass G .15
5.1.9 Test bar .17
5.2 Test probes .17
5.2.1 Finger probes .17
5.2.2 Conical probes .18
5.3 Angle measuring device .19
5.4 Test ball .21
5.5 Hinged board .21
5.6 Small parts cylinder .21
5.7 Test surface .22
5.8 Rectangular stops .22
5.9 Irregular surface test equipment .22
5.9.1 Obstacles .22
5.9.2 Articulating arms .24
5.10 Test cylinder .24
5.11 Clamp device .25
6 Chemical hazards .26
6.1 General .26
6.2 Requirements .26
6.2.1 General.26
6.2.2 Sampling.27
6.3 Migration of certain elements .27
6.4 Phthalates .27
6.5 Azo colorants .28
6.6 Formaldehyde .29
6.7 Flame retardants .29
7 Thermal hazards .30
8 Mechanical hazards .30
8.1 Protective functions .30
8.1.1 Suitability of vehicle .30
8.1.2 Minimum internal height of pram body .33
8.1.3 Restraint system and fasteners .34
8.2 Entrapment hazards .39
8.2.1 Holes and openings .39
8.3 Hazards from moving parts .40
8.3.1 Requirements .40
8.3.2 Shearing hazards .40
8.3.3 Crushing hazards (see F.3.4) .41
8.3.4 Wheels .41
8.3.5 Locking mechanism(s) .41
8.4 Entanglement hazards .45
8.4.1 Requirements .45
8.4.2 Test method .46
8.5 Choking and ingestion hazards .46
8.5.1 Requirements .46
8.5.2 Test methods .47
8.6 Suffocation hazards .48
8.6.1 Internal lining of the pram body and seat unit .48
8.6.2 Requirements — Packaging .48
8.7 Hazards from edges and protrusions .48
8.8 Parking and braking devices .48
8.8.1 Requirements .48
8.8.2 Test methods .49
8.9 Stability .52
8.9.1 Stability of vehicle .52
8.10 Structural integrity .56
8.10.1 Carrying handles and handle anchorage points of pram bodies and seat
units with a carrying function .56
8.10.2 Longitudinal stability of a pram body with carrying handles .57
8.10.3 Strength and durability of attachment devices for pram bodies, seat units,
car seats or carry cots.57
8.10.4 Irregular surface test .58
8.10.5 Dynamic strength .59
8.10.6 Wheel strength .61
8.10.7 Handle strength .64
9 Durability and adhesion of marking .67
9.1 Requirement .67
9.2 Test method .67
10 Product information .67
10.1 General .67
10.2 Marking of product .67
10.3 Purchase information .68
10.4 Instructions for use .68
Annex A (informative) Examples of a folding system .71
Annex B (informative) Articulating arms .72
Annex C (informative) Chemicals .76
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Annex D (informative) Guidelines for the application of 8.3.5.1.1.3 “Unintentional release
of locking mechanism(s)”.81
Annex E (informative) Examples of moving parts of the canopies inside 100 mm from the
pivot point .84
Annex F (informative) Further information on hazards .87
Bibliography .92
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Project Committee ISO/PC 310, Wheeled child conveyances.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 31110:2020(E)
Wheeled child conveyances — Pushchairs and prams —
Requirements and test methods
1 Scope
This document specifies the safety requirements and test methods for pushchairs and prams, intended
for the transportation of one or more children up to three years of age.
This document does not apply to toys, pushchairs intended for sport use, pushchairs and prams
propelled by a motor, and pushchairs and prams designed for children with special needs.
Other relevant standard(s) can apply if any when a pushchair or pram or any part of the pushchair or
pram has several functions or can be converted into another function.
NOTE The average weight of a three-year-old child corresponds to 15 kg.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8124-1:2018, Safety of toys — Part 1: Safety aspects related to mechanical and physical properties
ISO 8124-2:2014, Safety of toys — Part 2: Flammability
ISO 8124-3:2020, Safety of toys — Part 3: Migration of certain elements
ISO 8124-6:2018, Safety of toys — Part 6: Certain phthalate esters in toys and children’s products
ISO 14184-1, Textiles — Determination of formaldehyde — Part 1: Free and hydrolysed formaldehyde
(water extraction method)
ISO 14362-1, Textiles — Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants —
Part 1: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants accessible with and without extracting the fibres
ISO 14362-3, Textiles — Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo
colorants — Part 3: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants, which may release 4-aminoazobenzene
ISO 17226-1, Leather — Chemical determination of formaldehyde content — Part 1: Method using high
performance liquid chromatography
ISO 17234-1, Leather — Chemical tests for the determination of certain azo colorants in dyed leathers —
Part 1: Determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants
ISO 17234-2, Leather — Chemical tests for the determination of certain azo colorants in dyed leathers —
Part 2: Determination of 4-aminoazobenzene
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
automatic locking device
device that engages with no additional voluntary action by the carer, when the vehicle is erected to its
position of use
3.2
base material
material upon which coatings may be formed or deposited
3.3
braking device
device intended to reduce the speed of the wheeled child conveyance (3.25)
3.4
bumper bar protective covering
component designed and intended as a means to prevent exposure of any underlying accessible foam or
other filling material
Note 1 to entry: Examples include, but are not limited to, woven, knit, coated, laminated, extruded, or calendared
textile-based materials and leathers.
3.5
carry cot
portable bassinet
hand-held bassinet
product consisting of a base, sides, ends and carrying handle(s), within which a child can be laid down
and transported by hand(s)
3.6
chassis
wheeled framework with one or more handles for pushing, pulling and steering, designed to
accommodate and transport one or more of the pram body (3.17), seat unit (3.22) or car seat
3.7
crotch restraint
device positioned between the child’s legs to prevent the child from sliding forwards
3.8
folding system
assembly of moving parts which enables the vehicle to be changed from an erected position to a folded
position and vice versa under the control of the carer
EXAMPLE See Figure A.1.
3.9
footrest
support for the feet, used by the child when sitting
3.10
integrated platform
integrated part of the wheeled child conveyance (3.25) designed to support an additional child in a
standing position
3.11
leg rest
support for the legs, used by the child when sitting
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
3.12
locking device
mechanical component, part of the locking mechanism (3.13), that maintains part(s) of the vehicle
erected in the position of use (e.g. latch(es), hooks, over centre lock) which could be deactivated or
activated by action(s) on the operating device (3.14)
EXAMPLE See Figure A.1.
3.13
locking mechanism
assembly of components consisting of one or more locking device(s) (3.12) and one or more operating
device(s) (3.14)
EXAMPLE See Figure A.1.
3.14
operating device
part of the locking mechanism(s) (3.13) designed to be activated by the carer through one or several
positive action(s)
EXAMPLE See Figure A.1.
3.15
parking device
device to maintain the wheeled child conveyance (3.25) in a stationary position
3.16
pram
vehicle comprising a chassis (3.6) and one or more pram bodies (3.17)
3.17
pram body
carriage
structure with essentially vertical and continuous sides that ends with an internal base designed to
transport one or more children in a primarily horizontal position
3.18
protected volume
volume accessible by the child when sitting or lying in the wheeled child conveyance (3.25), where
specific safety requirements are necessary
Note 1 to entry: See 4.6.
3.19
pushchair
vehicle comprising a chassis (3.6) and one or more seat units (3.22) or car seats
3.20
restraint system
system to restrain the child within the wheeled child conveyance (3.25)
3.21
reversible handle
handle that can be rotated on the chassis (3.6) to change the direction of pushing
3.22
seat unit
structure that may or may not be adjustable to achieve a reclining, upright or lying flat position,
designed to support one or more children
3.23
type A car seat
child restraint system (CRS) used for children up to 9 kg
EXAMPLE In Europe, see Regulation ECE R44 (group 0) or Regulation ECE R129.
3.24
type B car seat
child restraint system (CRS) used for children up to 13 kg
EXAMPLE In Europe, see Regulation ECE R44 (group 0+) or Regulation ECE R129.
3.25
wheeled child conveyance
vehicle designed for the transportation of one or more children that can be manually steered while
being primarily pushed
4 General requirements and test conditions
4.1 General
Words in italics are defined in Clause 3. Additional information on the background and rationale for
various requirements are given in Annexes C and F.
4.2 Samples
Tests should be carried out in the order of the clauses given in this document, unless otherwise stated.
Each test shall be carried out only using one vehicle, unless otherwise stated.
Vehicles with multiple places for pram bodies and/or seat units shall conform to all applicable
requirements in all possible arrangements in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. If a
vehicle can be equipped with an additional seat unit, pram body or car seat supplied or recommended
by the manufacturer, the combination shall conform to this document.
4.3 Principle of the most onerous condition
Unless otherwise stated, each test in this document shall be conducted with the vehicle in the most
onerous condition for that test in terms of:
— the choice and number of seat units, pram bodies and/or car seats attached to the chassis stated in
the manufacturer’s instructions;
— the addition of any additional seat unit(s) approved by the manufacturer;
— the use of test masses: for vehicles transporting more than one child, at least one place that a child
can occupy shall be loaded with a test mass;
— the loading (or not) of any receptacle designed for carrying additional load(s) allowed for in the
instructions or otherwise approved by the manufacturer and the placing (or not) of load(s) in any
such facility, up to the maximum mass allowed in the manufacturer’s instructions, or 2 kg if nothing
is indicated;
NOTE Small pockets fitted onto textile parts are not concerned by this condition.
— the addition (or not) of any other accessories supplied or recommended by the manufacturer for use
with the vehicle and with accessories loaded in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions;
— the adjustment of seat units, pram bodies, handles, car seats and any other adjustable features
or accessories, or any other optional arrangement of the vehicle allowed in the manufacturer’s
instructions or otherwise approved by the manufacturer.
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
The loading sequence of the child(ren) shall be tested in the most onerous condition, even when
otherwise specified by the manufacturer.
The installation sequence of accessories already loaded with the child and with a carrying function (e.g.
car seat, pram body) shall be tested in the most onerous condition, even when otherwise specified by
the manufacturer.
The heaviest loads do not always produce the most onerous conditions.
4.4 Tolerances for test equipment
Unless otherwise stated, the accuracy of the test equipment shall be:
— forces ±5 %;
— masses ±0,5 %;
— dimensions ±0,5 mm;
— timing ±1 s;
— angles ±0,5°.
4.5 Test conditions
The vehicle shall be conditioned at a temperature of (23 ± 5) °C for at least 2 h prior to tests. All tests
shall be carried out at a temperature of (23 ± 10) °C unless otherwise specified.
For vehicles fitted with inflatable tyres, the tyre pressure shall be adjusted in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions for use before conducting the entire test procedure. If a tyre is punctured
during the test procedure, the tyre shall be replaced and the test procedure continued.
4.6 Determination of the protected volume
4.6.1 Protected volume of seat units
The protected volume of seat units shall be determined in accordance with Figure 1.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 origin from which the protected volume has been defined (mid-point of the junction line, on the uncompressed
upper surface of the seat unit)
2 seat
3 backrest
4 leg rest
Figure 1 — Protected volume for seat units
The space located behind the backrest is excluded from the protected volume.
Where a vehicle is suitable for two or more children, the space located behind the backrest shall be
considered if it enters another protected volume.
The space underneath the seat and underneath the leg rest is excluded from the protected volume,
except for a 50 mm wide band measured from the outermost edge of the seat/leg rest sides where the
seat/leg rest is not fitted with lateral protections of a height greater than 50 mm (textile or any rigid
component) (see Figure 2).
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 space to be checked
2 space not to be checked
3 leg rest
4 seat
5 backrest
Figure 2 — Effect of lateral protection on the determination of the protected volume
4.6.2 Protected volume of pram bodies having a length greater than 800 mm
The protected volume of pram bodies having a length greater than 800 mm shall be determined in
accordance with Figure 3.
The surface underneath the pram body is excluded from the protected volume.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 3 — Protected volume for pram bodies having a length greater than 800 mm
4.6.3 Protected volume for pram bodies having a maximum internal length of 800 mm and
car seats
For vehicles designed only for children under six months of age, the protected volume for pram bodies
with a maximum internal length of 800 mm and for car seats is considered to be the inner upper surface
that supports the child and the inner surface of the sides and ends of the pram body. See Figure 7.
4.7 Determination of the junction line
The junction line shall be determined as the intersection between the seat and the backrest as shown
in Figure 4.
Key
LL junction line
1 backrest
2 seat
Figure 4 — Junction line
When the seat unit is in the form of a hammock, a theoretical junction line is determined as shown in
Figure 5.
Key
LL junction line
L vertical projection of C on the hammock
Figure 5 — Junction line for seat unit in form of a hammock
NOTE The junction line can vary when the backrest is adjusted to different positions.
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
4.8 Determination of occupant space
4.8.1 Determination of occupant space for seat unit and car seat
The occupant space is defined as 550 mm from the mid-point of the junction line, on the uncompressed
upper surface of the seat unit or car seat and the sides of the inner upper surface that support the child.
The volume stops at the front edge of the seat. See Figure 6.
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 6 — Occupant space for seat unit and car seat
4.8.2 Determination of occupant space for pram body having a length less than 800 mm
For vehicles designed only for children under six months of age, the occupant space for pram bodies
with a maximum internal length of 800 mm is considered to be the volume of the inner upper surface
that supports the child and the inner surface of the sides and ends of the pram body. See Figure 7.
Key
1 occupant space
Figure 7 — Occupant space for pram body having a length less than 800 mm
4.8.3 Determination of occupant space for pram body having a length greater than 800 mm
For pram bodies with an internal length greater than 800 mm, the occupant space is considered to be
the volume of the inner upper surface that supports the child and the inner surface of the sides and ends
of the pram body up to 550 mm. See Figure 8.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 occupant space
Figure 8 — Occupant space for pram body having a length greater than 800 mm
5 Test equipment
5.1 Test masses
5.1.1 General
Unless otherwise specified, the test masses shall be those given in 5.1.2 to 5.1.9.
Any damage to fabric that can occur as a result of abrasion by the test masses during tests shall be
ignored. Damage can be minimized by using a convenient means of protection of negligible mass. Where
damage is not caused by abrasion by the test masses, it constitutes a structural failure.
Test masses may be fitted with additional handles for carrying purposes, as long as the centre of gravity
is not changed, the mass remains within tolerances and the test procedure is not affected.
5.1.2 Test mass A
Test mass A is a rigid cylinder (160 ± 5) mm in diameter and (300 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of
(9 + 0, 1/0) kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius
of (5 ± 1) mm. Two anchorage points shall be provided, positioned (150 ± 2,5) mm from the base and at
180° to each other around the circumference, as shown in Figure 9.
10 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 radius: (5 ± 1) mm
2 two anchorage points
Figure 9 — Test mass A
5.1.3 Test mass B
Test mass B is a rigid cylinder (200 ± 5) mm in diameter and (300 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of
(15 + 0, 1/0) kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius
of (5 ± 1) mm. Two anchorage points shall be provided, positioned (150 ± 2,5) mm from the base and at
180° to each other around the circumference (see Figure 10).
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 radius: (5 ± 1) mm
2 two anchorage points
Figure 10 — Test mass B
5.1.4 Test mass C
Test mass C is a rigid plate (600 ± 5) mm long and (180 ± 5) mm wide, having a minimum thickness of
5 mm and a mass of (9 + 0,1/0) kg hinged along the centre line of the length (see Figure 11).
The tolerance on the dimensions is ±0,5 mm.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 hinge axes
Figure 11 — Test mass C
12 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
5.1.5 Test mass D
Test mass D is made of a rigid material with a smooth finish and a total mass of (9 + 0,1/0) kg (see
Figure 12).
Dimensions in millimetres
Tolerances:
— dimensions ±2 mm;
— angles ±2°;
— where shown, corner radii shall be (10 ± 1) mm.
Figure 12 — Test mass D
5.1.6 Test mass D
Test mass D is made of a rigid material with a smooth finish and a total mass of (3,7 + 0,1/0) kg (see
Figure 13).
Dimensions in millimetres
Tolerances:
— dimensions ±2 mm;
— angles ±2°;
— where shown, corner radii shall be (10 ± 1) mm.
Figure 13 — Test mass D
14 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
5.1.7 Test mass F
Test mass F is a rigid cylinder (180 ± 5) mm in diameter and (300 ± 5) mm in height, having a mass of
(13 + 0, 1/0) kg and with its centre of gravity in the centre of the cylinder. All edges shall have a radius
of (5 ± 1) mm. Two anchorage points shall be provided, positioned (150 ± 2,5) mm from the base and at
180° to each other around the circumference (see Figure 14).
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 radius (5 ± 1) mm
2 anchorage points
Figure 14 — Test mass F
5.1.8 Test mass G
Test mass G comprises two identical parts made of steel and with the dimensions given in Figure 15.
Each part shall have a mass of (10 + 0,1/0) kg.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 side view
2 front view
a
ext.
b
int. (tube 1′1/4).
Figure 15 — Test mass G
The distance between the two identical parts of test mass G shall be adjusted in accordance with the
shape and dimensions of the integrated platform that is tested.
A rigid bar of negligible mass shall be used to maintain the test mass along the integrated platform and
both parts shall be maintained apart from each other by any connecting means of negligible mass.
16 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
5.1.9 Test bar
A rigid square bar with a cross section of (25 × 25) mm, having a length greater than the length of the
pram body and a mass of 0,75 kg.
5.2 Test probes
5.2.1 Finger probes
5.2.1.1 Finger probe with hemispherical end
0 0
+01,
Three probes made of rigid and smooth material of diameters 5 mm, 7 mm and 12 mm,
−01, −01, 0
with a full hemisph
...
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